Visualization Technique

Analyzing large datasets is a difficult task in data analysis. For this many techniques have been proposed to display data in such a way that analysis can be done easily. There are many techniques used for data visualization, like geometric, icon based, hierarchical, graph based (line graph) and pixel oriented visualization techniques. In pixel oriented technique a single pixel is represented by a single data value and pixel color depends on the scale of data value i.e. if its scale is high then pixel is represented with light color and if the scale is low then it is represented with dark color. Visualizing large amount of data onto the screen is a challenge, because large data sets cannot be displayed on single screen at a time. There are two different types of pixel oriented techniques, query dependent and query independent pixel oriented techniques. Query dependent pixel oriented visualization technique are circle segment visualization technique, spiral and generalize spiral technique. A hierarchical technique: circle view technique is like a pie chart. For better visualization new technique is proposed by combining the idea of circle segment and circle view technique. This will enhance visualization technique and will display the data in circle form. The circle will be divided into segments and sub segments. This technique will display time series data in pixel oriented visualization for better analysis.

xpanding the Internet's reach with wireless links and mobile terminals establishes an infrastructure that permits not only individual roaming but also, potentially, interactive collaboration in a more complex workspace. The classic example is an expert using a 3D CAD model on a workstation to collaborate with someone in the field using a handheld device. The possibilities for collaboration will become more elaborate with advances in visualization technologies for small portable devices (for example, see the MiniGL 3D graphics library from Digital Sandbox, . html, and the Pocket Cortona library from ParallelGraphics, . parallelgraphics.com/products/cortonace/). The obstacles to such collaboration hinge on significant disparities between the platforms in network capabilities, interaction modalities, computing power, and storage. One user might have broadband wired service while another has mere voice-bandwidth wireless, making

xpanding the Internet's reach with wireless links and mobile terminals establishes an infrastructure that permits not only individual roaming but also, potentially, interactive collaboration in a more complex workspace. The classic example is an expert using a 3D CAD model on a workstation to collaborate with someone in the field using a handheld device. The possibilities for collaboration will become more elaborate with advances in visualization technologies for small portable devices (for example, see the MiniGL 3D graphics library from Digital Sandbox, . html, and the Pocket Cortona library from ParallelGraphics, . parallelgraphics.com/products/cortonace/). The obstacles to such collaboration hinge on significant disparities between the platforms in network capabilities, interaction modalities, computing power, and storage. One user might have broadband wired service while another has mere voice-bandwidth wireless, making

Software evolution is commonly characterized as a slow process of incremental change. Researchers have observed that software systems also exhibit characteristics of punctuation (sudden and discontinuous change) during their evolution. In this paper, we analyze punctuated evolution from the perspective of structural change. We developed a colorcoded visualization technique called the Evolution Spectrograph (ESG). ESG can be applied to highlight conspicuous changes across a historical sequence of software releases. We describe evolution spectrographs and present the empirical results from our studies of three open source software systems: OpenSSH, PostgreSQL, and Linux. We show that punctuated change occurred in the evolution of these three systems, and we validate our empirical results by examining related software documents such as change logs and release notes.

Software systems become progressively more complex and difficult to maintain. To facilitate maintenance tasks, project managers and developers often turn to the evolution history of the system to recover various kinds of useful information, such as anomalous phenomena and lost design decisions. An informative visualization of the evolution history can help cope with this complexity by highlighting conspicuous evolution events using strong visual cues. In this paper, we present a scalable visualization technique called evolution spectrographs (ESG). An evolution spectrograph portrays the evolution of a spectrum of components based on a particular property measurement. We describe several special-purpose spectrographs and discuss their use in understanding and supporting software evolution through the case studies of three large software systems (OpenSSH, KOffice and FreeBSD).

A number of experimental studies based on domain-specific tasks have evaluated the efficiency of navigation techniques for searching multi-scale worlds. The discrepancies among their results call for a more generic framework similar in spirit to Fitts' reciprocal pointing task, but adapted to a task that significantly differs from pure pointing. We introduce such a framework based on an abstract task and evaluate how four multi-scale navigation techniques perform in one particular multi-scale world configuration. Experimental findings indicate that, in this context, pan & zoom combined with an overview is the most efficient technique of all four, and that focus + context techniques perform better than classical pan & zoom. We relate these findings to more realistic situations, discuss their applicability, and how the framework can be used to cover a broad range of situations.

