blaSHV gene

In recent years, a large number of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumonia has been revealed bearing different variants of blaSHV. In the current study, antibiotic sensitivity test and the rate and molecular characterization of three common beta-lactam resistance genes, blaSHV, blaOXA, and blaCTX were investigated in K. pneumonia isolated from layer chickens in Sulaimani city/Iraq. Furthermore, the molecular characterization of blaSHV was studied. The highest rate of resistance was to ceftazidime (92.9%) and cefotaxime (82.3%), while the lowest rate was found against meropenem (4.7) and imipenem (8.2%). Among 85 isolates of K. pneumonia, 33 isolates (33.8%) had CTX gene which is the highest rate among the three resistance genes. The second most common resistance gene was SHV gene, 22.3%, and OXA gene showed the lowest rate 11.7%. After PCR amplification and sequencing, it was revealed that a novel variant of blaSHV, SHV-Suly213 was recovered from K. pneumonia and it exists in the studied area. The new variant contains a hybrid mutation which is composed of a mixture of nucleotide sequence of previously known blaSHV, SHV-1 and SHV-213. Phylogenetic tree shows that the novel SHV is more closely related to SHV-213; therefore, it was named SHV-Suly213. The bacteria were resistant to ceftriaxone and cefotaxime, but meropenem was still active against the bacteria. In conclusion, the current study discovered a new variant of blaSHV, SHV-Suly213. The resistance gene compromised of mixed sequences (hybrid) of both SHV-1 and SHV-2113 that contain three nucleotide mutations in comparison to them. The bacteria are resistant to many beta-lactam antibiotics such as ceftriaxone and cefotaxime, but not meropenem.

Aim: The aim of the study was to isolate and identify antimicrobial resistant bacteria and fungi from abattoir effluents in Akoko Local Government, Ondo State (AKLGO). Methodology: Wastewater samples from selected abattoirs in AKLGO were collected and analysed using standard microbiological techniques. Bacteria and fungi from the samples were characterised using morphological attributes, microscopic features, and various biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the isolates were profiled using the Kirby-Bauer's disc diffusion method and interpreted following CLSI guidelines. Results: Notable bacteria isolated from the samples included Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella aerogenes, while fungal species included: Candida parapsilosis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida tropicalis, Penicillium echinulatum fassatiova, and Aspergillus vitis novobranova. The microbial isolates demonstrated varying susceptibility patterns to the conventional antimicrobial agents employed in this study. Notably, all the bacterial isolates were resistant to Ampicillin, Nalidixicacid and Ceporex, while Griseofulvin and Nystatin were the least efficacious agents against fungal isolates. The multiple antibiotics resistance index of the isolates was greater than 0.2, which represents a high-risk source of contamination. Conclusion: The presence of pathogenic antimicrobial resistant organisms in these environments poses a significant health-threat to the populace, thus, these findings underscore the need for proper wastewater treatment and disposal measures at the abattoirs studied.