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contributed software used for data processing. This dissertation would have been impossible without the assistance and love of Simona Visani, my wife and colleague. She helped with field measurements, dendrochronological analyses, data processing, and figure preparation. She proof-read and commented the manuscript. Most importantly, she gave me the energy and time to write.

This paper examines the widespread assumption that July, 1776 represents the birth of the United States. While the Declaration of Independence marked the birth of American independence and remains one of the most influential political documents in history, it did not establish the constitutional nation known today as the United States of America. Through an examination of the declaration, the Articles of Confederation, and the Constitution, this paper argues that independence, confederation, and constitutional nationhood were distinct stages in the American founding. The United States emerged through a decade-long process of political experimentation and constitutional development rather than a single founding moment. As Americans commemorate "America 250," the anniversary offers an opportunity to reconsider what exactly is being celebrated and to appreciate the complexity of the nation's origins.

With a predilection for market solutions, neoliberalism upholds that the individual is generally the best judge of his or her interests. Yet markets are never universally applied as a mechanism of allocation and there are reasons, in principle, why capitalism will always have 'missing markets'. Concentrating on the application and appropriateness of neoliberal theory to the workplace, this essay argues that firms are not markets, despite some tendencies in modern theory to conflate the two. The employment contract is a key characteristic of modern firms, but neoliberal theory is often silent on the distinction between an employment contract and a contract for services, and largely ignores the asymmetrical rights of authority within contracts of employment. Furthermore, the social nature of knowledge represents a challenge to neoliberal theory and policy, because it sometimes makes it more difficult to define individual property rights. Accordingly, with the growth of the knowledge economy, neoliberalism to some extent is an anachronism. Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk

The upstream sector of the petroleum industry in Nigeria is replete with gross environmental degradation and neglect since the commencement of commercial exploration of crude oil in Oloibiri in 1959. This study undertakes a review of the upstream sector, discusses the regime of land pollution and resource abandonment and identifies and appraises impediment to the implementation of environmental rights in the sector. The doctrinal research method relies on the use of the primary source like international treaties, domestic statutes and case law, and the secondary source which includes textbooks, journal articles, reports, conference proceedings and the internet. Environmental hazards result from activities of various operators in the upstream petroleum sector due, although international treaties, domestic laws and regulations exist to enforce environmental rights. Also, due to weak implementation of the legal framework, pervasive official corruption and international collaboration, citizens' environmental right in Nigeria are left unprotected. Citizens' personal capacity to enforce the environmental rights could assist the government in its obligations to ensure good governance, transparency and rule of law in accordance with the Constitution of Nigeria.

Contemporary sexual citizenship is governed by neoliberal concepts of selfhood that both encourage subjects to manage their own risk and that establishes risks by creating hierarchies of affluence, self-commodity and belonging. These risks relate to the ways in which LGBT self-harm and sexuality-related suicide are conditioned and normalised, with continuing high rates of suicidality. While neo-liberal formations of sexual selfhood have created the conditions for writing and making sense of fictional and nonfictional narrative accounts in Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific for the legalised expression and representation of non-heterosexuality, they continue and exacerbate risks that can lead to the cultural formations associated with youth suicide. The fact that non-heterosexual youth have traditionally made use of the 'logics' of non-normative sexuality given in queer writing calls for an ethical approach to the ways in which narratives of non-heteronormative sexuality are written. This article presents a framing account of how contemporary neoliberal forms of 'homonormative' queer cultures serve as a backdrop and context for queer creative representations that may be utilised as forms of support, frameworks for identity norms or projections of queer lives that can, arguably, exacerbate risks of suicide. It examines some of the ways in which we can come at the conditions that make queer youth suicide possible and thinkable from a queer culturalist angle, allowing us to consider how suicide risks are creatively represented, produced, or contributed to. Rob Cover is Associate Professor and Discipline Chair, Media and Communication, University of Western Australia. He is a CI on an ARC Discovery Project examining the conditions and frameworks of LGBT youth support. His recent books include:

Texte, cotexte, contexte à la lumière de l'hypothèse saussurienne des anagrammes Résumé L'aptitude migratoire des unités textuelles dont se sustente le dispositif paragrammatique imaginé par Ferdinand de Saussure dans ses Cahiers d'anagrammes relève d'une conception tectonique du texte à la croisée de l'oral et de l'écrit. Délinéarisé, déconstruit, tabularisé, le texte devient surface mouvante, en trompe l'oeil. À la fois contenu latent (hypotexte) et antécédent du texte (prétexte), l'anagramme invite à s'interroger sur l'articulation du binôme texte/ contexte, à réfléchir à l'irréductible du texte et à repenser la textualité comme une forme de dépassement du clivage oralité/scripturalité. Texte, cotexte, anagramme, Ferdinand de Saussure.

The estimation of the parameters of Two Parameters Gamma Distribution in case of missing data has been made by using two important methods: the Maximum Likelihood Method and the Shrinkage Method. The former one consists of three methods to solve the MLE non-linear equation by which the estimators of the maximum likelihood can be obtained: Newton-Raphson, Thom and Sinha methods. Thom and Sinha methods are developed by the researcher to be suitable in case of missing data. Furthermore, the Bowman, Shenton and Lam Method, which depends on the Three Parameters Gamma Distribution to get the maximum likelihood estimators, has been developed. A comparison has been made between the methods in the experimental aspect to find the best method through simulation by using the Monte Carlo Method. Several experimentations have been made by using the important statistical measure: Mean Square Error (MSE).

