Volcanic Geology

The geology and especially the magmatic rocks of Gökçeada, which is the biggest island of Turkey and located at 20 km’s west of Biga Peninsula, constitute the subject of thisstudy. Late Ediacaran/Early Paleozoic aged Çamlıca metamorphics which crop out with a tectonic uplift in a narrow area in northwest of Gökçeada are the oldest rocks of the island. Early Eocene aged Karaağaç Formation which isformed by submarine fan deposits unconformably overlies Çamlıca metamorphics. As for the Dağiçitepe volcanic member which is formed by rhyolitic lavas, tuff and tuffites emplaced into Karaağaç Formation cutting Çamlıca metamorphics is the oldest volcanic unit of the study area. On Karaağaç Formation, Koyunbaba Formation has unconformably been deposited which consists of Middle Eocene shallow marine sediments. Then it has conformably been overlain by Soğucak Formation which consists of SE-NW extending reefal limestone. Middle-Upper Eocene aged Ceylan Formation which conformably overlies the Soğucak Formation and the early Oligocene aged Mezardere Formation which conformably overlies Ceylan Formation have been deposited due to turbiditic currents in deep marine environment. Late Eocene(?) – Oligocene aged subvolcanics which cut Mesozoic and Eocene units and emplaced into Eocene aged sedimentary units in the form of
crypto dome and dome form the recent rigid topography of the study area and are the second magmatic phase called the “Gökçeada Domes”. Diorite-monzonites porphyry which crystallized in lower zones of subvolcanics on the other hand constitutes Mutludere intrusion. In
eastern and southern parts of Gökçeada, Late Oligocene Gökçeada ignimbrites are located which are observed in the form of pumice flows on Mezardere Formation. These ignimbrites are then overlain by Early Miocene aged Kesmekaya volcanics which are formed by blocky
ash flows. Middle Miocene aged Eşelek volcanics consisting of lava and pyroclastics with composition basaltic andesite and andesite are observed on a large area in east of Gökçeada. Upper Miocene aged Çanakkale Formation which is generally formed by the intercalation of poor consolidated conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone and marl crops out in narrow regions at east, southeast and south of Gökçeada. Quaternary alluvial deposits and debris composed of loose, unconsolidated sand, silt and other sediments unconformably overlie all previous units and complete the succession. Main tectonic structures of Gökçeada are formed by right lateral oblique faults which developed in Neo-tectonic period.

Il presente studio conclude la Fase A del progetto ATLAS dedicato alla valle di Güímar (Tenerife, Isole Canarie). Attraverso l'integrazione di dati geomorfologici, vulcanologici, paleoclimatici, topografici e documentari, viene proposta una ricostruzione territoriale della valle indipendente dalle tradizionali narrazioni storiche. La ricerca considera il territorio come archivio primario delle trasformazioni avvenute nel tempo e raccoglie i risultati sviluppati nei precedenti documenti della Fase A, comprese le verifiche sul campo e le successive rettifiche metodologiche. Il documento rappresenta la sintesi conclusiva della fase ambientale del progetto ATLAS e costituisce la base per gli sviluppi successivi della ricerca.

Abiogenesis-the transition from non-living chemistry to living systems-is the foundational problem of the life sciences. This review surveys the principal experimental and theoretical models for this transition on early Earth, including the Miller-Urey experiment and its modern extensions, the hydrothermal vent hypothesis (both black smoker and alkaline white smoker variants), warm little pond models, and surface hydrothermal vent environments. Recent (2025) microdischarge experiments replicating Miller-Urey chemistry from water microdroplets, and new alkaline vent experiments demonstrating abiotic ammonia synthesis and proton gradients, are evaluated. We discuss the requirements for the transition from chemistry to biology-metabolism, replication, and compartmentalization-and argue that no single environment satisfies all three simultaneously, pointing toward a multi-environment model for abiogenesis.

