Urban management

The yield of bioethanol from sugarcane was examined in this study. The extracted juice was left to ferment naturally for seven days. The production was carried out in a distillation apparatus consisting a round bottom flask of 250ml which holds the extracted juice. The top flask was connected with condenser through the connecter. The product was collected in the conical flask. The round bottom flask was heated at 90oC so as not to reach the boiling point of water and in order to achieve steady distillation, approximately one drop per second of distillate. The extract was collected along with some other distillates. The process was repeated for the collected products at 80oC so as to further redistilled the ethanol. The produced ethanol was subjected to certain parameters, which includes: flash point, ignition temperature, vapour flammability limit, specific gravity, boiling point, vapour density and research octane number. The values obtained were compared with American Standard for Testing Material (ASTM D 6751).
Key words: Flash point, Bio-Ethanol, Distillate, Vapour flammability, Ignition Temperature, Specific gravity.

Drawing on existing research, this study examines and revises estimates of agricultural output and productivity in Holland, thereby revealing the long-term trajectories and phase-specific characteristics of agricultural development in Holland from 1348 to 1800. During the late Middle Ages, agriculture in Holland underwent a transition from grain-based to livestock-dominated farming, a shift triggered by ecological crisis and consolidated by international grain imports. Between 1514 and 1800, the overall agricultural output in Holland exhibited a growing trend, characterized by a marked increase from 1514 to 1670, a decline from 1670 to 1750, and a renewed rapid growth from 1750 to 1800. Land productivity followed a similar pattern, whereas labour productivity showed only limited growth with phase-specific fluctuations. Landed property rights constituted a key factor shaping agricultural development from the early sixteenth to the mid‑eighteenth century: the establishment of leasehold rights in the early sixteenth century encouraged urban investment in land and efficient water management, thereby promoting agricultural growth; whereas persistently high land taxes over several decades around 1700 weakened property rights incentives and restrained agricultural development. In addition, factors such as policy, markets, ecology, and urban‑rural interactions significantly influenced agricultural development.

【基于已有成果，检验和修正对荷兰农业产值和生产率的估算，从而揭示 1348 —1800 年荷兰农业长期发展的轨迹和阶段性特征。中世纪晚期，荷兰农业经历从谷物种植业向畜牧业为主导的转型，该转型由生态危机触发，因国际谷物进口得以巩固。 1514 —1800 年，荷兰农业产值总体呈增长趋势，其中 1514 —1670 年为显著增长期， 1670 —1750 年有所下降， 1750 —1800 年再度迅速增长；土地生产率呈类似趋势，而劳动生产率增长有限，且呈阶段性波动。土地产权状况是 16 世纪初期至 18 世纪中期荷兰农业发展的关键因素：16 世纪初明晰租佃权，促进了市民土地投资及高效水利管理，推动了农业发展； 1700 年前后数十年的高额土地税削弱了产权激励作用，抑制了农业发展。此外，政策、市场、生态、城乡互动等因素也显著影响农业发展。】

Research into sustainable economics has recently become increasingly significant as a result of worldwide economic growth and crises. This study examines how economic theories play an important role in constructing a sustainable community unit and how they influence the neighbourhood's design. The study aims to improve economic theory's contribution to sustainable development goals at the neighborhood scale. It is hypothesised that economic theory affects neighborhood planning design. The study has adopted a mixed-method approach, including structured checklist observation (likert scale) with space syntax analysismeasuring choice, control, connectivity, and integrationto assess spatial configuration and user movement patterns. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics, employing Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), one-way ANOVA-test, and compare mean. The study developed a conceptual framework with three categories for evaluating neighbourhood units based on economic theory and sustainability principles. The results indicated that economic potential is the most influential parameter (49.101% variance), followed by affordability (30.899 variance), transit and connectivity (10.253% variance). Economic potential, with a mean difference of 4.238 and a p-value of 0.019, demonstrated a positive impact on the region. The study concluded that economic theory has had mixed impacts on the design of neighbourhood units with regard to sustainable development goals.

Research into sustainable economics has recently become increasingly significant as a result of worldwide economic growth and crises. This study examines how economic theories play an important role in constructing a sustainable community unit and how they influence the neighbourhood's design. The study aims to improve economic theory's contribution to sustainable development goals at the neighborhood scale. It is hypothesised that economic theory affects neighborhood planning design. The study has adopted a mixed-method approach, including structured checklist observation (likert scale) with space syntax analysismeasuring choice, control, connectivity, and integrationto assess spatial configuration and user movement patterns. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics, employing Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), one-way ANOVA-test, and compare mean. The study developed a conceptual framework with three categories for evaluating neighbourhood units based on economic theory and sustainability principles. The results indicated that economic potential is the most influential parameter (49.101% variance), followed by affordability (30.899 variance), transit and connectivity (10.253% variance). Economic potential, with a mean difference of 4.238 and a p-value of 0.019, demonstrated a positive impact on the region. The study concluded that economic theory has had mixed impacts on the design of neighbourhood units with regard to sustainable development goals.