, "Jesus är för spanjorerna". Studier av den katolska missionens misslyckande i det tidigkoloniala Peru ("Jesus is for the Spaniards." A study of the failure of the Catholic mission in early colonial Peru). Avhandling från Institutionen för historiska studier, Göteborgs universitet. Written in Swedish with an English summary. ISBN: 978-91-88614-73-5. The general aim of this study is to investigate the development of the Catholic mission in Peru between 1540 and 1622. Its point of departure is the fact that the efforts of the Catholic Church to Christianize the Indians failed. Its specific aims are twofold. First, to examine the veracity of the traditional images of the mission's main protagonists, i.e., the priest who allegedly neglected his duties and abused his flock and the reputedly primitive but goodhearted Indian. Second, to examine whether there are only two parties, the priest and the Indian, responsible for the failure of the missionary endeavour. For my study I use "conciliar" sources such as minutes from church meetings (concilia and synods), and "non-conciliar" sources such as reports that were written outside the direct control of the Church, in order to provide different perspectives. In my view, historians like Rubén Vargas Ugarte and Pierre Duviols, both among the most accomplished specialists in the history of the Peruvian Church, have criticised the missionaries without adequately considering the frequently extreme circumstances that conditioned their work. Neither has the role of the Church as an institution been subject to sufficient critical scrutiny in previous research, while I argue that its leadership was indeed the third protagonist in the mission. There are reasons why the priest's reputation is tarnished. When considered, the physical and mental circumstances of his situation might not excuse him but they do make his behaviour understandable. As far as the passive but benevolently inclined Indian is concerned, he has emerged as more actively opposing and resisting the conversion efforts by, for example, manipulating Spanish legal authorities to the detriment of the priest's work. Examining the reputation of the priest and the Indian has also helped us see the role that the leadership of the Church played in the mission. The Church was in overall control of the mission, and no doubt its leaders were of great importance to it. However, when the problems and the final failure of the mission became increasingly apparent to all it was obvious that the Church had no interest in being held accountable, instead blaming the lower clergy, the missionaries on the ground. The conclusion of this study is that any discussion about the responsibility for the mission's problems and final fiasco must include the Church. Its description of the main protagonists of the mission, where it excludes itself and its leaders, has essentially been adopted by Vargas Ugarte and Duviols. In my view they have accepted the portrayal of the priest and the Indian, as presented by the Church in the conciliar material, without applying adequate critical methods and without doing so in the context of the failed mission. Hence, their interpretation of the mission and its main protagonists will have to give way to the one presented in this investigation.

Opening thoughts I'll begin with heterotopia; a term that may be unfamiliar. This concept builds on the idea of topophilia, which Malcolm and I explored in our previous volume. We acknowledge though we could have used the Mirningar/Mineng term Koortaboodja there, a term that means love or heart (Koort) of place, with Boodja (Country) at the centre. Heterotopia was first introduced by Michel Foucault during a lecture to architects in France on March 14th, 1967. However, the word's etymology hints at origins that reach much further back in time. Foucault developed the concept of heterotopia to describe certain cultural, institutional, and discursive spaces that exist as 'other'-spaces that are unsettling, intense,

Studien avser att undersöka den specialpedagogiska yrkesrollen i förskolan. För att utforska detta utgår jag från följande frågeställningar: • Hur uppfattar specialpedagogerna sin yrkesroll, sina arbetsuppgifter och vad som är kärnan i det specialpedagogiska arbetet i förskolan? • Hur uppfattar enhetscheferna för elevhälsan specialpedagogernas yrkesroll och föreliggande arbetsuppgifter? Teori: Studiens teoretiska ram är inspirerad av fenomenografin och kopplas också samman med teorier kring professioner. Metod: För den här studien har en kvalitativ inriktning valts där halvstrukturerade intervjuer med öppna frågor har använts. Urvalsgruppen är tre specialpedagoger som arbetar mot förskolan i staden och tre enhetschefer för elevhälsan i samma stad som är specialpedagogernas chefer. Intervjuerna transkriberades och analyserades. Den röda tråden mellan teori, frågeställningar och kategoriseringar fanns med under hela arbetets gång. I resultatet framkommer att kärnan i det specialpedagogiska arbetet i förskolan handlar mycket om barnet, pedagogerna och föräldrarna. Det handlar också om att vara barnets "ombudsman" och ha ett barnperspektiv. Tidig upptäckt och tidiga insatser tas upp som något viktigt av både specialpedagoger och enhetschefer för elevhälsan och är centralt i det specialpedagogiska arbetet i staden. Specialpedagogerna har ett stort och fritt mandat, men det finns brister i stadens organisationsmodell då det gäller ledningen av det specialpedagogiska arbetet vilket också får konsekvenser. Att samarbete på olika plan är en mycket viktig del i det specialpedagogiska uppdraget framkommer. Man kan dock se att specialpedagogerna nämner samarbetet med föräldrarna som viktigt i högre grad än vad enhetscheferna för elevhälsan gör. För övrigt visar resultatet att det finns en samstämmighet mellan enhetschefernas och specialpedagogernas beskrivningar av de specialpedagogiska arbetsuppgifterna i förskolan. Arbetsuppgifterna delas in enligt följande: Handledning, kartläggningar -observationer, barnhälsoarbete -samverkan med externa kontakter och verksamhetsutveckling. Jag vill rikta ett tack till de tillmötesgående enhetschefer och specialpedagoger som avsatte tid till att delta i intervjuerna. Jag upplevde att jag möttes av intresse från alla och jag är tacksam över engagemanget och öppenheten som visades under intervjutillfällena. Erfarenheterna som jag har fått ta del av har till stor del berikat mina egna kunskaper och bidragit till en större förståelse för det specialpedagogiska uppdraget. Jag vill också tacka min handledare Agneta Simeonsdotter Svensson för sin tillgänglighet. Hon har varit ett stort stöd och viktigt bollplank för mig under hela processen och hela tiden motiverat mig till att fortsätta mitt arbete.