For decades, the IPCC has told the world that human CO₂ emissions are the dominant control knob of Earth’s climate. What the IPCC missed is the powerful role of natural geological, volcanic, and oceanic processes. The evidence shows that these natural forces have been far more influential than acknowledged. Why it was ignored is rooted in institutional bias, political agenda, and funding priorities. What it all means is that climate policy must move beyond the narrow CO₂ narrative and incorporate a more complete, scientific picture of Earth’s dynamic climate system.

Extensional and transtensional continental arc basins preserve very thick, continuous sequences and are an important contributor to the growth of continents; therefore, it is important to understand how they evolve. In this chapter, I describe four continental arc basin types, using Mesozoic to Cenozoic case studies from the SW US: (1) early-stage, low-lying extensional; (2) early-stage, low-lying transtensional; (3) late-stage, highstanding extensional; and (4) late-stage high-standing transtensional. During the breakup of Pangea in early Mesozoic time, the paleo-Pacific Ocean basin was likely composed of very large, old, cold plates; these rolled back during subduction to produce subsidence and extension in the upper plate, particularly along the thermally-weakened arc that formed along the western margin of North and South America. Late Triassic to Middle Jurassic early-stage low-lying extensional continental arc basins of the SW US were floored by supracrustal rocks, showing that uplift did not precede magmatism, and they subsided deeply at high rates, locally below sea level. These basins formed a sink, rather than a barrier, for craton-derived sediment. They were characterized by abundant, widespread, large-volume silicic calderas, whose explosive eruptions buried fault scarps and horst blocks, resulting in a paucity of epiclastic debris in the basins. In Late Jurassic time, early-stage low-lying transtensional continental arc basins formed along the axis of the early-stage low-lying extensional continental arc basins, due to the opening of the Gulf of Mexico, which resulted in oblique subduction. Basins were downdropped at releasing bends or stepovers, in close proximity to uplifts along restraining bends or stepovers (referred to as "porpoising"), with coeval reverse and normal faults. Uplift events produced numerous large-scale unconformities, in the form of deep paleocanyons and huge landslide scars, while giant slide blocks of "cannibalized" basin fill accumulated in subsiding areas. Erosion of pop-up structures yielded abundant, coarse-grained epiclastic sediment. Silicic giant continental calderas continued to form in this setting, but they were restricted to symmetrical basins at releasing stepovers. In Cretaceous to Paleocene time, the arc migrated eastward under a contractional strain regime, due to shallowing of the progressively younger subducting slab. This produced a broad, high plateau, referred to as the "Nevadaplano" because of its similarity to the modern Altiplano of the Andean arc. Then, in Eocene to Miocene time, volcanism migrated westward due to slab rollback or steepening, producing latestage high-standing extensional continental arc basins. Late-stage extensional continental arc basins were similar to early-stage extensional arc basins in having "supervolcano" silicic caldera fields, but they were restricted to areas of thickest crust (along the crest of the Nevadaplano), rather than forming everywhere in the arc. Late-stage basins differed markedly from early-stage basins by forming atop a deeply eroded substrate, with eruptive products funneled through canyons carved during the preceding phase of crustal shortening. These basins lack marine strata, and stood too high above the rest of the continent to receive sediment from the craton. At $ 12 Ma, E-W extension was replaced by NW-SE transtension, corresponding to a change from more westerly motion to more northerly motion of the Pacific plate relative to the Colorado Tectonics of Sedimentary Basins: Recent Advances, First Edition. Edited by Cathy Busby and Antonio Azor.