This paper proposes a decentralized governance framework termed the Village Parishad Model, designed to address inefficiencies in existing rural and urban administrative systems in India. The model integrates immediate service delivery, functional decentralization through sectoral responsibility assignments, production-linked rural economies, and a post-audit accountability mechanism. The framework emphasizes eliminating administrative delays, reducing financial leakage, and ensuring direct citizen-centered governance. It further suggests integrating rural production systems with state-supported procurement and profit-sharing mechanisms to enhance local economic sustainability. The study argues that such a model can significantly improve rural service delivery efficiency, reduce migration pressures, and strengthen grassroots democracy.

Rapid urbanization in emerging economies continues to outpace the evolution of urban water governance, resulting in persistent service inequities, resource degradation, and low resilience to climate risks. Although SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) and SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) provide an integrated global framework for addressing these challenges, empirical evidence on the extent to which multi-level governance arrangements enable or hinder their achievement remains scarce. This study evaluates the effectiveness of urban water governance and its alignment with SDG 6 and SDG 11 in three rapidly growing secondary cities in Southeast Asia-Bandung (Indonesia), Cebu (Philippines), and Da Nang (Vietnam). Employing a mixed-methods design, the research integrates an adapted OECD Water Governance Principles framework, stakeholder mapping, semi-structured interviews with 87 actors across scales, content analysis of 132 policy documents (2015-2024), and a quantitative SDG alignment index comprising 24 indicators. Findings expose critical governance deficits: high institutional fragmentation (6-11 agencies with overlapping mandates per city), weak vertical policy coordination (only 28-41% of national strategies effectively localized), limited inclusivity of marginalized groups, and chronic under-financing (infrastructure investment meeting <45% of needs).

Urban regeneration has traditionally focused on large-scale developments that aim at increasing the livability and vitality of disadvantaged areas. Alternative views of urban regeneration have emerged to challenge such a structural approach. These novel ideas reflect contextual changes in progressive and innovative Western countries that embrace the culture of experimentation, prefer sharing to ownership, and emphasize participation and inclusion as fundamental aspects of public governance. This article elaborates the idea of lean urban regeneration in the progressive welfare society context, with a special view of citizen and stakeholder involvement through inclusion, sharing, and co-creation. Empirical research utilizes mini cases of the largest cities in the growth triangle of Finland. This article identifies the manifestations of lean urban regeneration and discusses its preconditions and ability to tackle urban development challenges. The results emphasize the framing nature of inclusion, the underutilization of sharing, and the key role of co-creation in lean urban regeneration. A particular potential of lean interventions is based on co-creation as the core of multimodal or hybrid regenerative projects that are firmly anchored on economic inclusion. By utilizing the input of residents, entrepreneurs, and other local stakeholders, it is possible to open up a path to integrated high-leverage activities with a potential to alleviate structural urban problems.

Permasalahan sampah di pasar rakyat Kota Yogyakarta masih menjadi isu strategis, meskipun terjadi penurunan timbulan sampah dari 25 ton/hari menjadi 17 ton/hari (2019–2023) dan kembali menurun menjadi sekitar 12 ton/hari pada periode 2024–2025. Tantangan semakin kompleks seiring dengan penutupan sementara hingga permanen TPA Piyungan, yang menyebabkan akumulasi sampah dan menurunnya kualitas lingkungan pasar. Policy brief ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi implementasi kebijakan pengelolaan sampah berdasarkan Jakstrada Kota Yogyakarta serta mengidentifikasi kendala utama dalam pengurangan sampah pasar.

Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa Dinas Perdagangan Kota Yogyakarta telah melaksanakan berbagai upaya, seperti pemilahan sampah, pengembangan bank sampah, dan sosialisasi kepada pedagang. Namun, efektivitas kebijakan masih terbatas akibat rendahnya partisipasi pedagang dan paguyuban pasar sebagai aktor utama di tingkat hulu. Kondisi ini menyebabkan pengelolaan sampah masih berorientasi pada penanganan di hilir dan belum menyentuh perubahan perilaku secara optimal.

Untuk menjawab permasalahan tersebut, direkomendasikan langkah-langkah strategis berupa penguatan edukasi berbasis kolaborasi dengan pihak eksternal, pembentukan Tim Reaksi Cepat Sampah oleh paguyuban pasar, penyusunan regulasi yang mengatur insentif dan disinsentif terutama terkait pembatasan plastik sekali pakai, serta modernisasi armada pengangkutan sampah. Implementasi kebijakan ini diharapkan mampu mendorong pengelolaan sampah berbasis partisipasi, mengurangi ketergantungan pada TPA, dan meningkatkan keberlanjutan kebersihan pasar rakyat di Kota Yogyakarta.