The existing and growing body of volunteer tourism literature has broadly addressed a myriad of topics but with a major focus on volunteer tourists. Limited knowledge is available on how these volunteer tourists are perceived by the host communities. The current literature defines volunteer tourists based on the perspective from where the majority of volunteer sending organizations and volunteer tourists come from – the primarily Western, developed country perspective. This study argues that this Western-dominated and developed country conceptualization of volunteer tourism and volunteer tourists must be addressed. In response the study examines the perceptions and conceptualisations of ‘volunteer tourists’ from the perspective of a host community in a developing country, Tanzania. To capture a multitude of host community perspectives on volunteer tourists, a qualitative case study approach was adopted which focused on a village near Arusha on the Northern Tourist Circuit (NTC) of T...

The upstream sector of the petroleum industry in Nigeria is replete with gross environmental degradation and neglect since the commencement of commercial exploration of crude oil in Oloibiri in 1959. This study undertakes a review of the upstream sector, discusses the regime of land pollution and resource abandonment and identifies and appraises impediment to the implementation of environmental rights in the sector. The doctrinal research method relies on the use of the primary source like international treaties, domestic statutes and case law, and the secondary source which includes textbooks, journal articles, reports, conference proceedings and the internet. Environmental hazards result from activities of various operators in the upstream petroleum sector due, although international treaties, domestic laws and regulations exist to enforce environmental rights. Also, due to weak implementation of the legal framework, pervasive official corruption and international collaboration, citizens' environmental right in Nigeria are left unprotected. Citizens' personal capacity to enforce the environmental rights could assist the government in its obligations to ensure good governance, transparency and rule of law in accordance with the Constitution of Nigeria.

Achieving adequate load capacity and ensuring ductile behavior are crucial for reinforced-concrete knee joints to prevent a complete structural collapse if an adjacent member fails. The reinforcement detailing plays a critical role in achieving these factors. In this study, the performance of a knee joint under closing moments was analyzed using innovative truss-shaped reinforcement and simplified mechanical joints, in comparison to traditional reinforcement detailing, through four large-scale specimens. The findings showed that incorporating a truss-shaped reinforcement system with the suggested detailing effectively redistributed stresses in the knee-joint area and decreased stress concentration at the bent-bar zone, thus helping to prevent premature joint failure when compared to conventional specimens. Overall, the proposed system shifted the failure mode towards a highly ductile response. Furthermore, the suggested specimen experienced significant increases in both the yield load and the ultimate load, with the yield-load boost ranging from around 29.5% to 70.5%, and the ultimate-load increase ranging from 20% to 81%. Additionally, the proposed reinforcement system exhibited notably higher displacement capacity, with increases ranging from 88% to 347%. The proposed specimen also showed a considerable enhancement in displacement ductility, with an increase of roughly 160% to 382% relative to traditional specimens. The results matched well with the created analytical models confirming the effectiveness of the proposed load-transfer system.

The translational diffusion coefficient is a sensitive parameter to probe conformational changes in proteins and protein-protein interactions. Pulsed-field gradient NMR spectroscopy allows one to measure the translational diffusion with high accuracy. Two-dimensional (2D) heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy combined with diffusionordered spectroscopy (DOSY) provides improved resolution and therefore selectivity when compared with a conventional 1D readout. Here, we show that a combination of selective isotope labelling, 2D 1 H-13 C methyl-TROSY (transverse relaxation-optimised spectroscopy) and DOSY allows one to study diffusion properties of large protein complexes. We propose that a 3D DOSY-heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence (HMQC) pulse sequence, that uses the TROSY effect of the HMQC sequence for 13 C methyl-labelled proteins, is highly suitable for measuring the diffusion coefficient of large proteins. We used the 20 kDa co-chaperone p23 as model system to test this 3D DOSY-TROSY technique under various conditions. We determined the diffusion coefficient of p23 in viscous solutions, mimicking large complexes of up to 200 kDa. We found the experimental data to be in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions. To demonstrate the use for complex formation, we applied this technique to record the formation of a complex of p23 with the molecular chaperone Hsp90, which is around 200 kDa. We anticipate that 3D DOSY-TROSY will be a useful tool to study conformational changes in large protein complexes.