Frumkin, A., Bronshtein, N., Heimann, A., Langford, B. and Levy, E. 2024. Equifinality and unusual genesis of closed depressions in a mixed carbonate/igneous terrane. Geomorphology. 459 Abstract Closed depressions such as sinkholes and pits can form through various subsurface processes, leading to similar surface expressions. This study analyzes closed depressions in eastern Galilee, Israel, to evaluate their potential origins. Ten depressions were surveyed, including shallow bowl-like forms and steep-walled pits. The terrain comprises faulted Cretaceous carbonates intruded by Early Pleistocene basalts dated to around 2.25 Ma. The circular morphology of the depressions and lack of ejecta indicate collapse into subsurface voids. Field evidence and geophysical data reveal a complex interplay of tectonic and volcanic factors. Some depressions appear to be structurally controlled by dilational normal faults, while others appear to be associated with volcanic features like dikes. Karst processes in the soluble carbonates likely contributed, most probably by hypogene dissolution related to magmatic fluids which may have enhanced void development. A dike identified within depressions suggests void formation through inflation and deflation of intrusions. Progressive collapse and erosion modified steep pits into shallow bowl-like depressions over time. Our results highlight the equifinality of closed depressions, wherein similar morphologies can arise through multiple subsurface processes. Unraveling this complexity has significance for interpreting pit craters on planetary surfaces using remote sensing.

This study presents "0ro-Nephic Morphogenesis " as a unified model of form across vapor, fire, fluid, and stone. It proposes that structured features in mountains arise from continuous processes rather than isolated formation. Atmospheric, volcanic, and geological systems are treated as successive stages of one morphogenetic sequence.

Cloud formations provide early structural patterns shaped by thermal and dynamic forces. Volcanic activity translates these patterns into material expression through heat, pressure, and flow. Geological consolidation preserves these movements within stone, allowing curvature, layering, and alignment to remain visible over time.

Philological evidence across Hebrew, Greek, and Latin traditions links cloud, fire, and rock through shared concepts of manifestation and concealment. Second Temple texts describe layered worlds and fiery structures that parallel observable natural systems, suggesting continuity between symbolic language and physical processes.

Mountains are interpreted as archival surfaces that retain the history of energetic transformation. Perception plays a role in recognizing coherence within these forms, where symmetry and contrast reveal structured patterns. The study offers a framework connecting natural philosophy, geology, and ancient literature into a single interpretive system of persistent form.

TAGS - Ancient cosmology, pseudepigraphal traditions, apocalyptic literature studies, Second Temple theology, philological correspondence, Hebrew semantic fields, Greek morphē analysis, Latin ignis concepts, Syriac cosmological language, Geʿez textual parallels, theological geology, symbolic natural systems, cosmological layering, divine manifestation language, linguistic morphology, ancient scientific insight, textual phenomenology, mytho-geological synthesis, scriptural cosmography, archaic knowledge systems.

Geomorphology, volcanology, stratigraphy, tectonic uplift, erosion dynamics, mineral crystallization, thermal gradients, gas expansion processes, magma chamber systems, basaltic flow patterns, plutonic formations, lithic compression, seismic reconfiguration, geological time scales, sedimentary layering, rock density variation, surface weathering, fracture networks, ridge alignment, valley formation systems .

Phenomenology of perception, macro-scale pattern recognition, symmetry detection, environmental cognition, light-shadow interaction, atmospheric mediation, scale compression effects, perceptual coherence, visual structuring, observer-environment interaction, cognitive morphology, spatial awareness, form recognition systems, temporal perception shifts, environmental contrast, perceptual thresholds, structured visibility, pattern emergence, interpretive frameworks, experiential analysis.

Nephology, cloud physics, vapor dynamics, condensation systems, atmospheric stratification, convective motion, electrostatic charge distribution, plume dispersion, rotational turbulence, density gradients, cloud-lithic parallels, vapor-phase structures, aerial morphology, sky-earth continuity, meteorological formations, atmospheric layering, weather systems analysis, vapor-to-solid transition, cloud geometry, transient structural systems.

Proto-chemistry, elemental transformation, combustion processes, phase transitions, heat-induced change, material reconfiguration, mineral formation, crystallization dynamics, gas-liquid-solid interactions, thermal reactions, chemical alteration, environmental transformation, early scientific observation, alchemical parallels, elemental theory, dynamic matter systems, reactive processes, energy-matter interaction, transformation cycles, foundational chemistry concepts.

Technical geomatics, LiDAR terrain mapping, photogrammetry analysis, satellite imaging systems, 3D topographic modeling, remote sensing applications, pattern recognition algorithms, fluid dynamics simulation, geological data modeling, spectral mineral analysis, terrain classification systems, computational morphology, multi-scale analysis, geospatial analytics, digital elevation models, structural mapping techniques, environmental data integration, visualization systems, analytical frameworks, scientific instrumentation.

This study reconstructs and analyzes, from a volcanological and historical approach, the 1917-1921 eruptive phase of the Irazú volcano based on newspaper, documental, technical-scientific and historical sources. The results are consistent with the known tephrostratigraphy and new aspects of the eruption are given, such as: the description of strombolian eruptions, tephra fall reconstructions for relevant eruptions and the detail analysis of the November 30, 1918 (VEI~3) vulcanian eruption. The convergence of this natural event with the dictatorship of "the Tinoco" between 1917 and 1919 is analyzed as well as how both events abruptly burst into the life of Costa Rican society, especially in San José, the capital of Costa Rica. The impact of the eruptive phase 1917-1921 was minor compared to that of 1963-65, but not negligible, and the adverse political climate of the time contributed to overshadow it. All this made a deeper analysis and quantification of its impact difficult. The study of the eruptive phase of 1917-1921 is fundamental to evaluate risk scenarios based on the characteristics of Costa Rica in the 21st century and thus contribute to an adequate risk management.

Introduction: Aggregate gradation strongly influences the mechanical and durability performance of concrete by affecting particle packing, void content, and matrix compactness. This study evaluates the influence of optimized aggregate gradation curves on concrete performance. Materials and methods: Three aggregate gradation profiles, Curve A (coarse), Curve B (well-graded), and Curve C (fine), were developed using a modified Fuller–Thompson method and compared with corresponding non-optimized mixes. All mixtures were produced with constant water-to-cement and aggregate-to-binder ratios. Compressive strength, flexural strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), and corrosion potential were evaluated. Results: The optimized gradation mixes showed better performance than the non-optimized counterparts. Curve A achieved the highest compressive strength (55 MPa), followed by Curve B (53 MPa) and Curve C (49 MPa), while violated gradation mixes showed a 5–7% reduction in strength. Flexural strength followed a similar trend, with Curve A giving the highest value (6.6 MPa). Higher UPV values in the optimized mixes indicated improved internal compactness, while corrosion potential results suggested reduced corrosion risk compared with the non-optimized specimens. These findings confirm that optimized gradation improves both mechanical properties and durability. Conclusions: Optimizing aggregate gradation significantly enhances the strength and durability performance of concrete. The results highlight its practical value as an effective approach for designing higher-performance concrete mixtures.

Chronometric dating of Late Pleistocene modern human dispersals from Africa, environmental changes, archaeological occurrences, and genetic and demographic events can be refined by correlations with precisely dated stalagmites, Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) and sub-stages, and volcanic isochrons. chronologies of sites in the Levant, Malawi and South Africa are reassessed based on these correlations, and revised interpretations of modern human evolution are proposed.

THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL-HISTORICAL PHASES
AND THE ANCIENT NAMES OF THE ISLAND OF ISCHIA

An old online guide to the Villa Arbusto Museum in Lacco Ameno (Ischia) illustrates the contents of the time, clearly distinguishing the various archaeological phases that affected the island. These reveal temporal gaps that suggest periods of abandonment of the island due to volcanic paroxysms: “Middle-Upper Neolithic ca. 3500 BC”, “Middle Bronze Age: 1400-1300 BC”, “Pre-Hellenic Iron Age: first half of the 8th century BC”, “Greek colony of Pithecusae: second half of the 8th-7th century BC”, “Greek colony of Pithecusae in the 6th-4th century BC”, “Pithecusae in the Hellenistic age. Late 4th century BC - 82 BC”, “Pithecusae in the Roman age”.  The contents can be integrated with those held in the island's other Archaeological Museum (Santa Restituta) and in the National Archaeological Museum of Naples (MANN), as well as with more or less recent studies and publications, allowing for a more complete historical-archaeological overview of the island and highlighting important peculiarities.

The Middle Bronze Age is represented only by a few Mycenaean pottery fragments, but it is noteworthy that a metallurgical site from the same period has recently been discovered on the nearby islet of Vivara, and it is possible that the same activity also affected the larger island of Ischia, for which we have reliable evidence of metallurgy in later periods.
For the subsequent pre-Hellenic Iron Age (first half of the 8th century BC) we must consider the certain manufacture of large containers made with local clay (pithoi) which seems to anticipate the arrival of the Euboean Greeks and which demonstrates that they may have been interested in this type of product (chalcheia) and not in gold mines (chryseia), as erroneously reported in the transcriptions of Strabo's work.

The most important part of the exhibition, relating to the first phase of the "Euboean colonization" (8th-7th centuries BC), consists of locally produced and imported ceramics, as well as various objects imported from throughout the ancient world, found in excavations at sites on the Monte Vico promontory (the Necropolis of San Montano, the Mazzola industrial settlement, the Acropolis drain (later Gossetti), etc.). In the Mazzola industrial settlement, in addition to ceramics, metallurgical activity with imported minerals and metals (iron, lead, bronze) is also documented. In the following centuries, after the founding of Cumae and, likely, due the volcanic events reported by Strabo, local activities suffered a drastic decline.

For the Greek period, the artifacts from the Villa Arbusto Museum are complemented by those from the nearby Santa Restituta Museum and those preserved in the Naples Museum, coming from the "Punta Chiartito" site. Excavations beneath the Church of Santa Restituta had revealed, among other things, six kilns with clay settling tanks, "virgin clay", and various types of ceramic remains, including "two large pithoi from the Archaic period", attesting the pottery production from the 8th to the 2nd century BC. Excavations at Punta Chiarito had revealed two overlapping settlements, separated by the products of a volcanic eruption: the more recent one dates to around the middle of the 6th century BC, while the older one dates to the early 8th century BC.

The last archaeological phase documented in the Villa Arbusto Museum, the Roman one, concerns in particular the recent discovery of the metallurgical port of Carta Romana, considered part of the Roman "city" of Aenaria. Its recognized tectonic sinking may justify Octavian (later Augustus)'s renunciation of the island in exchange for Capri in 29 BC, and therefore date the tectonic event itself to shortly before.

The exhibition is preceded, in the old guide, by three pages of historical information, one of which discusses the ancient names of the island: the Greek Pithekoussai, latinized as Pithecusa, and the Roman Aenaria and Inarime. The page features a relief image of the alleged "monkey," considered etymological and physical proof of the Greek name, which, however, more likely derives from the mythological Cercopes (pitheci), early placed by the Greeks on the volcanic island of Ischia. On the other hand, little consideration is given to the abundance of large clay vases (pithoi) that underlie Pliny's etymological belief.  Only recently, following the confirmed existence of the metallurgical hub, can older etymological hypotheses for the Roman name Aenaria be seriously considered, which derived it from metals (aena), replacing the one that derived it from Aeneas. The third name, used by Virgil in the Aeneid, is the subject of historical-linguistic speculation that attempts to rationalize it, despite its proven origin and poetic nature.

Малые лунные кратеры с диаметром менее ~ 100 м являются самыми молодыми (< 0.5 млрд лет). При наличии нескольких крупных кратеров, образованных за это время, малые лунные кратеры и их скорость деградации в различных районах Луны позволяют нам исследовать современные поверхностные процессы. В данном сообщении мы исследуем вклад сейсмического встряхивания в деградацию малых лунных кратеров.

Определение параметров сейсмических волн, излучаемых при взрыве и при высокоскоростном ударе, является классической задачей геофизики. В данной работе мы обращаем внимание на интересную особенность – неравномерное распределение в пространстве энергии сейсмической волны при ударе и при взрыве вблизи поверхности. Численное моделирование показало, что при ударе и при взрыве у поверхности большая часть сейсмической энергии излучается в конус раствором 120о под центром, содержащий 50% массы мишени.

The origin of the Moon remains one of planetary science's most consequential and incompletely resolved questions. The prevailing Giant Impact Hypothesis, while this model represents current scientific consensus it contains several significant unresolved inconsistencies including problems with conservation of momentum, isotopic similarity between Earth and Moon, the precision of lunar tidal locking, the anomalous longevity and asymmetry of lunar volcanic activity, and the origin of the Large Low Shear Velocity Provinces at Earth's core mantle boundary. This paper proposes an alternative modelthe Theia Moon Hypothesisin which Theia was approximately Moon-sized rather than Mars-sized and executed a grazing collision with early Earth resulting in gravitational capture rather than absorption and debris coalescence. This model proposes that the Moon is substantially the original Theia body, tidally locked instantaneously through collision dynamics, with its near side compositionally and thermally blended with Earth material at the collision interface. The hypothesis generates eight specific testable predictions across lunar science, isotopic geochemistry, deep Earth seismology, thermal geology, orbital mechanics, and planetary formation theory. It provides a novel mechanical explanation for the antipodal placement of the Large Low Shear Velocity Provinces as collision-deposited Theia mantle materialrepresenting independent corroborating evidence from entirely separate scientific disciplines. Trajectory analysis of the LLSVP geometric relationship reveals a nearequatorial collision approach consistent with early solar system ecliptic plane dynamics. The slight deviation of the LLSVPs from perfect antipodality is identified as a predicted signature of grazing rather than direct impact mechanics. This collision geometry additionally predicts Earth's current axial tilt of 23.4 degrees as a direct mechanical consequenceconnecting the formation of the Moon, the origin of the LLSVPs, Earth's seasonal obliquity, and the conditions enabling

Ancient sources describe the Oracles of Delphi entering altered states of consciousness associated with vapors rising from beneath the Temple of Apollo, accounts long dismissed by twentieth-century scholarship as myth or superstition. Recent transdisciplinary research has challenged this view, demonstrating that the temple was constructed above intersecting fault lines capable of channeling hydrocarbon gases, including ethylene, which can induce a trancelike state, into the adyton, where the Oracles sat. This paper examines geological, geochemical, medical, and archaeological evidence supporting this reassessment while also considering alternative explanations such as the ingestion of psychoactive substances, oxygen deprivation, mercury exposure, and toxic plant ingestion. Rather than advancing a single causal mechanism, this study argues that the Oracles' prophetic activity emerged from the interaction of environmental factors, ritual practice, and cultural influence. Scientific inquiry thus restores credibility to ancient testimony while revealing the limits of reductive explanations, highlighting the enduring wisdom of the Oracles of Delphi.

The Agadir Canyon is the largest submarine canyon on the Moroccan continental margin, and is a major conduit for turbidity currents transporting sediments from the Morocco Shelf to the Canary Basin (Wynn et ai. 2000). The Agadir Canyon is about 200 km long, and extends from the shelf edge at 150 m to the lower rise at 4,250 m (Fig. ). Geophysical data collected from the lower Agadir Canyon include 3.5 kHz profiles and TOBI sidescan sonar images. These data show that the lower canyon is actually composed of two separate canyons, with the main Agadir Canyon being separated from a slightly smaller tributary canyon by a raised levee (Figs. ). The main canyon is eroded into pre-existing stratified sediments, and

A series of large-scale erosional scours are described from four modern deep-water canyon and/or channel systems along the northeast Atlantic continental margin. Regional-scale geophysical data indicate that most scours occur in zones of rapid flow expansion, such as canyon and/or channel termini and margins. High-resolution images of the scours cover ∼25 km² at 2 × 2 m pixel size, and were obtained at depths of 4200–4900 m using Autosub6000, an autonomous underwater vehicle equipped with an EM2000 multibeam bathymetry system. Sedimentological and microfossil-based chronological data of scour fills and interscour areas were obtained via accurately located piston cores that targeted specific sites within imaged areas. These core data reveal a number of key findings. (1) Deep-water scours can be very long lived (>0.2 m.y. ) and may undergo discrete phases of isolation, amalgamation, and infilling. (2) Deep-water scours can develop via a composite of cutting and filling events with ...