Using a stylus on a tablet computer to acquire small targets can be challenging. In this paper we present pointing lenses -interaction techniques that help users acquire and select targets by presenting them with an enlarged visual and interaction area. We present and study three pointing lenses for pen-based systems and find that our proposed Pressure-Activated Lens is the top overall performer in terms of speed, accuracy and user preference. In addition, our experimental results not only show that participants find all pointing lenses beneficial for targets smaller than 5 pixels, but they also suggest that this benefit may extend to larger targets as well.

The U.S. electrical grid faces an unprecedented convergence of threats—including cyber intrusions, physical attacks, aging infrastructure, and climate-driven extreme weather events—that interact in complex, nonlinear ways to amplify cascading failure risk. Despite growing recognition of these compound hazards, existing risk assessment frameworks predominantly evaluate threat vectors in isolation, failing to capture the synergistic dynamics that produce catastrophic, system-wide blackouts. This dissertation addresses this critical gap by developing and validating the Multi-Vector Grid Risk Assessment Framework (MV-GRAF), an integrated computational model that synthesizes network topology analysis, multi-vector threat simulation, agent-based modeling, and Bayesian inference to quantify cascading failure probability under compound threat scenarios. The study employed 100,000 Monte Carlo simulations on a validated model of the U.S. high-voltage transmission network comprising 4,218 nodes and 5,697 edges. Results revealed that simultaneous cyber-physical threats produce superlinear risk amplification, with a Risk Amplification Factor (RAF) of 3.70—meaning compound threat probability exceeds the product of individual threat probabilities by nearly fourfold. Nodes exhibiting the confluence of high betweenness centrality, above-median age, and below-median cybersecurity investment were 2.83 times overrepresented in critical failure pathways. MV-GRAF achieved superior predictive performance (AUC-PR = 0.812) compared to single-threat models (AUC-PR ≈ 0.72), and identified a critical demand-to-capacity threshold (ρ* = 0.85) marking the transition from resilient to fragile grid behavior. Cascade size distributions followed a power-law with exponent α ≈ 1.8, consistent with self-organized criticality theory. The framework was validated against three historical events: the 2003 Northeast Blackout, 2021 Texas Winter Storm Uri, and 2022 Moore County substation attacks. These findings provide actionable guidance for grid operators, regulators, and national security agencies seeking to prioritize infrastructure hardening investments and develop integrated resilience strategies.

This paper presents a unique point-of-view for program visualization, namely, the use of scientific visualization techniques for program visualization. This paper is exploratory in nature. Its primary contribution is to re-examine program visualization from a scientific visualization point-of-view. This paper reveals that specific visualization techniques such as animation, isolines, program slicing, dimensional reduction, glyphs and color maps may be considered for program visualization. In addition, some features of AVS/Express that may be used for program visualization are discussed. Lastly, comments regarding emotional color spaces are made.

The nanoscale plastic deformation of the CoCrNi multi-principal element alloy (MPEA) is examined using molecular dynamics simulations and first-principles calculations to elucidate the effects of lattice distortion (LD) and short-range ordering (SRO). Distinct dislocation nucleation behaviors are identified. In the average-atom (AA) model, the dislocation embryos initiate via the uniform deformation of their first-nearest-neighbor (1NN) atoms. In contrast, in the LD_MD and SRO_MD models, pre-existing strain gradients act as preferential nucleation sites, driving dislocation embryos nucleation within Cr-rich and CoCr-enriched regions, respectively, by heterogeneous deformation of their 1NN atoms. The dislocation nucleation load (P e) follows the order AA_MD > SRO_MD > LD_MD, consistent with the results of energy barriers for dislocation nucleation. The P e is found to play a dominant role in determining the incipient load P d : the higher the P e , the larger the P d. In addition, the load drop results from homogeneous dislocation nucleation in the AA_MD model, whereas it originates from depinning of pre-existing dislocations in LD_MD and SRO_MD models. First-principles calculations reveal that LD narrows the pseudogap and introduces weak Cr-related bonds with antibonding states, facilitating dislocation nucleation, while SRO widens the pseudogap and increases the number of Ni-Ni pairs with strong bonding and decreases Cr-Cr pairs with weak bonding, thereby suppressing dislocation nucleation. These findings are consistent with those from MD simulations. The indenter radius also affects the nanomechanical response: a small indenter (30 Å) favors dislocation annihilation, whereas a large one (90 Å) promotes dislocation multiplication and prismatic dislocation loop (PDL) formation through Shockley partial interactions. LD and SRO delay PDL release, and their effects on hardness vanish at large indentation depths. This work deepens the understanding of the roles of LD, SRO, and indenter radius in nanoscale plasticity of MPEAs.