This paper questions how sustainability disclosure (SD) affects the price-earnings (P/E) ratio and enterprise value (EV) of listed industrial goods companies in Nigeria. SD is proxied by environmental disclosure (ENV), social disclosure (SOC), and governance disclosure (GOV), while firm size is measured using the logarithm of total assets utilised as a control variable in this study. Panel Regression through the Hausman test, Chow F-test, LM test, and Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) are employed to determine the most appropriate model and ensure the robustness of the estimates. The results of the fixed effect show that GOV has a positive and significant effect on EV, indicating that strong governance practices enhance enterprise valuation. SOC exhibits a negative and significant effect on EV but a positive and significant effect on P/E ratio, meaning that while social reporting may be perceived as cost-inducing in overall enterprise worth, it enhances investor expectations and earnings multiples. ENV shows a negative but insignificant effect on both EV and P/E ratios. Firm size exerts an adverse and significant effect on EV but an insignificant effect on the P/E ratio. The study concludes that SD influence EV and P/E in Nigeria's industrial goods sector, with governance disclosure being most relevant for EV and social disclosure driving earnings-based valuation. It recommends that firms strengthen governance transparency and adopt more strategic and cost-efficient social disclosure practices to improve both enterprise value and market-based valuation in the industrial sectors.

DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to my parents, Richard and Becky, to my grandmother, Esther Ewing, to my brother, Mark, and to my partner, Rhonda Wayson. Your love and support have encouraged me to pursue what is important to me. Thank you for believing in me in both the hard times and the good times. I love you all.

DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to my parents, Richard and Becky, to my grandmother, Esther Ewing, to my brother, Mark, and to my partner, Rhonda Wayson. Your love and support have encouraged me to pursue what is important to me. Thank you for believing in me in both the hard times and the good times. I love you all.

During the early 2000s, reading promotion initiatives where children's libraries and child health care collaborated became increasingly common. The purpose of this study is to create an understanding of how such reading promotion initiatives were discursively made possible. The purpose of the study is achieved through a so-called "What's the Problem Represented to Be" analysis of materials such as leaflets, books, and DVDs that were distributed to parents and caregivers with young children in this type of reading promotion initiatives. In the analysis, a meeting is identified between healthcarerelated knowledge practices-especially influenced by logopedics-and children's library knowledge practices, where the former dominates. In the analysed instructions for reading, the paradox of reading promotion is resolved by equating certain forms of reading and related communicative activities with something that is medically necessary. This is therefore difficult to decline as a parent/caregiver. The study illustrates a breakthrough of an approach in reading promotion for parents/caregivers and their young children based on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment during the first decade of the 21st century. This approach is still active and dominant today, which raises questions about the role of children's libraries and the children's librarian's expertise in the contemporary Swedish landscape of reading promotion.

This paper describes a curious meeting in Glasgow between Joseph Conrad and the Scottish writer and journalist Neil Munro in the year 1898. Conrad was visiting Glasgow with the aim of giving up literature and finding a captaincy in order to return to the sea. He met Munro partly because he admired Munro's works, partly because Munro had reviewed his published work favourably. They had a bibulous dinner at the home of X-ray pioneer Dr John McIntyre, and then a night-time stroll through the city which culminated in an uproarious outbreak of schoolboy japery. This article describes the meeting and outlines its significance in Conrad's life and career, while also introducing Munro and his work in order to explain why Conrad felt the need to meet up with him. The meeting is discussed in terms of how it represents a perhaps surprising connection between 'creative' writing and commercial journalism.

This thesis investigates the usage of the Japanese dative particle ni in two famous, Nobel-prize winner Japanese authors' novels: Yasunari Kawabata's Yukiguni and Kenzaburō Ōe's Kojinteki Na Taiken, with the classification framework presented in Mizutani (2005). Ni is said to be one of the most complex and hardly definable particles in the Japanese language, and as such has been studied from various perspectives. The present study adds yet another perspective, namely how this particle is used in Japanese literature, and to analyze whether the classification for ni in Mizutani ( ) is adequate in order to classify the various usages of ni appearing in it. In this thesis, all appearing ni were observed and a classification of them was attempted. The results showed that the most favorable function of the particle was to express goal in the case of both authors, most often structures including "ni naru" -"to become" -, followed by phrases expressing time in Kawabata's case, and phrases expressing direction and time in Ōe's case. The framework was deemed adequate in the sense that all categories in the classification appeared in the two novels. However, a considerable amount of ni could not be classified with the framework as basis. These expressions were analyzed and discussed with the help of previous research, most prominently Hansen (2005) and Sadakane/Koizumi (1995).

This thesis investigates the usage of the Japanese dative particle ni in two famous, Nobel-prize winner Japanese authors' novels: Yasunari Kawabata's Yukiguni and Kenzaburō Ōe's Kojinteki Na Taiken, with the classification framework presented in Mizutani (2005). Ni is said to be one of the most complex and hardly definable particles in the Japanese language, and as such has been studied from various perspectives. The present study adds yet another perspective, namely how this particle is used in Japanese literature, and to analyze whether the classification for ni in Mizutani ( ) is adequate in order to classify the various usages of ni appearing in it. In this thesis, all appearing ni were observed and a classification of them was attempted. The results showed that the most favorable function of the particle was to express goal in the case of both authors, most often structures including "ni naru" -"to become" -, followed by phrases expressing time in Kawabata's case, and phrases expressing direction and time in Ōe's case. The framework was deemed adequate in the sense that all categories in the classification appeared in the two novels. However, a considerable amount of ni could not be classified with the framework as basis. These expressions were analyzed and discussed with the help of previous research, most prominently Hansen (2005) and Sadakane/Koizumi (1995).

