VLF Monitoring

2026, New Concepts in Global Tectonics Journal

Recent studies have suggested a correlation between variations in the Earth's geomagnetic field, induced by proton increases in the solar wind, and the occurrence of earthquakes of significant magnitude. However, the mechanisms linking... more

Local Electromagnetic Precursors: Mechanisms and Pre-Seismic Monitoring through Low Frequency Bands

2026, New Concepts in Global Tectonics Journal

Earthquake prediction is one of the major challenges of modern geophysics, and research on electromagnetic seismic precursors has opened new perspectives for the early detection of seismic events. Local electromagnetic precursors,... more

Local Electromagnetic Precursors: Mechanisms and Pre-Seismic Monitoring through Low Frequency Bands

2026, New Concepts in Global Tectonics Journal

Earthquake prediction is one of the major challenges of modern geophysics, and research on electromagnetic seismic precursors has opened new perspectives for the early detection of seismic events. Local electromagnetic precursors,... more

Anomalies and Electromagnetic Emissions Recorded Before the Campi Flegrei Earthquake on March 13, 2025 (Italy

2025, New Concepts in Global Tectonics Journal

This study presents data on natural electromagnetic emissions that preceded, within a three-day timeframe, the magnitude 4.6 earthquake that struck the Campi Flegrei area in the province of Naples, Italy. The detection system used to... more

Solar and Earth's Geomagnetic Activity Related to the M6.3 Earthquake Recorded in Mauritius-Reunion Region on September 26, 2024

2025, New Concepts in Global Tectonics Journal

This study presents and discusses the solar data that preceded the earthquake On September 26, 2024, at 19:19 UTC, a M6.3 was recorded in the Mauritius-Reunion Region. The analysis looked at the ion variation of the solar wind was... more

Anomalies and Electromagnetic Emissions Recorded Before the Campi Flegrei Earthquake on March 13, 2025 (Italy

2025, New Concepts in Global Tectonics Journal

This study presents data on natural electromagnetic emissions that preceded, within a three-day timeframe, the magnitude 4.6 earthquake that struck the Campi Flegrei area in the province of Naples, Italy. The detection system used to... more

Solar and Earth's Geomagnetic Activity Related to the M6.3 Earthquake Recorded in Mauritius-Reunion Region on September 26, 2024

2025, New Concepts in Global Tectonics Journal

This study presents and discusses the solar data that preceded the earthquake On September 26, 2024, at 19:19 UTC, a M6.3 was recorded in the Mauritius-Reunion Region. The analysis looked at the ion variation of the solar wind was... more

Solar and Earth's geomagnetic activity related to M6+ earthquakes recorded between 15 and 21 September 2024

2025, Paper

Between 15 and 21 September 2024, three strong seismic events were recorded on our planet (M6.5 earthquake recorded in Canada on September 15, 2024 at 22:22 UTC; M6.3 earthquake recorded in Mariana Islands on September 16, 2024 at 11:36... more

Fig. 3 Kp index variations. The graph above shows the variation of the Kp index recorded between 13 and 22 September 2024. The Kp index, or planetary K index, is a numerical index that measures the level of global geomagnetic activity on Earth. It is a fundamental parameter used to describe the variations of the Earth's magnetic field caused by the interaction with the solar wind and the Earth's magnetosphere. The vertical black arrows represent the time markers of the M 6+ earthquakes recorded between 15 and 21 September 2024. Credits: iSWA, NOAA, Radio Emissions Project.

Fig. 2 M6+ seismic sequence correlated to the protonic increase recorded between September 15 and 21, 2024. In the upper graph, the distribution of potentially destructive seismic events recorded between September 15 and 21, 2024, correlated to the increase in solar proton flux density recorded between September 13 and 23, 2024, is visible. The vertical black arrows identify the time markers of the potentially destructive seismic events recorded between September 15 and 21, 2024. Credits: iSWA, Radio Emissions Project.

Fig. 1Seismic Epicenters. The image above shows the seismic epicenters of three strong earthquakes recorded between September 15 and 21, 2024: M 6.5 earthquake recorded in Canada on September 15, 2024 at 22:22 UTC; M 6.3 earthquake recorded in Mariana Islands on September 16, 2024 at 11:36 UTC; M 6.0 earthquake recorded in Argentina on September 21, 2024 at 21:24 UTC. Credits: USGS, Radio Emissions Project.

Solar activity related to M6+ earthquakes recorded between 7 and 11 September 2024

2025, New Concepts in Global Tectonics Journal

Between 7 and 11 September 2024, two strong seismic events were recorded on our planet (M 6.0 earthquake recorded in Tonga on September 7, 2024 at 22:36 UTC; M6.3 earthquake recorded in Papua New Guinea on September 11, 2024 at 16:46... more

Solar and Earth's geomagnetic activity related to M6+ earthquakes recorded between 15 and 21 September 2024

2025, New Concepts in Global Tectonics Journal

Between 15 and 21 September 2024, three strong seismic events were recorded on our planet (M6.5 earthquake recorded in Canada on September 15, 2024 at 22:22 UTC; M6.3 earthquake recorded in Mariana Islands on September 16, 2024 at 11:36... more

Electromagnetic signals that preceded the destructive earthquakes that occurred in Taiwan between April 2 and 3, 2024

2024, New Concepts in Global Tectonics Journal

Between 2 and 3 April 2024, two strong earthquakes occurred in Taiwan, resulting in a significant number of deaths and millions of euros in damage. The primary event also resulted in a tsunami that overwhelmed the population and... more

Fig. 6 — Dynamic spectrogram recorded by the RDF station of Lariano, Rome, Italy, between 2 April 2024 and 3 April 2024. The spectrogram shows the temporal context on the abscissae and on the ordinates we find the electromagnetic frequency of radio signal: of natural origin. The colors of the signals are associated with their azimuth (direction) of arrival relative to the position of the RDI station. In this case, impulsive green/turquoise signals associated with the geographical area of Taiwan are highlighted. Credits: Radic Emissions Project.

Fig. 5 — Dynamic spectrogram recorded by the RDF station of Lariano, Rome, Italy, between 1 April 2024 and 2 April 2024. The spectrogram shows the temporal context on the abscissae and on the ordinates we find the electromagnetic frequency of radio signal: of natural origin. The colors of the signals are associated with their azimuth (direction) of arrival relative to the position of the RDI station. In this case, impulsive green/turquoise signals associated with the geographical area of Taiwan are highlighted. Credits: Radic Emissions Project.

Figura 8 — Dynamic spectrogram of the SELF station in Pontedera, Pisa, Italy, recorded between April 2024 and 3 April 2024, showing a decrease in radio emissions from the natural geomagnetic background. The electromagnetic frequency of radio signals is visible on the ordinates, while the UTC time is visible on the abscissas. Credits: Radio Emissions Project, Carlo Magretti.

Fig. 3 — Dynamic spectrogram recorded by the RDF station of Lariano, Rome, Italy, between 31 March 2024 and 1 April 2024. The spectrogram shows the temporal context on the abscissae and on the ordinates we find the electromagnetic frequency of radio signals of natural origin. The colors of the signals are associated with their azimuth (direction) of arrival relative to the position of the RDF station. In this case, impulsive green/turquoise signals associated with the geographical area of Taiwan are highlighted. Credits: Radio Emissions Project.

Fig. 7 —- Dynamic spectrogram of the SELF Monitor station of Pontedera, Pisa, Italy, recorded on 2 April 2024, showing a particular recorded radio anomaly of natural origin. The electromagnetic frequency of radio signals is visible on the ordinates, and the UTC time on the abscissas. Credits: Radio Emissions Project, Carlo Magretti.

Fig. 4 — Dynamic spectrogram recorded by the RDF station of Lariano, Rome, Italy, between 31 March 2024 and 1 April 2024. The spectrogram shows the temporal context on the abscissae and on the ordinates we find the electromagnetic frequency of radio signals of natural origin. The colors of the signals are associated with their azimuth (direction) of arrival relative to the position of the RDF station. In this case, impulsive green/turquoise signals associated with the geographical area of Taiwan are highlighted. Credits: Radio Emissions Project.

Fig. 1 —- Dynamic Spectrogram recorded by the RDF station of Lariano, Rome, Italy, between 29 and 30 March 2024. The spectrograrr shows the temporal context on the abscissae and on the ordinates we find the electromagnetic frequency of radio signals of natura: origin. The colors of the signals are associated with their azimuth (direction) of arrival relative to the position of the RDF station. Ir this case, impulsive green/turquoise signals associated with the geographical area of Taiwan are highlighted. Credits: Radio Emission: Project.

Fig. 2— Dynamic spectrogram recorded by the RDF station of Lariano, Rome, Italy, between 30 and 31 March 2024. The spectrograrr shows the temporal context on the abscissae and on the ordinates we find the electromagnetic frequency of radio signals of natura origin. The colors of the signals are associated with their azimuth (direction) of arrival relative to the position of the RDF station. Ir this case, impulsive green/turquoise signals associated with the geographical area of Taiwan are highlighted. Credits: Radio Emission: Project.

Fig. 9 - Global mapping of the RDF network, developed by the Radio Emissions Project. It highlights, among other things, the position of the Italian RDF stations and the point of the seismic epicenter. Credits: Radio Emissions Project, Google My Maps.

Electromagnetic signals that preceded the M4.8 magnitude earthquake that occurred between New Jersey and New York on April 5, 2024

2024, New Concepts in Global Tectonics Journal

This study presents the electromagnetic data, detected in Italy with the Radio Direction Finding system, which preceded the earthquake of 5 April 2024. At 14:23:00 UTC a medium energy earthquake of M4 occurred. .8, in the United States,... more

Fig. 7 — Satellite map of the area where the M4.8 magnitude earthquake occurred, between New Jersey and New York. Specificall the reconstruction of the electromagnetic emissions emitted and propagated from the area of the seismic epicentre. Credits: Goog| Maps. n Fig. 7, the future seismic epicenter of the New Jersey M4.8 earthquake, in which the lectromagnetic emissions that reach Italy propagate starting from 10 days before the earthquake, up ) approximately 4 days before the seismic event (as also described in Maps 1, 2 and 3). In this case 1e preparatory phenomena of the earthquake, of the electromagnetic type, are induced by iezoelectricity phenomena. Piezoelectricity is a physical phenomenon in which some crystalline 1aterials (such as quartz) generate an electrical voltage in response to an applied mechanical pressure. ‘his property allows mechanical energy to be converted into electrical energy and vice versa. In the eismic context, the concept of piezoelectricity takes on a significant role in two main areas of aterest: the generation of warning signals of earthquakes and the analysis of the mechanisms that ontribute to their genesis. [16]

Fig. 2 — Population density of the United States by county in 2020. As you can see, the area in which the earthquake considered in this study occurred has a high population density (dark arrow). Credits: United States Census Bureau. [he area where this earthquake occurred is Whitehouse Station, New Jersey, a community located in Hunterdon County with a population that has shown significant growth over the years. According tc -ensus data, the population was 2,089 people in 2010 and reached 3,152 residents in 2020, showing an increase of 50.9% in a decade [1]. The most recent data indicates a population of approximately 3,129 residents in 2023, with a population density of 1,242 people per square mile. This area 1s characterized by a high population density compared to other rural areas, but still remains lower thar large metropolitan areas [1]. The area between Whitehouse Station, New Jersey, and New York City is characterized by a rich variety of critical infrastructure and a dense population.

Fig. 1 - Satellite map of the position of the seismic epicenter only 70 km away from one of the largest metropolises in the United States New York. Credits: Google Maps, USGS Data. This study presents the electromagnetic data, detected in Italy with the Radio Direction Finding system, which preceded the earthquake of 5 April 2024. At 14:23:00 UTC a medium energy earthquake of M4 occurred. .8, in the United States, in New Jersey, Whitehouse station, a few kilometers from New York. The data discussed in this research are the result of continuous 24/7 monitoring and were considered to verify whether the direction of arrival of the electromagnetic signals can be associated with the direction of the future epicentral area, despite the considerable distance between the Rome station and New York. In particular, during the monitoring, low frequencies were recorded with the azimuth coming from the future epicentral area, already ten days before the earthquake occurred. Similar frequencies appeared, respectively, nine and four days before the earthquake. The recent 4.8 magnitude earthquake that affected the New Jersey area, with its epicenter located 70 kilometers from New York, has reopened the debate on the safety of large urban centers and metropolises, threatened by strong and potentially destructive earthquakes. For several years, experiments have been underway in different parts of the world to try to identify reliable seismic signals which, in the future, can contribute to carrying out preventive assessments to counteract the effects of a potentially strong earthquake. At the current state of research on seismic precursors, despite some successes, the results fall within the scope of crustal diagnoses for a better understanding

Fig. 5 — Dynamic spectrogram recorded between 26 and 27 March 2024 from the Lariano station, Rome, Italy, it shows the natural electromagnetic background. On the abscissas the UTC time, on the ordinates the electromagnetic frequency of radio signals. Credits: Radio Emissions Project.

The group of researchers wondered whether the earthquake had been preceded by electromagnetic precursor signals which could have indicated the preparatory phase of the earthquake in time. Fig. 3 —- Dynamic spectrogram recorded between 26 and 27 March 2024 from the Lariano station, Rome, Italy, it shows the natural electromagnetic background. On the abscissas the UTC time, on the ordinates the electromagnetic frequency of radio signals. Credits. Radio Emissions Project.

Fig. 4 — World colorimetric map, of the RDF network. In this case, the position of the seismic epicenter and the various azimuth: departing from Italy are highlighted (Italian RDF stations). It is clear that the azimuth of origin of the radio signals is blue/violet recorded from the RDF station in Lariano Rome, Italy, (in the direction of the local NNW). Credits: Radio Emissions Project; Google M\ Maps.

However, they recurred again, with a new colorimetric variation of the geomagnetic background between 16:00 UTC on 1 April 2024 and 03:00 UTC on 2 April 2024. This colorimetric change appeared suddenly and also in this case the signals electromagnetic waves highlighted with blue/purple color from the RDF station of Lariano, Rome, Italy, indicated the direction of New Jersey and New York (Fig. 6), with electromagnetic frequency between 0.0 and 35 Hz. In particular in Fig. 6 observe a further appearance of electromagnetic signals, this time in the SELF band (0-3 Hz). between 18:30 UTC and 21:00 UTC on 1 April 2024, with an electromagnetic frequency (bandwidth) between 0.0 Hz and 0.5 Hz. Fig. 6 — Dynamic spectrogram recorded between 1 and 2 April 2024 from the Lariano station, Rome, Italy, it shows the natural electromagnetic background. On the abscissas the UTC time, on the ordinates the electromagnetic frequency of radio signals. Credits: Radio Emissions Project.

Map of the New Jersey and New York area, March 27, 2024: pre- seismic electromagnetic signals present emissions at a full-band frequency. Map of the New Jersey and New York area, March 26-27, 2024: pre- seismic electromagnetic signals present emissions at a full-band frequency. Map of the New Jersey and New York area, April 1, 2024: pre- seismic electromagnetic signals present emissions at a very low frequency, together with the normal increase in the natural electromagnetic background.

Occurrence of Italian earthquakes and UTC time

2024, New Concepts in Global Tectonics Journal

Between 2023 and 2024, some periods of the year in which many earthquakes occurred in Italy were analysed. This study considered whether there was a relationship between the UTC time of occurrence of these earthquakes and their number, to... more

Fig. 2 — Italian seismic activity of the last 30 days: 30 January 2024 and 29 February 2024 (30 days). The UTC time is visible on the ordinate axis and the seismic magnitude of the earthquakes that have occurred is visible on the abscissa axis. Credits: Radio Emissions Project; INGV.

Fig. 4 — Italian seismic activity in the province of Parma, between 1 October 2023 and 29 February 2024 (151 days). The UTC time is visible on the ordinate axis and the seismic magnitude of the earthquakes that have occurred is visible on the abscissa axis. Credits: Radio Emissions Project; INGV.

Fig. 9 — Pattern relating to the trend of the number of earthquakes and their magnitude in the province of Parma: from 1 October 2023 and 29 February 2024 (151 days). The number of seismic events is visible on the ordinate axis, and the magnitude of the individual seismic events considered is visible on the abscissa axis. Credits: Radio Emissions Project; INGV data. If we analyze the data of the last 30 days, it emerges that the pattern is on the same seismic magnitude, with a greater peak between ML1 and ML1.5. (Fig. 9).

Fig. 7— Pattern relating to the trend of the number of earthquakes and their magnitude in Italy, lasting 30 days: from 30 January 2024 and 29 February 2024. (30 days). The number of seismic events is visible on the ordinate axis, and the magnitude of the individual seismic events considered is visible on the abscissa axis. Credits: Radio Emissions Project; INGV data.

Fig. 5 — Schematization of the gravitational interaction between Earth and Sun. Credits: Radio Emissions Project. In this case, the gravitational force is perpendicular to the Earth's surface.

Fig. 6— Pattern relating to the trend of the number of earthquakes and their magnitude in Italy, lasting 7 days: from 21 February 2024 and 28 February 2024 (7 days). The number of seismic events is visible on the ordinate axis, and the magnitude of the individua! seismic events considered is visible on the abscissa axis. Credits: Radio Emissions Project; INGV data.

Fig. 8 — Pattern relating to the trend in the number of earthquakes and their magnitude in Italy, lasting 7 months: from 1 March 2023 to 30 September 2023 (213 days). The number of seismic events is visible on the ordinate axis, and the magnitude of the individual seismic events considered is visible on the abscissa axis. Credits: Radio Emissions Project; INGV data.

Fig. 3 —Italian seismic activity of the last 7 months, between 1 March 2023 and 30 September 2023 (213 days). The UTC time is visible on the ordinate axis and the seismic magnitude of the earthquakes that have occurred is visible on the abscissa axis. Credits: Radio Emissions Project; INGV.

Electromagnetic signals that preceded the M4.8 magnitude earthquake that occurred between New Jersey and New York on April 5, 2024

2024, New Concepts in Global Tectonics Journal

This study presents the electromagnetic data, detected in Italy with the Radio Direction Finding system, which preceded the earthquake of 5 April 2024. At 14:23:00 UTC a medium energy earthquake of M4 occurred. .8, in the United States,... more

Comparison of Electromagnetic Signals Before an Earthquake Using the Radio Direction Finding Method. The Case of Po Plain Valley (Italy

2024, Springer

In this study, we present the outcome of a trial of the Radio Direction Finding detection system, aimed at verifying the link between electromagnetic signals detected in Italian monitoring centers from those emitted in tectonically... more

Solar Activity and Electromagnetic Signals that proceded the M7.5 Earthquake of January 1, 2024, in Japan

2024, New Concepts In Global Tectonics Journal

On January 1, 2024, a strong earthquake occurred in Japan, causing deaths and damage to Japanese infrastructure. This study discusses the electromagnetic and solar signals that anticipated the strong earthquake. This earthquake was... more

Solar activity and Electromagnetic Signals that preceded the M7.5 Earthquake of January 1, 2024, in Japan

2024, New Concepts In Global Tectonics Journal

On January 1, 2024, a strong earthquake occurred in Japan, causing deaths and damage to Japanese infrastructure. This study discusses the electromagnetic and solar signals that anticipated the strong earthquake. This earthquake was... more

Solar Activity and Electromagnetic Signals that preceded the M7.5 Earthquake of January 1, 2024, in Japan

by Neuronic Ita

2024, New Concepts In Global Tectonics Journal

On January 1, 2024, a strong earthquake occurred in Japan, causing deaths and damage to Japanese infrastructure. This study discusses the electromagnetic and solar signals that anticipated the strong earthquake. This earthquake was... more

Weather Events Associated with Strong Earthquakes and Seismic Swarms in Italy

2024, Advances in Geological and Geotechnical Engineering Research

This study discusses the possible relationship between potentially destructive seismic events, earthquake swarms, and intense weather events occurring in the same epicentral zone at time intervals ranging from one day to a few weeks. The... more

Experimentation of the RDF network for research on preseismic electromagnetic signals

2023, New Concepts In Global Tectonics Journal

On 5 May 2023, a strong earthquake of magnitude Mw 6.2 occurred in Japan, this event was preceded by variations in the earth's geomagnetic field, recorded by the radio receiver network (RDF) developed by the Radio Emissions Project and... more

Fig. 8 — Interplanetary Seismic Precursors (ISPs). In the image above it is visible the variation curve of the proton density of the solar wind (energy fractions: 761-1229 keV, 1060-1900 keV and 310-580 keV) recorded between 3 and 5 May 2023 through the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE or Explorer 71) Satellite, in L1 Lagrangian orbit. The black curve indicates the variation of Kp-Index. The purple arrow indicates the beginning of the proton increase related to the Japanese seismic event. The vertical black arrow indicates the time marker of the Japanese Mw6.2 earthquake recorded on May 5, 2023. The yellow area delimited by the red dashed line indicates the increase of the Kp-Index (Seismic Geomagnetic Precursor) which preceded the seismic event Japanese M6.2. Credits: isWA, USGS, Radio Emissions Project.

Fig. 10 — Variation of proton density measured outside the planet Earth, in relation to solar activity. We highlight micro- variations that followed and preceded the seismic event that occurred in Japan. Credits: NASA Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) database.

Fig. 4 — Dynamic spectrogram of the RDF station in Mogadishu, Somalia, showing a "snapshot" of natural electromagnetic emissions. The recording took place between 4 and 5 May 2023. The electromagnetic frequency of these emissions is visible on the ordinate axis, the time context in UTC time on the abscissa axis, the colors indicate the azimuth of origin of the signals electromagnetic than the city of Mogadishu. Credits: Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology; Radio Emissions Project. 2.3 - The RDF Data of Lariano

Fig. 7 — Worldwide colorimetric mapping of the RDF network, where the position of the world's RDF stations and the position of the Japanese seismic epicenter are highlighted. Credits: Radio Emissions Project. If we look at the RDF world colorimetric map, we notice that the seismic epicenter of the Japanese earthquake occurred within the green azimuths, with reference to the RDF stations of Lariano, Rome, Italy and that of Mogadishu in Somalia (Figure 6 and 7).

Fig. 3 — Dynamic spectrogram of the RDF station in Mogadishu, Somalia, showing a "snapshot" of natural electromagnetic emissions. The recording took place between 4 and 5 May 2023. The electromagnetic frequency of these emissions is visible on the ordinate axis, the time context in UTC time on the abscissa axis, the colors indicate the azimuth of origin of the signals electromagnetic than the city of Mogadishu. Credits: Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology; Radio Emissions Project.

Fig. 5 — Dynamic spectrogram of the RDF station of Lariano, Rome, Italy, showing a "snapshot" of natural electromagnetic emissions. The recording took place between 4 and 5 May 2023. The electromagnetic frequency of these emissions is visible on the ordinate axis, the time context in UTC time on the abscissa axis, the colors indicate the azimuth of origin of the signals electromagnetic waves with respect to the city of Lariano, Rome, Italy. Credits: Radio Emissions Project.

Fig. 6 — Worldwide colorimetric mapping of the RDF network, with particular reference to the Japanese area and the seismic epicenter (green markers). The colored lines represent the different azimuths of origin of the electromagnetic signals, with respect to the RDF stations themselves. Credits: Radio Emissions Project.

Fig. 9 — TEC - Total Electron Content, measured in the ionosphere, close to the period in which the Japanese earthquake occurred. Note the gray line (May 5) and the time of the Japanese earthquake indicated with a black arrow indicating a change in the concentration of electrons in the ionosphere shortly before the earthquake occurred. Credits: NASA - Crustal Dynamics Data Inforamtion System's global ionospheric map for day of the earthquake and 2 days before and after the event.

Analysis of possible electromagnetic seismic precursors related to the turkish seismic sequence recorded on february 6, 2023

2023, New Concepts In Global Tectonics Journal

On February 6, 2023 a high intensity seismic sequence was recorded in Turkey: M7.8 recorded on February 6, 2023 at 01:17 UTC; M6.7 recorded on February 6, 2023 at 01:28 UTC; M7.5 recorded on February 6, 2023 at 10:24 UTC; M6.0 recorded on... more

Fig. 12 — Dynamic Spectrogram produced by the RDF monitoring station of Pontedera, Pisa, Italy, on February 2, 2023. I highlights electromagnetic signals, located on the natural electromagnetic background between 0.0 and 2 kHz. On the abscissc plane the spectrogram shows the timeline in UTC time, while on the ordinate plane the electromagnetic frequency of the recorded radio signals is visible. The different coloring shows the different azimuth (direction of arrival) of the recorded electromagnetic signals. Credits: Radio Emissions Project.

Fig. 7— World mapping of the Italian RDF network, and the position relative to the seismic epicenter of the Mw 7.5 earthquake, which occurred in Turkey, 4 km SSE of Ekin6zii. The map highlights the azimuth lines of the RDF system developed by the Radio Emissions Project. Credits: Radio Emissions Project, Google My Maps.

Fig. 9— Dynamic spectrogram produced by the RDF monitoring station of Lariano, Rome, Italy, between February 1, 2023 and February 2, 2023. It highlights the enormous electromagnetic increase capable of saturating the natural electromagnetic background, and the appearance of strong signals in the higher band. On the abscissa plane the spectrogram shows the timeline in UTC time, while on the ordinate plane the electromagnetic frequency of the recorded radio signals is visible. The different coloring shows the different azimuth (direction of arrival) of the recorded electromagnetic signals. Credits: Radio Emissions

Fig. 16 — Mechanism of pre-seismic radiofrequency production caused by tectonic stress. Credits: Radio Emissions Project.

Fig. 15 — Map of the seismic events that occurred in Turkey between 6 and 8 February 2023. Credits: USGS. Another evidence collected by the authors in support of the hypothesis of the formation of microfractures (Fig. 16) in the preparation area of the earthquakes registered in Turkey on February 6, 2023 is represented by the analysis of the pre-seismic radio frequency through the monitoring network electromagnetic RDF (Radio Direction Finding).

Fig. 2 - Solar wind proton density variation related to Turkish seismic sequence. Graph contains the data on the variation of solai wind proton density recorded between 4 and 7 February 2023 at the LI Lagrange point by Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE, Satellite and Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) Satellite; the variation of Kp-Index and the temporal markers (black vertica arrows) of Turkish seismic sequence. The vertical purple arrow represents the beginning of the “gradual” proton density increase (beginning of Interplanetary Seismic Precursor). The yellow areas surrounded by the red dashed line indicates increases of Kp-Inde> that preceded the seismic sequence (Geomagnetic Seismic Precursor). The data on the proton density variation and the Kp-Index were provided by iSWA. iSWA is a flexible, turn-key, Web-based dissemination system for NASA-relevant space weather information tha combines forecasts based on the most advanced space weather models with concurrent space environment information. The data or seismic activity were provided by United States Geological Survey (USGS). were recorded off the coast of Famagusta, in Cyprus. The authors of this study analyzed the modulation of solar activity in the hours and days preceding the Turkish seismic sequence to understand whether the five destructive seismic events recorded on February 6, 2023 were related to an increase in solar activity. Indeed analyzing the variation of the density of the solar ion flux that hit the Earth between 4 and 7 February 2023 i was possible to ascertain that the Turkish seismic sequence was preceded by an increase in the proton density of the solar wind (Fig. 2), confirming the indications that the authors have communicated to the internationa scientific community since 2012 [2-6] [8-15] [17] [19] [22] [23] [25] [31] [32] [39] [43] [45-52] [55-62] [64] [66] [67], i.e. that the potentially destructive seismic activity (M6+) which is recorded on a global scale is always preceded by an increase in the density of the solar ion flux. .

Fig. 2b — Kp-Index. The graph above shows the trend of Kp-Index between 5 and 7 February 2023. Kp is an excellent indicator of disturbances in the Earth's magnetic field and is used by SWPC to decide whether geomagnetic alerts and warnings need to be issued for users who are affected by these disturbances. Credits: iSWA. Another data confirming the fact that the Turkish seismic sequence was preceded by an increase in solar activity is represented by Kp-Index (Fig. 2 and 2b): on February 5, 2023 at 09:00 UTC the Kp-Index begins to grow due to the interaction of the dense solar wind and the Earth's magnetosphere.

Fig. 10 — Dynamic spectrogram produced by the RDF monitoring station in Lariano, Rome, Italy, between February 1, 2023 and February 2, 2023. It highlights the enormous electromagnetic increase capable of saturating the natural electromagnetic background, and the appearance of strong signals in the higher band. On the abscissa plane the spectrogram shows the timeline in UTC time, while on the ordinate plane the electromagnetic frequency of the recorded radio signals is visible. The different coloring shows the different azimuth (direction of arrival) of the recorded electromagnetic signals. Credits: Radio Emission: Project.

Fig. 6 - Low-dimensional model of the energy transfer from the solar wind through the magnetosphere and into the ionosphere (WINDMD).. The picture shows the variation of the AL-Index (at top) and the DST- Index (at bottom) in the hours that preceded the M6+ seismic sequence occurred on February 6, 2023. The DST-Index is a direct measure of the Earth’s geomagnetic horizontal (H) component variation due to the equatorial ring current, while the AL-Index (Auroral Lower) is at all times, the minimum value of the variation of the geomagnetic H component of the geomagnetic field recorded by observers of reference and provides a quantitative measure of global Westward Auroral Electrojet (WEJ) produced by increased of ionospheric currents therein present. The WINDMI data analysis showed that the Turkish seismic sequence occurred on February 6, 2023 was preceded by an increase of solar and geomagnetic activity. The black vertical arrow shows the temporal marker of the M6+ earthquake occurred on February 6, 2023. Model developed by the Institute for Fusion Studies, Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin. nother interesting data comes from the analysis of low-dimensional model of the energy transfer from lar wind through the magnetosphere and into the ionosphere (WINDMI) (Fig. 6). Through Fig. 6 ssible to notice that the Turkish seismic sequence recorded on February 6, 2023 occurred during an incre "AL-Index (started shortly after 00:00 UTC) which reached 400nT at ~09:00 UTC. This is a ’ DST-Index which reached a value below -35nT (weak storm). so confir ore in detail, the first two M6+ seismic events recorded on February 6, 2023 (M7.8 earthquake recordec -bruary 6, 2023 at 01:17 UTC and M6.7 earthquake recorded on February 6, 2023 at 01:28 UTC) are v corded approximately 30 minutes after the start of the Al-Index increase. The next two M6+ seismic ev A7.5 earthquake recorded on February 6, 2023 at 10:24 UTC and M6.0 earthquake recorded on Februar )23 at 10:26 UTC) were recorded after the maximum recorded increase of AL- Index. The las M6¢+ seis ent (M6.0 earthquake recorded on February 6, 2023 at 12:02 UTC) was instead recorded during a down -AL-Index overlapping almost exactly the maximum deviation recorded by DST-Index (a va 5nT, compatible with a weak geomagnetic storm). ue lower 1

Fig. 8 — Dynamic spectrogram produced by the RDF monitoring station of Lariano, Rome, Italy, between 31 January 2023 and 1 February 2023. The spectrogram above highlights the enormous electromagnetic increase that was able to saturate the natural electromagnetic background. Furthermore, the appearance of strong signals in the higher band is observed. On the abscissa plane the spectrogram shows the timeline in UTC time, while on the ordinate plane the electromagnetic frequency of the recorded radio signals is visible. The different coloring shows the different azimuth (direction of arrival) of the recorded electromagnetic signals. Credits: Radio Emissions Project.

Fig. 14 — Dynamic spectrogram produced by the RDF monitoring station of Lariano, Rome, Italy, between 4 and 5 February 2023. It highlights the enormous electromagnetic increase capable of saturating the natural electromagnetic background and the appearance of electromagnetic signals in the SELF-VLF band (0.00 Hz — 35 kHz). On the abscissa plane the spectrogram shows the timeline in UTC time, while on the ordinate plane the electromagnetic frequency of the recorded radio signals is visible. The different coloring shows the different azimuth (direction of arrival) of the recorded electromagnetic signals. Credits: Radio Emissions Project. i The electromagnetic signals recorded by the Italian RDF network between 31 January 2023 and 5 February 2023 highlighted the presence of strong natural radio emissions coming from the Earth's crust towards the Turkish area, 5 days before the Turkish seismic sequence was recorded. The RDF system highlighted these increases at a distance of about 2174 km, 1.e. from the two Italian RDF stations.

Fig. 11 — Dynamic spectrogram produced by the RDF monitoring station in Pontedera, Pisa, Italy, on February 1, 2023. The spectrogram highlights electromagnetic signals, located on the natural electromagnetic background, from 0.0 to 5 kHz. On the abscissa plane the spectrogram shows the timeline in UTC time, while on the ordinate plane the electromagnetic frequency of the recorded radio signals is visible. The different coloring shows the different azimuth (direction of arrival) of the recorded electromagnetic signals. Credits: Radio Emissions Project. suggest the accumulation of a large amount of tectonic stress at a major fault. Rarely does the RDF network record such broad and intense signals. As has been said, the epicenter of the seismic sequence that occurred in Turkey is located near the turquoise- blue color azimuth (Fig. 7), and in this case the triangulation took place thanks to the data provided by the RDF stations of Lariano and Pontedera: RDF data indicated a vast area between the Mediterranean Sea (Cypriot) and the Black Sea, therefore precisely in Turkey. The confirming element is represented by a series of very interesting electromagnetic increases recorded by the RDF station of Pontedera (Pisa, Italy) and locatec in the SELF-VLF band (0-15 kHz).

Fig. 1 — Seismic epicenters of the five M6+ seismic events recorded in Turkey on February 6, 2023. Credits: United States Geological Survey (USGS).

Fig. 13 — Dynamic spectrogram produced by the RDF monitoring station of Pontedera, Pisa, Italy, on February 5, 2023. It highlights electromagnetic signals, located on the natural electromagnetic background, from 0.0 to 18 kHz. On the abscissa plane the spectrogram shows the timeline in UTC time, while on the ordinate plane the electromagnetic frequency of the recorded radio signals is visible. The different coloring shows the different azimuth (direction of arrival) of the recorded electromagnetic signals. Credits: Radio Emissions Project.

Experimentation of the rdf network for research on preseismic electromagnetic signals

2023, New Concepts In Global Tectonics Journal

On 5 May 2023, a strong earthquake of magnitude Mw 6.2 occurred in Japan, this event was preceded by variations in the earth's geomagnetic field, recorded by the radio receiver network (RDF) developed by the Radio Emissions Project and... more

Weather Events Associated with Strong Earthquakes and Seismic Swarms in Italy