无废城市是一种新兴的都市进化模式，倡导革新、协调、环保、开放与共享的新发展原则，致力于形成生态友好的生产和生活方式。其核心在于推动城镇固体垃圾（MSW）的源头减少及资源循环使用，以降低对环境的不利影响。这也是一种精英城市治理观点。城市固体垃圾作为多样性废弃物，在日常中难以避免，会显著危害自然系统和平民健康。我国是全球最大的发展中国家，对城镇垃圾需要特别重视。因此，解决此类废物处理问题已变得极为急迫。本研究通过解析当前废弃物处置与再利用状况，同时展望未来趋势，旨在寻求提升这些工作的策略措施，从而确保人类社会和地球资源持续共存发展。（Waste free city is an emerging urban evolution model that advocates new development principles of innovation, coordination, environmental protection, openness, and sharing, and is committed to forming eco-friendly production and lifestyle. Its core is to promote the reduction of urban solid waste (MSW) at its source and the recycling of resources, in order to reduce the adverse impact on the environment. This is also an elite urban governance perspective. Urban solid waste, as a diverse waste, is difficult to avoid in daily life and can significantly harm natural systems and public health. China is the world's largest developing country, and special attention needs to be paid to urban waste. Therefore, solving such waste disposal problems has become extremely urgent. This study aims to explore strategies and measures to enhance the current status of waste disposal and reuse, as well as future trends, in order to ensure the sustainable coexistence and development of human society and Earth resources.）

The oldest idea or original art of travel is pilgrimage tourism, which has a shorter history than modern tourism. Modern tourism was sparked by pilgrimages to sacred and holy locations. Hindu pilgrimages, known as tirtha yatras, appear to have originated and developed from a custom that predates even their civilization.

Following India's economic liberalization, rapid economic growth is driving urban sprawl in mid-sized cities, altering land use patterns from the core to the periphery of the city. This study offers a comprehensive analysis of the evolving urban landscape in the Sonipat-Kundli urban agglomeration within the Delhi-NCR region, focusing on land use changes. Leveraging remote sensing data and analytical techniques, the study spans 1991 to 2021, using Landsat imagery and ERDAS Imagine software. Employing a Maximum Likelihood Classifier, it creates Land Use Land Cover maps, evaluating accuracy with the Kappa coefficient. Utilizing built-up density and the Shannon Entropy model, it assesses urban sprawl dynamics. Zoning, based on road networks and CBD buffer zones, enhances the analysis. Land transformation indicates that large tracts of agricultural land are directly converted to built-up patches which are used majorly for residential and industrial purposes. Notably, a leapfrog pattern of sprawl, driven by industrial development, is observed encroaching on agricultural land in Kundli away from the core city of Sonipat. These findings provide vital insights for future urban planning, policy formulation, and sustainable development initiatives in the region.

Recent concern with sustainable urban development has focused on the widespread development of new towns and the expansion of cities throughout China. In recent decades, an increasing number of planning and design professionals in the United States and Europe have undertaken consulting work in China. This study examines the first instance of a Chinese city funding an American academic planning unit to create a conceptual plan for a new town. The School of Planning from the University of Cincinnati was commissioned to prepare the conceptual plan for the Anyang Eastern New Town. Prior to the drafting of the plan, faculty and students visited the site on a reconnaissance and data gathering mission, undertook research and studio work, organized presentations, and navigated the labyrinthine bureaucracy at the local, provincial, and national levels. These experiences differ considerably from those encountered in places such as Shanghai and the southern coastal plain region. This article identifies a number of issues that play a key role in the success of projects involving American or European Universities in conjunction with the Chinese government, particularly provincial authorities. This paper provides a valuable reference for any organization involved in such undertakings.

This paper introduces the subject of environmentally sensitive planning and urban design in provincial China by first providing a framework for considering the topic and then reviewing the Anyang Eastern New Town Conceptual Plan prepared by the School of Planning, University of Cincinnati, within that framework. The experience of the faculty leading this project with field work, the planning process (methodology), plan preparation, and the engagement of students through a studio exercise has revealed great interest among the Chinese for creating more sustainable, livable and environmentally pleasing urban areas to address expanding urbanization and environmental pressures.

安置房工程是城市更新的重要民生项目，其造价控制与管理直接影响政府财政效率与被征收人权益。本文以《永善县城规划区内房屋征收补偿与安置实施办法》（永政发〔2016〕47 号）和《永善县城规划中心城区房屋征收补偿安置办法》（永政发〔2022〕13 号）为研究对象，分析安置房的关键控制环节及管理策略。科学设定补偿标准、规范评估流程、强化动态监管是成本控制的核心。通过政策迭代与实践优化，以期为同类项目提供参考。（Resettlement housing projects are vital livelihood initiatives in urban renewal, and their cost control and management directly impact government fiscal efficiency and the rights of affected individuals. This paper takes the "Implementation Measures for Housing Expropriation Compensation and Resettlement in the Planned Area of Yongshan County" (Yong Zheng Fa [2016] No. 47) and the "Measures for Housing Expropriation Compensation and Resettlement in the Central Urban Area of Yongshan County" (Yong Zheng Fa [2022] No. 13) as research subjects to analyze key control aspects and management strategies for resettlement housing projects. Scientifically setting compensation standards, standardizing evaluation processes, and strengthening dynamic supervision are central to cost control. Through policy iteration and practical optimization, this study aims to provide references for similar projects.）