One of those major societal ills that are fast ravaging our African society is child sexual abuse. Two major reasons I have decided to share this thought is because of the experience I had with my student as stated above and the prevalence in child sexual abuse cases. In all this, the African church is silent towards it. Perhaps because the church is not equipped or empowered enough with the necessary knowledge and skills to address the issue of child sexual abuse. This paper argues that knowledge and behavior are linked. If the African church is equipped with the necessary knowledge of how to heal and prevent child sexual abuse, the church will champion the cause for the protection and healing of our children.

Com a evolução dos materiais restauradores adesivos diretos e das técnicas restauradoras minimamente invasivas, é possível realizar o fechamento de diastemas interincisivos superiores de maneira efetiva e estética em uma única sessão. O presente trabalho consiste em um relato de caso clínico que aborda o clareamento dental e o fechamento de diastema entre os dentes 11 e 21 de um paciente jovem. Previamente ao procedimento restaurador foi realizado clareamento de consultório em todos os dentes com peróxido de hidrogênio 35%. Então, o planejamento restaurador foi auxiliado por modelos de estudo associado ao enceramento diagnóstico. A técnica restauradora de eleição foi a resina composta direta com o auxílio de uma matriz/ guia de silicona para a confecção das faces palatinas das restaurações. Após o acabamento e polimento, obteve-se a reanatomização dos incisivos centrais com a eliminação do diastema. O tratamento realizado baseado no clareamento dental seguido por restaurações diretas de resina composta foi eficaz na solução estética do sorriso, atingindo a expectativa do paciente e dentro dos princípios de máxima preservação dos tecidos dentais.

Questions about the relationship between memoir, what really happened, and public history especially in times of significant societal change and disruptiontroubled times  have no doubt been around since the earliest examples of the genre, most likely predating Ceasar's Commentaries on the Gallic Wars. Memoir and biography readers encounter life's suffering, dread and loss, alongside hope, achievement, redemption. For life writers, recalling and ordering in memoir, events that shape them, is there a danger of forgetting or expunging the discomfort, pain or distress those events provoked for the self or others? Do writers have responsibility in terms of their self curation to those others either inside or outside of the text? Beyond the text what imperative if any, exists for the reviewer or critic to raise ethical questions arising from the writer's recollections? This article considers two recent examples of life writing presenting narratives of bohemian lives which have fulfilled requirements for higher degrees in creative writing. The conversational frame of this article, which nods to Ross Watkins' and Nigel Krauth's (2016) exploration of new forms for the journal article, is used intentionally to foreground the authors' personal observations and responses to the texts, particularly as these intersect with the texts. This subjectivity is a springboard for questions about the social value of memoir and life writing in troubled times. Originating in the cane fields of Far North Queensland Dr Pamela Greet spent her early professional life working with refugees in Africa, Asia and Eastern Europe. The meaning and value of place drives her fascination with suburban lives. Michelle Vlatkovic's Croatian and Kamilaroi heritage informs her work as a writer and broadcaster living on Jaggera Country. She is currently completing a PhD in Creative Writing at Griffith University. Pamela and Michelle collaborate to bring Brisbane Salon REaD, a platform for direct interaction between writers, creators and audience.

La enseñanza en Enfermería ha sido edificada a través de una metodología participativa y de construcción constante; ejerciendo a dos niveles de actuación; uno como formadores de profesionales y el segundo como agente cuidador del individuo; grupo o familia. De manera que a partir de reconocer la naturaleza y complejidad humana; los profesionales en Enfermería son cruciales desde que inicia su formación educativa. Educar a las enfermeras implica entender las interacciones culturales de las cuales ellas son parte. La verdadera proveedora de cuidado cuidador debe buscar libertad; diálogo; creatividad; autodeterminación y dignidad humana; por lo tanto; es fundamental que la enseñanza en Enfermería sea integral; activa; e integrativa; de tal forma que lleve al desarrollo de valores; conocimiento; y relaciones sociales para formar seres humanos que cuiden seres humanos. Para mantener la mejoría en la práctica de la enseñanza en Enfermería; en este artículo sugerimos un adecuado uso de los...

This study examines the behaviour of Johnson in Joyce Cary’s Mister Johnson, by focusing on his response to exploitative colonial
labour. Addressing the challenges of daily life under colonial rule, it explores the working conditions that shape Johnson personality
and choices. Using a qualitative approach based on a close reading of the novel, this study aims to understand how Johnson manages
his emotions within an oppressive system. Moreover, it draws on emotional labour theory together with a postcolonial perspective
to investigate how Johnson manages his emotions to survive within exploitative work system. The analysis reveals that Johnson’s
behavior under a colonial harsh system is both resilience and self-deception. His cheerfulness and loyalty are symptoms of colonial
exploitation that demanded psychological submission alongside physical labour. He survives through emotional labor at the cost of
masking his true feelings. Johnson’s experience sheds light on modern workplaces and social systems where individuals are
expecting to manage their emotions to meet organizational or societal aspirations.
Keywords: Resilience, Self-deception, Emotional labour, Colonial labour, Exploitation, Survival

Australian schools are right to ask whether constant screen use is still serving students well. Recent attention to Our Lady of Mercy College Parramatta, which has reportedly reduced routine laptop use in favour of pen-and-paper learning in some classrooms, has reopened an important debate: has education become too dependent on technology, and is that dependence making it harder for students to focus, participate, and stay engaged? For years, digital devices were presented as the future of schooling. In many respects, that promise was reasonable. Technology can widen access to information, support differentiated teaching, enable collaboration, and help students develop essential digital skills. But the assumption that more technology automatically produces better learning is far less convincing. The evidence is mixed, and many teachers are increasingly concerned that laptops and tablets can just as easily distract as support learning. As the Australian Institute