Manufacturing yield control for hard disk media is getting tougher. This is proportional to the tremendous increases of its bit/inch 2 storage capacity. With the significantly difficult lithography process will be involved and drastically increase in number of product total output volume that will be required in near future, conventional maintenance type is no longer feasible. This paper proposes a novel framework for the implementation of predictive maintenance in hard disk media production. A novel technique to visualize the temporal data into pattern that can be trained with machine learning algorithm is introduced. Predictive models were produced after dealing with imbalance datasets issue, ensemble datasets and data cleaning. Experimental results have indicated that the proposed framework is successful.

Introduction. Visualization technology provides the intending process, as it is based on the systematic structuring of the
taught material, for example, through mind mapping or timeline, as well as on the associative thinking of students, which
increases the level of their cognitive activity. The formation of cognitive universal educational actions in the context of
biology teaching is a fairly new problem from the point of view of teaching methods of this discipline. The aim of this article
is to study the effectiveness of using visual tools in the formation and development of a child's personality, his motivational
environment, which is the basis for the development of cognitive universal educational actions.
Materials and methods. To assess the effectiveness of the formation of cognitive skills through the use of visualization
technology in biology lessons, a pedagogical experiment was conducted in the 2023-2024 academic year on the basis of
Secondary School No. 24 and Gymnasium No. 11 in Yelets, Lipetsk region (Russian Federation). The study involved 120
people – sixth grade students. The quantitative results of the study were processed using the Student's t-test.
Results. At the control stage of the pedagogical experiment, 15 people, which is 24% of the control group, demonstrated a
productive level of development of cognitive universal educational actions, while in the experimental group the percentage
of these students was higher – 26 students 45%; the reproductive level was shown in the control group by 18 respondents
(29%), and in the experimental group by 31 (53%); the information level was shown by 29 students (47%) of the control
group and 1 student (2%) of the experimental group. Comparing the data obtained at the ascertaining and control stages
of the experiment, we can note a positive trend in the experimental group (χ 2 = 15.5, p<0.05).
Scientific novelty. For the first time, visualization technologies are considered from the point of view of pedagogical
implications as a modern pedagogical tool for the formation of cognitive universal educational actions of
schoolchildren in biology lessons.
Practical significance. The study of the practical application of visualization technologies confirms their effectiveness in
the formation of cognitive abilities of schoolchildren. Pedagogical implications make it possible to improve the educational
process, as they contribute to the implementation of the results of theoretical research into practice, thereby enriching the
methodology of teaching biology.

Without the ground truth image, there is no proper objective method to evaluate sprite generation. In this paper, we propose several complex camera motion patterns to generate synthetic video from original images. Our camera motion patterns include rotation, affine, and Pan-Tilt-Zoom (PTZ) transformations. In addition, our camera motion patterns also include combined patterns. Subsequently, we applied sprite generation to the synthetic videos. Objective evaluation is performed by comparing the ground truth image and sprite based on Peak-Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) and size. Pattern algebra file is also provided for estimating the accuracy of sprite generation about global motion parameters. Our result indicates that frame PSNR, picture PSNR, size, ground truth image, and pattern algebra file are good indicators of sprite quality.

This paper describes a novel method for the visualization of hierarchically structured information. The treemap visualization technique makes 100% use of the available display space, mapping the full hierarchy onto a rectangular region in a space-filling manner. This efficient use of space allows very large hierarchies to be displayed in their entirety and facilitates the presentation of semantic information.

The dual mode scramjet is a promising high-speed air breathing engine concept with great potential of powering any aircraft in the Mach number range of 3 through 12. This paper describes an inverse design method for the construction of a morphing dual mode ramjet-scramjet engine forebody configuration. The configuration is carved from the exact solutions of 2D flow fields. Through the coupled use of the exact solutions of shock waves in an ideal gas, and the exact representations of planar stream surfaces, a series of elementary configurations are developed and pieced together to form stream tubes. Further, these tubes are pieced together to form the complete scramjet inlet configuration. Once configurations of reasonable shapes are derived, they are analyzed through the use of explicit engineering correlations. An integral part of this research is the development of a FORTRAN F90 code, where the design process is accomplished through the use of specially developed subroutines. In a...

Figure 1: Screen shots from interactive visualization of an unstructured 275Mb mesh with more than 5 million tetrahedra and 13 field values. Our method is the first to guarantee real-time performance regardless of rendering hardware (here a P4 1.7GHz, Radeon 8700) and size of the unstructured tetrahedral mesh. Images show real-time volumetric clipping by CSG intersection with a sphere probe (left), cutting plane (two center) and a box probe (right).

Figure 1: Screen shots from interactive visualization of an unstructured 275Mb mesh with more than 5 million tetrahedra and 13 field values. Our method is the first to guarantee real-time performance regardless of rendering hardware (here a P4 1.7GHz, Radeon 8700) and size of the unstructured tetrahedral mesh. Images show real-time volumetric clipping by CSG intersection with a sphere probe (left), cutting plane (two center) and a box probe (right).

In this paper, we take a different approach to visualizing very large trees. To facilitate presentation and exploration of massive hierarchical datasets such as linguistic and genealogical hierarchies, our approach considers drawing layouts of tree-cuts as a function of a node-of-interest or NOI, and uses interaction to support rapid access to the entire tree. Instead of emphasizing overall tree structure, our layout is designed to make the most space available for the node-of-interest and its immediate ancestors and descendants. Inspired from Persian floral patterns, we describe the development of ShamsehTree and PaisleyTree, showing how the use of symmetry can provide new structures for tree layouts.

NiCoFe alloy, a medium-entropy alloy, shows potential for applications in extreme environments. However, there is a theoretical barrier concerning the unclear understanding of its high-temperature dislocation motion mechanism. The load response exhibits distinct signatures relevant to thermal activation, most notably a decrease in critical force (i.e., softening) from cryogenic to elevated temperatures, e.g., from 200 to 1000 K. The onset of plasticity is characterized by the nucleation of stacking faults and prismatic loops at low temperatures, whereas the surface nucleation of Shockley partial dislocations dominates plasticity at elevated temperatures. We show that thermal effects lead to non-uniform atom pile-ups and control the rate of phase transformation with increasing indentation depth. The findings in this work extend the understanding of the mechanical response of NiCoFe alloys under indentation at different temperatures, shedding light on the underlying dislocation motion mechanisms and surface deformation characteristics. The observed transformationinduced plasticity mechanism has implications for the properties of medium-entropy alloys and their potential applications in extreme environments.

In this study, we employed molecular dynamics simulations, both traditional and machine learned, to emulate spherical nanoindentation experiments of crystalline W matrices at different temperatures and loading rates using different approaches, such as EAM, EAM with Ziegler, Biersack, and Littmark corrections, modified EAM, analytic bond-order approach, and a recently developed machine-learned tabulated Gaussian approximation potential (tabGAP) framework for describing the W-W interaction and plastic deformation mechanisms. Results showed similarities between the recorded load-displacement curves and dislocation densities, for different interatomic potentials and crystal orientations at low and room temperature. However, we observe concrete differences in the early stages of elastic-to-plastic deformation transition, revealing different mechanisms for dislocation nucleation and dynamics during loading, especially at higher temperatures. This is attributed to the particular features of orientation dependence in crystal plasticity mechanisms and, characteristically, the stacking fault and dislocation glide energies information in the interatomic potentials, with tabGAP being the one with the most well-trained results compared to density functional theory calculations and experimental data.