This article addresses the question of the social repercussions of the transformation of Bardo, a popular district located in the city center of Constantine, which has been subject to effervescent urban actions between the "Constantine modernization project" advocated by public authorities in 2007 and the "urban park" advocated by specialists and urban stakeholders as part of the cultural event "Constantine, Capital of Arab Culture 2015". By highlighting the triptych: space conceived by public decision-makers, space designed and built by specialists, and the space lived by its users, our aim was to detect the repercussions of these urban actions on the daily lives and experiences of the relocated and neighboring populations. Our methodology is based on several research techniques including: documentary research, in situ observation, a sectorial survey and a household survey using semi-structured interviews. Among the results of this investigation: the improvement of the living environment, social dislocation, spatial appropriation, marginalization of local residents, etc.

Tirumala, a sacred hill town in Andhra Pradesh, India, is renowned for the Sri Venkateswara Temple-one of the most visited Hindu pilgrimage destinations in the world. The temple complex exhibits pronounced spatial and temporal variations arising from pilgrim behavior, ritual schedules, and movement patterns. These continual shifts affect the functionality and accessibility of public spaces, influencing congregation densities, circulation efficiency, and spatial adaptability across different times of the day. The study aims to analyze the temporal dynamics of pilgrim activity, focusing on how ritual-based transitions influence spatial congestion and the adaptive use of spaces within the sacred precinct. A fifteen-day on-site investigation was conducted during the offseason month of February, concentrating on the 0.4 km² core area surrounding the main shrine, which accommodates an average daily flow of 7,500-8,000 pilgrims. The methodology combined direct observation, spatial mapping, and 24-hour time-lapse documentation to record variations in movement flows, congregation intensity, and accessibility at different temporal phases. The results reveal distinct cyclical patterns of activity, with predictable peaks during ritual hours and dynamic transformations of space during low-density periods, demonstrating how pilgrims and temple management adapt to temporal shifts. The study concludes that adaptive spatial planning strategies are essential to enhance the pilgrim experience, ensure efficient circulation, and preserve the ritualistic and cultural sanctity of Tirumala's sacred environment.

Planning for Resilient Small and Medium-Sized Cities in Ghana explores the resilience and planning dynamics and complexities of rapid urban transitions in Ghana's small and medium-sized cities (SMCs) and their implications for Africa and the Global South. The book argues that Ghana's urban future may have more to do with the steady growth of SMCs, where urban consolidation is gradually taking a foothold. Recognizing that Ghana's primary cities are well known to be socio-ecological hotspots of risk, reactive urban planning, and entrenched inequalities of alarming proportions, this book asks: would SMCs follow these troubling realities and trajectories in large cities or leapfrog to resilient futures that work for all? Through a range of interdisciplinary perspectives, the contributions emphasize the need for integrated planning strategies to navigate socio-ecological challenges and opportunities that SMCs face in terms of infrastructure, governance, and climate resilience. By centering overlooked and understudied SMCs in Ghana's urban scholarship, this book realigns resilience planning to the spaces and places emerging as the frontiers of socio-ecological crises. It will be of interest to students and researchers of city and regional planning, urban studies, geography, environmental studies and science, public policy, development studies, and public health, as well as urban planners, community development practitioners, geographers, environmental, disaster, and resilient personnel, and policymakers.

City image is one of the most important and significant issues in the urban management. Previous research has proposed an automatic destination brand and image detection model, however, the model failed to identify targetspecific image symbol. An improved automated city image symbol identification and comparison method is put forward in this research. The method consists of text analysis, Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Similarity measurement techniques. In order to evaluate the method, the experiment which newspapers is selected as the data source is conducted. The experimental results show that the method is better performed in discerning city image symbol and can be used to help people make city image aware decision.

This article examines the remunicipalisation of Naples' water service to explain the outcomes of participatory governance experiments inspired by commons theory. Using process tracing and Fung's Democracy Cube, it analyses how participatory mechanisms were designed, contested and reconfigured within ABC Napoli. Based on interviews, documents and media, the findings show how legal constraints, political tensions, financial fragility and civil society-institution relationships shaped outcomes. Participatory forums evolved from open deliberation to consultative bodies with limited influence, failing to institutionalise civic participation. The study argues that both remunicipalisation and its participatory practices are hyper-local phenomena, shaped by specific contextual configurations rather than by theoretical models.

Jaipur, inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage City, represents one of India’s earliest examples of scientifically planned urbanism rooted in Vastu Shastra and cosmological order. Yet, beyond its celebrated grid, pink façades, and monumental architecture, the city today stands at a critical intersection of heritage and rapid urban transformation. This research critically examines the evolving urban fabric of Jaipur’s Walled City, foregrounding the tensions between conservation frameworks, infrastructural expansion, tourism-driven economies, and everyday community life. Moving beyond monument-centric narratives, the study situates Jaipur as a living heritage landscape, where artisanal practices, bazaar cultures, climatic intelligence, and spatial hierarchies continue to shape urban identity. Through qualitative analysis of planning policies, heritage bylaws, and selected precincts, the research identifies implementation gaps, governance challenges, and sustainability concerns, particularly in relation to commercialization, environmental stress, and shifting socio-cultural dynamics. The paper argues for a heritage-sensitive urbanism that integrates adaptive reuse, context-responsive infrastructure, ecological resilience, and community-led stewardship. By reframing conservation as continuity rather than restriction, it proposes a conceptual sustainability framework applicable not only to Jaipur but to other historic Indian cities negotiating similar pressures. Ultimately, the study positions Jaipur as both a cautionary and instructive case in understanding how layered urban identities can endure within contemporary development paradigms.

This paper presents a novel approach for the automatic creation of vegetation scenarios in real or virtual 3D cities in order to simplify the complex design process and time consuming modeling tasks in urban landscape planning. We introduce shape grammars as a practical tool for the rule-based generation of urban open spaces. The automatically generated designs can be used for pre-visualization, master planning, guided design variation and digital content creation in general (e.g. for the entertainment industry). In a first step, we extend the CGA shape grammar by with urban planning operations. In a second step, we employ the possibilities of shape grammars to encode design patterns . be encoded. With the resulting system, the designer can efficiently vegetate landscape and city parks, alleys, gardens, patios and even single buildings by applying the corresponding shape grammar rules. Our results demonstrate the procedural design process on two practical example scenarios, each one covering a different scale and different contexts of planning. The first example illustrates a derivation of the Garden of Versailles and the second example describes the usage of high-level rule sets to generate a suburbia model.

Low density residential areas in Birnin Kebbi are distinct from other residential zones because of the high status of the residents, the nature of materials used in construction and the amount of space designated for housing purposes. This study aims at examining the quality of low density residential areas in Birnin Kebbi. 353 households were surveyed across 6 locations employing cluster sampling technique in order to generate data on the physical, social and economic characteristics of households. 1/3 of the households across all the locations were randomly taken to make up the sample size.The analysis revealed that residents of low density zone are predominantly people of high status. The occupation of householders served as basis for establishing status. It was assumed that the status of a person translates into his earning, which also influence his choice of location and type of housing to reside. It was observed that most residents of low density residential areas live in housing with considerable facilities that could pass for a qualitative housing at a glance. The study also revealed flagrant disregard to provisions of development control standards. The condition of the general surrounding of the low density neigbourhoods under study allow for the conclusion that low density residential areas also exhibit inadequate housing. Based on the findings of the study suitable recommendations were made.

Saudi Arabia is a large country that includes many large cities; the second largest city is Jeddah. Like many other cities worldwide, Jeddah contains significant areas that were established as unplanned settlements. According to the definition of the United Nations (UN) many of Jeddah's unplanned settlements have been classified as slums. However, some of these unplanned settlements have strategic location near the center of Jeddah, and present great potentials as a new urban quarter. Four distinctive areas were the subject of the upgrading studies conducted by Jeddah Municipality. These are Khozam district, Bani-Malik district, Al-Boghdadiyah District, and Al-Ruwais district. This study focuses on assessing the physical condition of the built environment of Al-Ruwais district as well as to investigate the common problems of the residents such as buildings problems, infrastructure problems, and social problems. It also intends to give an overview for the suggested developing programs for the rebuilding of Al-Ruwais district by the Jeddah Municipality. The main objective of the study is to identify ways in which interventions aimed at delivering services to the low-income residents can be better designed and targeted, as well as to define set of recommendations for future unplanned settlements upgrading.

Buku Sentuhan Tangan Ibu untuk Bumi yang Lebih Hijau mengajak pembaca memahami bahwa persoalan sampah berakar dari perilaku sehari-hari di rumah. Sampah rumah tangga yang tidak dikelola dengan baik dapat berdampak langsung pada kesehatan keluarga dan kelestarian lingkungan.

Melalui pendekatan yang sederhana dan mudah dipahami, buku ini mengulas penerapan prinsip reduce, reuse, dan recycle serta meluruskan berbagai pandangan keliru tentang sampah. Ibu ditempatkan sebagai sosok kunci yang mampu memulai perubahan melalui kebiasaan kecil namun konsisten di dalam keluarga.

Buku ini menjadi sumber inspirasi bagi keluarga dan masyarakat untuk berperan aktif menjaga lingkungan, dimulai dari rumah, demi mewujudkan bumi yang lebih hijau dan sehat bagi generasi mendatang.

The present paper studies the objectives and functions of constructing the new towns before and after the revolution in Iran. Before the revolution, new towns were established based on political-bureaucratic objectives, for the operation of huge oil resources and affiliated industries, to accommodate the workforce in industrial complexes, to implement the policy of regional decentralization, to provide housing for the government employees, to attract the surplus population of large cities and to reconstruct the cities destroyed by earthquake. A type of economic and social development strategy was involved in establishing new towns. Although these towns function differently, they are mainly well-populated and active towns. After the revolution, fewer towns were planned. One of the strategies of urban development was to absorb part of the population of the overpopulated cities to provide housing to low-income groups, to accommodate employees of industrial sectors, and to decentralize anatomic and industrial sectors of large cities. Except the new town of Baharestan, which has achieved the 10-year objectives behind its construction for population and housing purposes, other towns which have merely succeeded to attract less population as they were planned, the new town have generally failed to achieve the 10-year envisaged goals and have converted into housing warehouses. At present these 17 new towns has been able to attract only 320548 persons while the three new towns of Ramin, Ramshahr, Tis, have not yet been successful to attract population.

Grande parte das tentativas de relacionar educação e níveis de renda é feita sob a suposição do ceteris paribus. Nesta comu nicação buscamos mostrar que tal suposição, não somente carece de realismo, mas também esconde uma grande variedade de formas de relacionamento entre essas e outras variáveis. Quando nos referimos à educação, estamos pensando em um processo que confere às pessoas alguma coisa que não pos suíam antes, seja em termos de conhecimento, seja de atitude ou comportamento(1). Quando tentamos medir esses resultados da educação, não podemos senão tomar para exame o seu portador por inteiro. Não é possível destacar apenas aquilo que é o resultado da educação. Se não temos senão o comportamento do homem como um todo, há que comparar esse comportamento com algum outro para que se possa destacar a contribuição da educação. Podemos pensar em comparar o comportamento observado com aquele anterior ao recebimento da educação. Ou podemos compará-lo com o de outra pessoa que não tenha feito o curso considerado. Na prática, nenhum dos dois métodos conduz a resultados satisfatórios. (*) O autor é Pesquisador-sênior do Instituto de Planejam ento Econô mico e Social, Rio de Janeiro. (1) Quando fixam os os resultados econômicos da educação, referim o-nos a m udanças de "desempenho", ao invés do termo m udanças de "comportam ento", m ais geral e utilizado em psicologia da aprendizagem.

This paper critically examined the impact of Quality Work Life on Employee Job Performance, with specific focus on Moshood Abiola Polytechnic, Abeokuta, Ogun-State. This study employed a descriptive survey design. A sample size of 86 respondents was selected using simple random sampling technique of which 84 respondents filled and returned the questionnaire. Data from the questionnaire was analyzed using special software for statistics which is called statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 23. The study found out that work environment of employees affects employees job performance. Also, compensation and degree of reward system influences the staff performance of an organization. After the findings of the research it is highly recommended thatThat Management of Organization should ensure that there is periodic review of employee needs to facilitate improvement in Quality of work life (QWL) and rise in the satisfaction level of employees. This should require adopting quality of work life (QWL) programs such as job enrichment, and socio -technical redesign into comprehensive efforts to improve the quality of working environment.

The water crisis in Iran has reached a stage at which it can no longer be explained solely by reference to low precipitation or climate change. Nevertheless, the critical question remains why, despite the abundance of plans, policy documents, and expert warnings, water governance in Iran has remained incapable of containing the escalating cycle of drought and water scarcity. Most existing analyses have emphasized only a single dimension of the crisis. At the same time, the absence of an integrated framework for the simultaneous examination of institutional, policy, and implementation dimensions has prevented a coherent investigation of the structural roots of the crisis. The objective of this study is to provide a three-level analysis of water governance in Iran in order to examine how deficiencies in decision-making, policy formulation, and implementation interact with one another to create conditions for the reproduction of the crisis. The research is conducted using a conceptual analysis approach and a three-level governance model consisting of macro-level decision-making, meso-level policy formulation, and operational implementation, drawing upon the literature on water governance, policy failure, and risk governance as the basis for evaluation. This model enables the interconnected analysis of key elements such as institutional misalignment, inappropriate policy instruments, the absence of a risk-oriented approach, and the persistent gap between expert knowledge and decision-making structures. The findings indicate that the water crisis in Iran is the simultaneous outcome of three categories of factors: institutional inefficiency at the macro level, incompatibility between policies and territorial capacities at the meso level, and weak implementation capacity and risk management at the operational level. On this basis, without structural reconfiguration across these three levels and a transition toward integrated and risk-oriented governance, it will not be possible to alter the trajectory of the crisis and achieve sustainable water security.

Η σύγχρονη έρευνα έχει αποδείξει ότι πολιτιστικοί τουρίστες και προσκυνητές αναζητούν βιωματικές εμπειρίες, τις οποίες μπορεί να υπηρετήσει η διαδραστική επίσκεψη σε μουσεία, που προσφέρουν ελκυστικό και οργανωμένο περιεχόμενο σχετικό με τα ενδιαφέροντά τους. Ως μέρος του πολιτιστικού τουρισμού, ο θρησκευτικός και προσκυνηματικός τουρισμός εξετάζει τη σχέση του με τα μουσεία και τη σημασία που έχει η κατάλληλη αξιοποίησή τους μέσα στο πρόγραμμα των θρησκευτικών περιηγήσεων.
Στην ημερίδα η καθηγήτρια Μουσειοδιδακτικής του ΕΚΠΑ, κ. Διοτίμα Λιαντίνη-Νικολακάκου, ανέλυσε το θέμα με βάση την ερευνητική της εξειδίκευση, και η Δρ Αρχαιολογίας, προϊσταμένη Τμήματος Συλλογών Μουσείου Βυζαντινού Πολιτισμού Θεσσαλονίκης, κ. Αντιγόνη Τζιτζιμπάση, παρουσίασε τη λειτουργία αυτού του μουσείου ως περίπτωση μελέτης. Η οργάνωση της ημερίδας και ο συντονισμός της εκδήλωσης έγινε από την ομότιμη καθηγήτρια ΑΠΘ και ιδρυτικό μέλος του ΔΠΜΣ, κ. Κυριακούλα Παπαδημητρίου.
Στόχος της εκδήλωσης ήταν  η ανάδειξη των μουσείων ως πόρων του θρησκευτικού και προσκυνηματικού τουρισμού και η προβολή του θρησκευτικού και προσκυνηματικού τουρισμού ως παιδευτικού αλλά και αναπτυξιακού τουριστικού παράγοντα.
Δημοσιεύθηκε εδώ: https://www.auth.gr/press/imerida-me-titlo-i-symvoli-ton-moysei/

The Postgraduate Program in Religious and Pilgrimage Tourism organized a scientific conference on “The Contribution of Museums to Religious and Pilgrimage Tourism” on Saturday, December 13, 2025, at 6:30 p.m. online.
Contemporary research has shown that cultural tourists and pilgrims seek experiential experiences, which can be served by interactive visits to museums that offer attractive and organized content relevant to their interests. As part of cultural tourism, religious and pilgrimage tourism examines its relationship with museums and the importance of their appropriate use in religious tour programs.
During the workshop, Dr. Diotima Liantini-Nikolakakou, Professor of Museum Education at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, analyzed the topic based on her research expertise, and Dr. Antigone Tzitzibasi, Head of the Byzantine Museum Collection Department, presented the operation of this museum as a case study.
The aim of the event is to promote museums as resources for religious and pilgrimage tourism and to highlight religious and pilgrimage tourism as an educational and developmental factor in tourism.
The organization of the conference and coordination of the event was carried out by the professor emeritus and founding member of the Postgraduate Program, Dr. Kyriakoula Papademetriou.

Os estudos em cidade digital estratégica vêm mostrando que a pandemia Covid-19 tem desestruturado tanto a temática municipal da saúde quanto a economia dos países, influenciando no desenvolvimento urbano e regional, ao mesmo tempo em que desafiou a sociedade. O objetivo é analisar a pandemia Covid-19 e as relações com os subprojetos de cidade digital estratégica no contexto urbano-regional. A metodologia da pesquisa formalizou as pesquisas em cidade digital estratégica em diferentes cidades e países, bem como, em distintas temáticas municipais, incluindo saúde. O método utilizado foi o estudo de casos múltiplos em associação com a pesquisa aplicada de natureza qualitativa. A abrangência do estudo contemplou duas cidades: Porto Alegre, Brasil, e Lisboa, Portugal, escolhidas por serem capitais de diferentes países. Os resultados auferidos reforçam a necessidade do entendimento deste tipo de projeto e seus subprojetos devido a influência que têm nas governanças locais e regionais e, co...

This paper clarified about Delhi's primary issue isn't lodging however framework and access to the legitimately subdivided land. This paper investigated the lodging types and guidelines ought to reflect market demand. This is customary yard house configuration reflects demand and is effective as far as land use and resulting steady development. In past, the land use in the Delhi city was of poor dimension, there was not any poor management still it is but rather not so much. In this paper, researcher investigated that before 2-multi decade the greater part of the regions were brimming with slopes, woodlands and so forth however at this point the territories have been created. The outcomes demonstrate that the developed land has expanded, while different classifications of land have diminished. The discoveries would give knowledge to the organizers and policymakers for the management of urban land in the field of development related issues of the city locales. The researcher investigated that the land use influenced by numerous components, for example, Deforestation, floods and torrential slides added to the obliteration. When the woodland's efficiency was declined or consumed by specific warlords, the poor farmers looked for another shoddy and open option, which was the development of opium, flooding, stone sliding, seismic tremors, returnees and IDPs going to the city without arrangements Returnees and IDPs going to the city without arrangements causing Environmental dangers, for example, Air and water contamination. Watered farmlands have been all around safeguarded in spite of the exceptionally high urbanization weight; downpour nourished rural fields have been continually undermined by weight for land use transformation. The quantities of the urban development strategies have been created in Delhi City. The execution of urban strategies couldn't subsequently continue in as convenient a design as wanted by organizers, and benefactors and Indian natives. As per the researcher, Land-use change is apparently the most inescapable financial power driving changes and corruption of ecosystems in Delhi City. Deforestation, urban development, agriculture, and other human exercises have generously changed the Delhi City. Concentrated agriculture needs to possibly extreme environment outcomes. Woodlands give numerous biological system benefits in Delhi City. Additionally, Land-use change influenced the financial states of the Delhi City.

基于清洁生产的核心原则，结合胶粘剂行业生产特性与环保法规要求，从原材料绿色替代、生产工艺优化、废弃物资源化、全生命周期管理及政策协同保障五个维度，构建胶粘剂企业环境管理策略体系，研究表明，清洁生产理念下的环境管理策略对降低胶粘剂企业环境负荷有积极意义，为行业绿色可持续发展提供理论参考与实践路径。（Based on the core principles of cleaner production, combined with the production characteristics ofthe adhesive industry and the requirements of environmental protection regulations, this paper constructs anenvironmental management strategy system for adhesive enterprises from five dimensions: green substitutionof raw materials, optimization of production processes, resource utilization of waste, full life cyclemanagement, and policy coordination and guarantee. The research shows that the environmental managementstrategy under the concept of cleaner production has positive significance for reducing the environmental loadof adhesive enterprises, and provides theoretical reference and practical paths for the green and sustainabledevelopment of the industry.）

Streszczenie: W związku z rosnącym zainteresowaniem finansowaniem społecznościowym pojawia się na rynku coraz więcej platform crowdfundingowych. Wśród nich są takie, które odnotowują sukcesy zgłaszanych tam projektów, jak i takie, które znikają z rynku po kilku miesiącach czy latach działalności. Celem artykułu jest prezentacja i analiza funkcjonowania jednej z najstarszych platform finansowania społecznościowego w Polsce -Polakpotrafi.pl. Metody badawcze wykorzystane w pracy to przede wszystkim analiza i krytyka piśmiennictwa oraz badanie dokumentów źródłowych. W wyniku przeprowadzonej analizy przedstawiono wyniki działania platformy oraz największe projekty, które pozyskały tam finansowanie. Słowa kluczowe: społeczność, finansowanie, platforma crowdfudingowa, finansowanie społecznościowe Pojęcie crowdfundingu staje się coraz bardziej popularne wśród podmiotów poszukujących finansowania. W ciągu ostatnich 6 lat wartość transakcji realizowanych poprzez formułę crowdfundingu wzrosła o ponad 3822% z 0,9 mld USD w 2010 roku do 34,4 mld USD w 2015 roku (Kędzierska-Szczepaniak, Szopik-Depczyńska, Łazorko, 2016, s. 77). Pozyskaniem środków poprzez platfrormy crowdfudningowe zainteresowane są nie tylko podmioty prowadzące działalność gospodarczą ale i osoby fizyczne, które chcą zrealizować swoje pomysły, marzenia, zrobić coś dla lokalnej społeczności, pomóc potrzebującym. W Polsce istnieje kilkadziesiąt platform crowdfundingowych, w każdym roku pojawiają się kolejne, inne są likwidowane. Jedną z najbardziej rozpoznawalnych na polskim rynku platform jest plaftroma Polakpotrafi.pl. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie warunków działalności platform crowdfundingowych w Polsce oraz analiza działalności platformy Polakpotrafi.pl. W artykule wykorzystane zostaną dane pochodzące z raportów Komisji Europejskiej oraz materiały źródłowe pochodzące z analizowanej platformy crowdfundingowej.

The purpose of community service is to (1) increase the awareness towards the environment; (2) improving the quality of life; and (3) improvelife peace and comfort. The method used is socialization, composting trainingand craft-making training busing household waste. The results of community service is the socienty&#39;s standard of living of as individuals and groups was improved through waste management business, the public awareness in saving the environment was increased. The quality of urban environment with waste management was increased through the applying of 3R (Reuse, Reduce and Recycle) and the society&#39;s cognitive and conative aspects were also improved regarding to the integrated waste management

The phenomenon of urban pollution is one of the most serious problems that affect people in the world, as it causes the spread of epidemics and diseases that threaten their health. As in the case of other societies, this also represents an important issue for Algeria. Therefore, through this work, we decided to take an example of urban pollution in an Algerian city of historical and administrative importance, represented by the city of El-Khroub located in the province of Constantine; the aim was to monitor the reality of urban waste management in the city center, the disinfection and disposal of urban solid waste. Through this, we monitored the most important ways that local authorities follow to eliminate solid waste, including landfill or incineration, where household waste annually reaches 2045328 tons. The dirt still floats in the city neighborhoods, because of the ignorance of the population, as well as the lack of authorities to ensure a clean and sustainable environment.