Early Wittgenstein's method of analysis places language at the centre and emphasises analysis of language as the only method of doing philosophy. According to him, all philosophy is a critique of language, as he believes that critique helps in the discovery of the distinction between apparent and real logical forms of language. This implies that an analysis of language is required in order to reflect on the real logical form of language. It is by discovering the logical form of language that the method of analysis can determine the limits of language. Wittgenstein says that unless the limit of language is set, the distinction between what can be said and what cannot be said but can be shown cannot be drawn, which Wittgenstein considers to be the cardinal problem of philosophy. Thereby, Wittgenstein, in his philosophical enquiry, tries to demarcate between what can be said and what cannot be said but can be shown. Another important claim of Wittgenstein regarding this distinction is that what is important is not what can be said, but rather what cannot be said. The beauty of philosophy, according to early Wittgenstein, lies in the fact that philosophy signifies what cannot be said by presenting clearly what can be said. The present paper focuses on Early Wittgenstein's method of analysis and how this method enables us to demarcate between sense and nonsense by reflecting on what can be said and what cannot be said but can be shown. While doing so, the discussion will remain confined to the framework of Wittgenstein's early philosophy.

Australia’s strategic anxiety and narrative emphasis on security “threats” in the Pacific Islands region have increasingly dominated bilateral affairs in the past decade. This has progressively reconfigured its valued development cooperation and risks a neglect of historical and contemporary reciprocal relations, which in turn can undermine diplomatic trust-building.

Deeper Pacific literacy — particularly through a whole-of-government Australian investment in strategic empathy — can meaningfully contribute to more enduring and resilient diplomatic relations with a key Australian neighbour: Vanuatu. The anticipated Nakamal Agreement with Vanuatu offers opportunities for Australia to “think outside the box” in its statecraft, with broader lessons for regional relations.

Leaning into an inclusive conceptualisation of the Vanuatu nakamal way — through joint crafting of a more comprehensive engagement model — will better enable the two countries to create a transformational economic partnership that responds to Vanuatu’s most pressing climate and development concerns, while alleviating Australia’s strategic anxiety.

El objetivo es analizar cómo los sesgos cognitivos influyen en la percepción e interpretación de falacias en textos argumentativos para elucidar una metodología que permita subsanar estas situaciones en la interpretación. Así, para explorar la pregunta ¿de qué forma los sesgos inciden en la identificación e interpretación de falacias en estudiantes? se discuten los resultados de una prueba inserta en un proyecto académico que, a lo largo de cuatro semestres, ha permitido confrontar resultados entre grupos de estudiantes de las distintas licenciaturas de la Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, unidad Morelia, de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Adicionalmente, los resultados se comparan con una aplicación de la misma prueba a un grupo de juristas activos en su ámbito profesional, con la intención de reconocer rasgos compartidos con una población que no está asociada cotidianamente al contexto académico universitario. Los resultados muestran que evidenciar los sesgos es...

In this article, we examine Old Babylonian seal inscriptions indicating that an individual was a “servant of the deity Ilabrat.” Working on a broad corpus of documentation through the Archibab database, we observe that this mention appears primarily in southern Mesopotamia (particularly at Ur and Larsa) before the reign of Samsu-iluna, before shifting northward, especially to Sippar. Beyond a possible documentary bias, we hypothesize that this phenomenon reflects a movement of populations and confirms the arrival (already attested) of refugees from the South into central Babylonia during the middle of Samsu-iluna’s reign.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are computer databases that organize information in a spatial framework. This allows the analysis of data based in part on location. A pilot project has been set up in the Yuma Valley to explore the use of GIS to study the influence of crop sequences, weeds, urban areas, and insect vector populations on the incidence of virus diseases of vegetables. The goal is to learn to collect field observations in such a way that long term regional trends can be understood and visualized. Such information can then be used in management plans.

The 2008 financial crisis and recession crippled some of the largest businesses in the world and caused severe recession across the world. However, prior to the focus on economic recovery, social responsibility and sustainability were major themes in the business world and debate centred on the role of business in society. The key question and area for research was how the financial crisis affected this debate. This thesis uses the financial crisis to explore the role and responsibilities of business. This research is located firmly within the literature on business and society, where the key debates centre on the role of business and the scope of business responsibilities. The literature on social responsibility has a notable gap in the fact that it does not address the impact of economic context on social responsibilities. The methodology of this paper uses a set of twenty-one interviews. These interviews consisted of three sets of seven interviews with different participant group...

Abstract
​Title: The Hidden Operating System: Mapping Western Process Phonology to Classical Sanskrit System Design
​This paper investigates the profound structural and methodological parallels between 20th-century Western generative phonology and classical Indian linguistic science (Vyakaraṇa).
​Focusing on the Umeå University study by Stig Eliasson (1979), which strongly defends the Item-and-Process (IP) model over the static Item-and-Arrangement (IA) model, we demonstrate how modern Western linguistics independently arrived at an algorithmic view of language that classical Indian scholars had already perfected. Eliasson shows that human speech does not operate as a clumsy, memory-heavy database of listed words; rather, the mind dynamically generates speech from stable, underlying base forms using strict, rule-based transformation pathways. 
​To demonstrate the timeless validity of this process logistics, this paper provides a comparative analysis of the 16th-century Sanskrit grammar, Harinamamrta-vyakarana, compiled by Sri Jiva Gosvami in Vrindavan. By examining the opening Sañjña-prakarana (the definition of variables and constants) and the early rules for external Sandhi (interfacial optimization), we illustrate how classical Sanskrit grammar operates identically to modern system programming and industrial process control.
​Ultimately, this study challenges the secular-modernist view that treats classical sacred languages as arbitrary social constructs or obsolete historical artifacts. Instead, by utilizing phonotax as a universal architectural bridge, we present Sandhi and metric weight not as artificial impositions, but as the explicit formalization of natural, physiological laws of speech optimization.
​This cross-pollination of Western process models and traditional Indian engineering reveals the inherent, mathematical genius of Sanatana Dharma's linguistic heritage, offering a rigorous, traditionalist framework for contemporary comparative linguistics.

Repeat topographic surveys are increasingly becoming more affordable, and possible at higher spatial resolutions and over greater spatial extents. Digital elevation models (DEMs) built from such surveys can be used to produce DEM of Difference (DoD) maps and estimate the net change in storage terms for morphological sediment budgets. While these products are extremely useful for monitoring and geomorphic interpretation, data and model uncertainties render them prone to misinterpretation. Two new methods are presented, which allow for more robust and spatially variable estimation of DEM uncertainties and propagate these forward to evaluate the consequences for estimates of geomorphic change. The fi rst relies on a fuzzy inference system to estimate the spatial variability of elevation uncertainty in individual DEMs while the second approach modifi es this estimate on the basis of the spatial coherence of erosion and deposition units. Both techniques allow for probabilistic representation of uncertainty on a cell-by-cell basis and thresholding of the sediment budget at a user-specifi ed confi dence interval. The application of these new techniques is illustrated with 5 years of high resolution survey data from a 1 km long braided reach of the River Feshie in the Highlands of Scotland. The reach was found to be consistently degradational, with between 570 and 1970 m 3 of net erosion per annum, despite the fact that spatially, deposition covered more surface area than erosion. In the two wetter periods with extensive braid-plain inundation, the uncertainty analysis thresholded at a 95% confi dence interval resulted in a larger percentage (57% for 2004-2005 and 59% for 2006-2007) of volumetric change being excluded from the budget than the drier years (24% for 2003-2004 and 31% for 2005-2006). For these data, the new uncertainty analysis is generally more conservative volumetrically than a standard spatially-uniform minimum level of detection analysis, but also produces more plausible and physically meaningful results. The tools are packaged in a wizard-driven Matlab software application available for download with this paper, and can be calibrated and extended for application to any topographic point cloud (x,y,z).

Objective The hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) is a critically endangered species that has a temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) system. Given the impact of climate change on the sex ratio of this species and the lack of information on genetic differences associated with sex, this study aimed to evaluate the utility of four genetic markers 6299, 6299-T, 14749, and 14749-T (introduced in previous genomic studies on the Chinese softshell sea turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis)) to investigate whether these markers can reveal potential genetic differences between males and females of E. imbricata. Materials and methods Sampling was conducted during the nesting season from three main nesting habitats of the hawksbill sea turtle in the Persian Gulf, including Nakhiloo, Ommolgorm Islands, and Naiband Coasts. The samples consisted of one adult female turtle and fifteen hatchlings. Genomic DNA was extracted from organ tissue and its quality and quantity were assessed by agarose gel electrophoresis and spectrophotometry. The PCR reaction was performed using four primer pairs

Föreliggande rapport handlar om hur obligatoriskt skolval införts, organiserats och upplevts i Norrköpings kommun. Rapportens fokus är på segregation, politiska ambitioner och organisatoriska motiv, samt hur elever själva resonerar kring sina val av skola. Studien bygger på intervjuer med politiker, tjänstepersoner samt rektorer och elever vid skolor i olika områden som är geografiskt nära varandra, men med olika socioekonomiska förutsättningar. Rapportens resultat visar att det obligatoriska skolvalet inneburit skolplaceringar enligt en algoritmbaserad modell, med kriterier för skolplacering och fasta bytesperioder. Det samordnade skolvalet där även fristående skolor ingår har också ökat kommunens överblick över behovet av skolplatser. Andelen vårdnadshavare som väljer skola är betydligt högre än innan skolvalet blev obligatoriskt och tjänstepersonerna som arbetar med skolplaceringar upplever med det nya systemet en ökad tydlighet och rättssäkerhet i hur val och placeringar går till. I relation till segregation visar rapporten att skolvalet inte minskar segregation. Snarare riskerar obligatoriskt skolval att förstärka skillnader mellan skolor när det gäller elevers och bostadsområdens socioekonomiska förutsättningar

This paper examines what it terms the 'paradox of globalized sacred food': the condition in which the preservation of religious culinary identity in a late-capitalist, globalized world requires communities to adopt the very industrial, technological, and commercial frameworks that simultaneously threaten to commodify and secularize that identity. Drawing on comparative case studies from Islamic halal, Jewish kosher, Hindu purity systems, Buddhist dietary ethics, Christian asceticism, and Sikh Langar traditions, and grounded in a dual theoretical framework combining structuralist symbolic anthropology (Douglas, 1966; Lévi-Strauss, 1969) with Actor-Network Theory and Conventions Theory (Latour, 2005; Boltanski and Thévenot, 2006), this paper argues that the global dietary transition has produced a structural crisis for communities whose sacred alimentary practices were historically anchored in domestic, localized, and community-centred production. As religious supply chains increasingly integrate technologies such as Blockchain, IoT, and HACCP, the spiritual meaning embedded in food preparation is displaced by algorithmic credence and commercial standardization. The paper identifies three critical research gaps and concludes by proposing a new sub-disciplinary orientation-sacred supply chain studies-that repositions the individual believer, rather than the institution, as the primary unit of analysis.

The book Reading Text for Various Genre is a learning guide that discusses different types of genres in English in a structured and easy-to-understand manner. This book helps readers recognize the different forms of texts based on their purpose, structure, and linguistic characteristics. Through a systematic explanation, readers are invited to understand how each genre has different patterns and characteristics.

This book divides the discussion into three main groups, namely literary genres, factual genres, and academic genres. Each section is equipped with definitions, functions, text structure, linguistic characteristics, examples, and exercises. Literary genres such as poetry, prose, and drama are discussed in terms of stories and their building elements. The factual genre emphasizes the delivery of information clearly and concisely, while the academic genre focuses on the preparation of logical and orderly scientific writing.

Overall, this book aims to improve reading skills, understand texts, and write better according to the type of genre used. In addition, readers are also trained to think more critically and skillfully in using English in various situations. This book is expected to be a strong foundation in understanding and using various forms of text appropriately.

Este trabalho traz uma reflexão sobre as especificidades da investigação em poéticas visuais em relação a outras linhas e campos do conhecimento, compreendendo que, na pesquisa em artes, os métodos devem ser formulados pela própria poética que a movimenta. São analisadas, em particular, duas perspectivas sobre esses caminhos metodológicos: uma formulada por Jean Lancri (2002), e a pragmática da cartografia, abordada por Luciano Bedin da Costa (2014), de modo a torná-las singulares em contato com minha poética de pesquisa, que é atravessada por uma releitura do conceito de punctum de Roland Barthes (1984), ligada à linguagem verbal, e às questões de gênero. Compreendendo o trabalho escrito como parte dessa mesma poética e sendo a palavra minha principal matéria de trabalho, neste texto realizo algumas experimentações da escrita, buscando transmitir, na prática, parte do que é desenvolvido teoricamente.

The purpose of this thesis is to contribute a new health psychographic/ lifestyle segmentation of pregnant women in New Zealand who are in transition to first time motherhood. It provides a better understanding of the make up of the market and the way it aggregates into health lifestyle segments. By using a wide selection of pre-existing and pregnancy related health and attitude dimensions, it complements existing understanding and classifications of pregnancy health lifestyle. First, the study richly describes pregnancy health behaviour within a representative cohort of pregnant women in a transitional lifestyle using a holistic framework. It takes into account lifestyle as made up of a combination of factors

The purpose of this thesis is to contribute a new health psychographic/ lifestyle segmentation of pregnant women in New Zealand who are in transition to first time motherhood. It provides a better understanding of the make up of the market and the way it aggregates into health lifestyle segments. By using a wide selection of pre-existing and pregnancy related health and attitude dimensions, it complements existing understanding and classifications of pregnancy health lifestyle. First, the study richly describes pregnancy health behaviour within a representative cohort of pregnant women in a transitional lifestyle using a holistic framework. It takes into account lifestyle as made up of a combination of factors and underlying motivations. Furthermore, it establishes the application of 'lifestyle' as it is used in marketing as legitimate for the study of a transitional health lifestyle. The research is cross disciplinary, and for that reason, integrates two perhaps seemingly d...

Online auction websites are becoming increasingly important as an intermediary for both sellers and buyers. They offer consumers an alternative source of goods to those sold at retail stores and other second-hand traditional consumer-to-consumer (C2C) channels, such as garage sales or flea markets. They also represent a new market model which incorporates a new distribution channel and a new means of establishing prices. Some researchers predict that retailers are now facing a new competition and the potential for declining sales as a result of the cannibalisation effect of the C2C online auction market. Noticeably, although much research has been carried out in an attempt to understand online auctions in relation to buying behaviour, little effort has been made to investigate the dynamic nature of individual sellers, in particular C2C sellers, in the online auction environment. Therefore, this study is aimed at filling in the gaps by exploring the sellers' behaviour and experie...

THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA ® GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by .Ipffrpv Farl Rii<;h entitled nTFFFRFMrF<; flNH TNTFRflrTTHMq AMONH mRIMTTTVF STYI F. r.FNnPR . flrHTFVFMFMT, AND MOHF OF TM<;TRIirTTnN OF MTHni F .SrHnni Mii<;Tr '^TiinFNT^ and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy R. Cu KIl /J." Fitch Dat^e I Da/te c Date Date Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement.

THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA ® GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by .Ipffrpv Farl Rii<;h entitled nTFFFRFMrF<; flNH TNTFRflrTTHMq AMONH mRIMTTTVF STYI F. r.FNnPR . flrHTFVFMFMT, AND MOHF OF TM<;TRIirTTnN OF MTHni F .SrHnni Mii<;Tr '^TiinFNT^ and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy R. Cu KIl /J." Fitch Dat^e I Da/te c Date Date Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement.