social vices

The rising abuse of hard drugs locally known as Okeite and Mkpuru Mmiri (crystal meth) among Nigerian youth has become a major social, moral, and public health concern. This problem has led to increased mental illness, violence, crime, school dropout, and the destruction of many promising lives. This study evaluates the high rate of absurdity associated with substance abuse among Nigerian youth, with specific focus on the role of the Nigerian government and the church in addressing this crisis. A qualitative research method was adopted, using secondary data sourced from textbooks, academic journals, newspapers, online publications, and church documents. The study reveals that unemployment, poverty, peer pressure, weak parental control, moral decline, and urban influence are the major factors driving youth involvement in drug abuse. It also shows that government interventions are hindered by poor funding, weak implementation, corruption, and lack of continuity, while church efforts are limited by inadequate resources and weak collaboration with public institutions. The study recommends stricter enforcement of drug laws, improved youth empowerment programmes, increased funding for rehabilitation centres, and stronger collaboration between the government, the church, and local communities. The study concludes that the fight against Okeite and Mkpuru Mmiri abuse requires a coordinated and sustained effort by all stakeholders to safeguard the future of Nigerian youth.

The study examined school cultural norms as predictors of teachers' job commitment in public secondary schools in Anambra State. Three research questions guided the study and six null hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. The study was a correlational research design. The population of the study is 6,598 teachers in the 267 public secondary schools from the six Education Zones in Anambra State. The sample of 660 teachers (that is, 10% of teachers' population) was used for the study. Multistage sampling techniques comprising of proportionate stratified and simple random sampling technique was used for the study. Two instruments were used for data collection: School Cultural Norms Questionnaire (SCNQ) and Teachers' Job Commitment Questionnaire (TJCQ). The instruments were subjected to face and construct validation. Face validation was done by three experts while construct validation was carried out with Principal Component Analysis approach. The reliability of the instruments was trial tested in Enugu State using Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient and the average coefficient values of 0.822 for SCNQ and 0.851 for TJCQ are considered highly reliable and suitable for the study. Simple linear regression analysis was used for the study. The study revealed that tangible support (r = 0.584 p = 0.000), recognition (r = 0.573 p = 0.000) and honest open communication (r = 0.577 p = 0.000) positively and significantly predicted teachers' job commitment in public secondary schools in Anambra State. The study concluded that proper application of school cultural norms is helpful for teachers to do their work satisfactorily and committedly for the achievement of most desired quality secondary education in public secondary schools in Anambra State. Based on the findings, the study recommended among others that Principals should apply and sustain the usage of honest open communication by utilizing democratic and politic language, delegating duty and authority, and allowing two-way communication in the school as it would help to enhance teachers' job commitment in public secondary schools in Anambra State.

This study examines the role of godliness and contentment in shaping ethical behavior, spiritual maturity, and holistic development among African youth, particularly in Nigeria. Contemporary African youth are increasingly confronted with economic pressures, social media-driven materialism, migration aspirations, and spiritual confusion. Drawing upon biblical theology, youth development theory, and African ethical thought, this paper investigates how principles of godliness and contentment (1 Timothy 6:6-10) can serve as an antidote to materialism and moral compromise. Using a mixed-method approach including surveys of 250 youth, in-depth interviews with 25 youth pastors and church leaders, and literature analysis-findings indicate that youth who internalize these virtues demonstrate resilience, ethical decision-making, and proactive community engagement. The study recommends integrating spiritual and ethical education into youth programs, mentorship, social media literacy, and policy frameworks promoting moral integrity. This paper contributes to the discourse on faith-based youth development in Africa and provides practical guidance for scholars, church leaders, and policymakers.

The trend of indecent dressing appears to have continued unabated as students; males and females alike are still found dressed indecently in the lecture hall and even beyond. Thus, the objective of the study was to find out the causes and consequences of indecent dressing in Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. The sample of this study was made up of 300 undergraduate students obtained via accidental sampling technique. Data collected with self-developed questionnaire were analyzed using mean and standard deviation. The findings of the study revealed that indecent dressing among undergraduate students of Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka is caused peer pressure, poor parenting, poor self-worth, internet addiction, a feeling of wanting to belong as well as fading societal values. The finding of the study further indicated that sexual harassment, devaluation of a lady/guy, tendency for a lady to be lured into prostitution and poor academic achievement are sme of the consequences of indecent dressing among undergraduate students. It was recommended among others that University administrators should see to the legalization and implementation of dress code that portrays decency so as to address the menace of indecent dressing.
Key Words: Indecent dressing, Undergraduate students, causes and consequences

This study examines the challenges associated with off-campus accommodation and its effects on student performance in Nigerian tertiary institutions, using Kwara State University, Malete as a case study. The research was motivated by the persistent shortage of on-campus accommodation, which has compelled many students to reside off-campus where institutional supervision is minimal. The research employed the Peer Group Influence Theory, which explains how different persons, especially adolescents and young adults, tend to adopt behaviours, attitudes, values, and different lifestyles that are common within their peer groups. The study investigates how environment and social interactions influence students’ academic outcomes and behaviour. A descriptive survey design was adopted, and data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to students living both on and off-campus. A total of two hundred and ten (210) questionnaires were administered, and all were retrieved. During the course of this research, the researcher discovered that inadequate hostel facilities push students off-campus, exposing them to peer pressure and social vices such as cultism, drug abuse, indecent dressing, cybercrime and other anti-social behaviours. The study further establishes that off-campus residents experience reduced study time, distractions, insecurity, and lower academic performance compared to their on-campus colleagues. The research concludes that the learning environment plays a significant role in shaping student behaviour and academic performance.

The 21st Century education is characterised by a transition from conventional educational practises of the past to a contemporary methodology. It helps learners gain the necessary abilities to navigate the complex dynamics of society, adapt to the changing demands of the digital era, and prepare for a quickly growing and linked world. The extent of social and moral decline among Nigerian youngsters in recent times raises doubts about the achievement of the goals of Social Studies and its effectiveness in addressing and resolving social problems that arise from society. The report noted that the political, social, economic, and technological institutions are undergoing significant changes, which are impacting the educational focus and presenting more complex difficulties for the Social Studies curriculum. The paper promoted the idea of learning by active involvement with a curriculum that is tailored to the teacher's flexibility and the students' need. Therefore, it suggests a curriculum that encourages the acquisition of additional abilities that will help the learner to acquire knowledge and demonstrate competencies, resourcefulness, and potential.

The rapid rise of cybercrime has become a major societal concern, with male teenagers increasingly drawn into its web. This study examined stakeholders' perceptions of the causes, consequences, and possible solutions to cybercrime among male teenagers in the Ido Community. The research was anchored on the Broken Window Theory and Structural Functionalism, employing an exploratory design. Primary data were gathered through interviews with parents, religious leaders, youth leaders, police officers, cybercafé owners, and scholars of Criminology and Security Studies. Secondary data were sourced from books, journal articles, online materials, and unpublished works. Additionally, a focus group discussion involving eight married women from Ido Community was conducted. Data collected were analyzed using a narrative content analysis approach. Findings revealed that peer pressure, ignorance of the legal consequences, and the desire for quick wealth are major factors driving male teenagers' involvement in cybercrime. The consequences identified include poor academic performance, financial losses, reputational damage, weakened online trust, and strain on law enforcement resources. Stakeholders proposed several measures for mitigation, including employment creation, promotion of positive role models, religious sensitization, effective policing, educational advocacy programs, and increased parental involvement. The study concludes that tackling cybercrime among male teenagers in Ido Community should not be left solely to the government. Rather, community stakeholders must collaborate with authorities through strategic social and educational interventions to curb this growing menace.

This Study investigate the Influence of Drug abuse on the academic performance of Students in tertiary institution with special reference to mathematics students in FCE Okene, Kogi state. The study adopted descriptive survey research design. Four research questions and a hypothesis were raised to guide the study. The population of this study comprise of all mathematics students in federal college of education Okene, Kogi State, with the total population of 53 students whose major course is mathematics. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 40 mathematics students used for the study. A structured questionnaire on a 4-point rating scale was used for data collection. Frequency count and mean was used to analyze the data collected. Chi-Square (X 2) test was used to test the hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed that mathematics students are aware of the causes of drug abuse but not fully aware about the dangers and side effects of drug abuse on the academic performance, there is correlation between mathematics students backgrounds with their drug use and academic performance, there is no significant relationship between the effects of drug abuse and academic performance among mathematics students in FCE Okene, Kogi State. The study recommended that there should be more awareness programs about the dangers of drug abused specifically targeting mathematics students, students should be offered workshops on stress management and coping skills which would reduce likelihood of Drug Abuse among mathematics students.

A sample of 300 students was randomly selected for the study. The instrument for data collection was a questionnaire developed by the researchers titled Corruption-free and Effective Curriculum Implementation Questionnaire (CFECIQ). The questionnaire has 58 items, validated by three experts and has reliability index of 0.83. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions. The findings revealed that the corruption practices in tertiary institutions include extortion, sorting, favouritism, drug abuse, cultism, prostitution, indecent dressing and examination malpractices. The study equally revealed the cause of corruption as poverty, unemployment, weak government/leadership and ethnic and religious differences. The study further revealed consequences of corruption and proffered remedial measures to corruption. The study recommended among others that friendly corruption-free environment should be created; corruption-free mail boxes and website should be created, and Corruption-free Club should be established in tertiary institutions. In addition, corruption-free content should be included in General Studies of tertiary institutions.

This study was on the influence of family environment on the socio-cognitive development of adolescents from Anambra State, Nigeria. The descriptive survey design was used for the study. Five research questions guided the study. The population of the study was all the (SSII) senior secondary school students in mission and private schools totaling 6, 247 students during the 2022/2023 academic year in Anambra State. The sample size was 800 students selected through multi stage sampling technique. The research instrument was a researcher-developed instrument made up of five clusters consisting of 50 items to appraise the influence of the family environment (physical, economic, psychological, moral and social) on the sociocognitive development of adolescents. Three briefed research assistants helped in the distribution and administering of the questionnaire which were all returned. The reliability of the instrument was established using split half method and it yielded a reliability coefficient (r) of 0.67. Mean scores and average total mean score were used to do the analyses and the result revealed that the adolescents rated the influence of the family physical and economic environment poor while the family psychological, moral, and social environment were rated high and among the recommendations proffered include: parents to double their efforts on parental provisions and influences, stakeholders to encourage participation and organization of conferences on family environment awareness among others.

The sample size consisted of about 800 students drawn through simple random sampling techniques. The research instrument was a questionnaire made up of 40 items arranged into three clusters. Cluster one which was adapted from Glopal Swainatha (2016) was a structured instrument used to access the levels of selfesteem of the students. Clusters two and three were research developed instrument used to measure the relationship between Examination malpractice and self-esteem. Research question one was answered using aggregate scores, Research question 2-5 were answered using Pearson's product moment of correlation, while hypothesis (i) was tested using-t-test for correlation. The findings reveal among others that only about 30% of the students from public secondary school in Enugu state were satisfied with their self-esteem, the healthy and high self-esteem correlated negatively with examination malpractices, the low and poor self-esteem correlated highly with RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELF ESTEEM AND EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE OF PUBLIC SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL… 156 examination malpractices. The following recommendations were made, and they include: Parents should step-up in their socialization patterns and styles. Schools should create forums to boast students' confidence, morning assembly should be reestablished in schools, and the Government should seek active collaboration of the mission/moral institutions to help uplift the students' sense of self.

This study was on appraisal of social vices amongst in-school adolescents of Enugu east senatorial zone of Enugu State: implication for academic achievement. The population of the students comprised of al in-school students during the 2023/24 academic year made up of primary (5 and 6) pupils from 64 primary schools in the zone, senior secondary (SSII) students from 122 secondary schools in the zone and 200 level students in higher institutions found in the zone. The sample size consisted of 600 in-school students obtained through multi-stage technique. Four research questions and two hypotheses guided the study. The instrument for data collection was a researcher developed questionnaire made up of four clusters. The reliability of the instrument was established using split-half method and the coefficient obtained using Pearson product moment which gave reliability coefficient of 0.69. The questionnaire instrument was distributed through three briefed assistants. The data collected was analysed using aggregate scores for research questions 1, 2 and 3 while mean scores was used to answer research question 4. The hypothesis was tested using-t-test for mean scores. The findings of the study revealed that (72%, 69%, 61%) of the students were not involved in social vices implying that 28% (primary), 31% (secondary), 39% (tertiary) of students were involved in social vices (primary, secondary, tertiary). The following recommendations among others were suggested; parents are to monitor the peer circle of their children, enough counsellors are to be sent to the colleges.

For any nation or country to develop meaningfully, her citizens must cultivate good values, in recent times, there has been general outcry over decaying value standards in Nigeria. Selfish and undesirable values have replaced wholesome ones thereby leading to unhealthy developments. This clearly demonstrates that all is not well with our nation (Nigeria) where the values we once held dearly, have been thrown into the trash bin. The erosion of societal values which manifests in varied unpatriotic and antisocial behaviour of most Nigerian has been a disturbing issue to all and sundry. This social problem requires formal and institutional strategies to address. Efforts by previous Nigerian governments are known to have achieved little, the major bowl of contention is the super-imposition of alien values, perspective, beliefs and superstition on our society to the neglect of indigenous ones, our worries over value disorientation indicate that both the individual and society have shifted from the cohesiveness of traditional values to the confusion and uncertainty of modernity This paper therefore, takes a cursory look at the concepts of values, value reorientation, the imperative of value reorientation in Boko-Haram insurgence post conflict society in Yobe State Nigeria where there had been incidence of terrorists attacks, destruction of life and property displacement of thousands of people from their place of abode and forceful conscription of people into militant camps. This research maintains that the Family, Government, Educational Institutions, Religious Organizations and the Media remain the fulcrum of value reorientation in Nigerian and must continue to play their roles as value educators because there can be no positive developments in a country with misplaced values.

Although pork producers typically aim to optimize growth rates, occasionally it is necessary to slow growth, such as when harvest facility capacity is limited. In finishing pigs, numerous dietary strategies can be used to slow growth so pigs are at optimal slaughter body weights when harvest facility capacity and/or access is restored. However, the impact of these diets on pork carcass quality is largely unknown. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of dietary strategies to slow growth in late finishing pigs and evaluate their effects on carcass composition and pork quality. Mixed-sex pigs (n = 897; 125 ± 2 kg BW) were randomly allotted across 48 pens and assigned to 1 of 6 dietary treatments (n = 8 pens/treatment): (1) Control diet representative of a typical finisher diet (CON); (2) diet containing 3% calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ); (3) diet containing 97% corn and no soybean meal (Corn); (4) diet deficient in isoleucine (LowIle); (5) diet containing 15% neutral detergent fiber (NDF) from soybean hulls (15% NDF); and (6) diet containing 20% NDF from soybean hulls (20% NDF). Over 42 d, pen body weights and feed disappearance were collected. Pigs were harvested in 3 groups (14, 28, and 42 d on feed) and carcass data collected. From the harvest group, 1 loin was collected from 120 randomly selected carcasses (20 loins/treatment) to evaluate pork quality traits. Overall, ADG was reduced in CaCl 2 , Corn, and 20% NDF pigs compared with CON pigs (P < 0.001). However, ADFI was only reduced in CaCl 2 and 20% NDF pigs compared with CON (P < 0.001). Feed efficiency was reduced in CaCl 2 and Corn pigs compared with CON (P < 0.001). Hot carcass weights were reduced in CaCl 2 pigs at all harvest dates (P < 0.001) and were reduced in Corn and 20% NDF pigs at days 28 and 42 compared with CON pigs (P < 0.001). In general, CaCl 2 and 20% NDF diets resulted in leaner carcasses, whereas the Corn diet increased backfat by 42 d on test (P < 0.05). Loin pH was reduced and star probe increased in CaCl 2 pigs compared with CON pigs (P < 0.05); no treatments differed from CON pigs regarding drip loss, cook loss, color, firmness, or marbling (P ≥ 0.117). Overall, these data indicate that several dietary strategies can slow finishing pig growth without evidence of behavioral vices. However, changes to carcass composition and quality were also observed, indicating quality should be taken into consideration when choosing diets to slow growth.

This study delved into the Prevalence of Moral Decadence among Youths in Edati Local Government Area of Niger State. Three specific objectives guided the study and three research questions were raised and answered in this study. The study adopted descriptive survey design. The population of the study was eighty one thousand six hundred and nine (81,609) youths. Three hundred and fifty (350) youths were used as sampled size for the study. Prevalence of Moral Decadence among Youths Questionnaire (PMDYQ) was used for the collection of data for the study. The instrument was validated by two lecturers in the Department of Counselling Psychology. Descriptive statistics of frequency counts and percentages were used to analyze demographic information of the respondents and mean and standard deviation were used to analyze the research questions with a criterion mean of 2.5. In which case, items with 2.5 mean and above were accepted while below were rejected. Low standard deviation implied low variability of perceptions of the respondents and vice versa.  The findings revealed amongst other that moral decadence is caused by an interplay of familial, educational, social, environmental and of course economic factors; poor parenting and upbringing, lower educational status and exposure, societal pressures, unfavourable climate and/or ambiance and most pathetically poverty and unemployment among others were found to contribute to the decay in moral values. On the basis of gender issues of domestic violence, laisses faire attitude of the society, peer pressure and/or influence took a centre stage. The youths however, as revealed in the study, manifests moral decadence in behaviours such as violence extremism, stealing, sexual and physical abuse, homosexuality, lesbianism, disregard to elders and constituted authorities, clandestine behaviours and tragically yahoo-plus. All these were reported to have dire attendant consequences on the growth of the indulgent and collective growth of our country as their productivity is grossly affected indulging in all the above listed. Recommendations were however offered to tackle the issue ranging from rejuvenation of the parenting and child rearing practices, strengthening of law enforcement agencies and sanctioning of any erred person with punitive measures; intensification of effort by the government and civil society organisations to reduce the alarming rate of poverty and unemployment in the land as they are found to be sustaining these moral anomalies.
Key words: moral decadence, behaviour, youth

It is not admirable how public and private sector employees in Nigeria, as well as many other African nations, approach their jobs. Gross misbehavior, a lack of dedication, unfaithfulness, dishonesty, resource and time theft, and overall staff indifference are all present. This paper explores the intersection of Christian perspectives on work ethics and their implications on the Nigerian economy. Nigeria, a rich cultural tapestry, has been significantly influenced by Christianity in shaping its moral and ethical framework. The paper delves into how Christian principles, rooted in integrity, diligence, and stewardship, influence work ethics and subsequently impact economic development. Examining biblical passages emphasizing honest labor, fair wages, and ethical business practices, the research investigates how Christian teachings inform the ethical behavior of Nigerian workers and entrepreneurs. The paper also explores how Christian work ethics interact with cultural norms and the broader socioeconomic context, considering the complexities of applying these ethics in a religiously diverse and challenging environment.he synchronic approach to exegesis is employed in this work. This approach looks at the final form of the text as it stands in the Bible. The particular components of this approach applied in this article are narrative and rhetorical criticism whilst others involve lexical, grammatical and syntactical analysis. In addition, the Intercultural Hermeneutics approach of contextualization is employed.

Religious institution is an agent of socialization responsible for molding social behaviour and providing informal control through preaching and sensitization of its members and the public. However, there is an increase in moral decadence, delinquency, and crime in Nigeria despite the existence of religious organizations. Hence this paper reviewed the role of religious organizations especially the church in their sensitization against social vices in Nigeria. The objectives of the paper includes to examine the prevalence of social vices as mitigated by religious organizations in Nigeria, identify the mechanisms used by religious organisation in their sensitization against social vices in Nigeria and to bring to light the challenges faced by religious organizations in the performance of their role(s) as agents of socialization. The paper adopted secondary sources of data collections and utilized Social Learning Theory to buttress the review. The paper revealed that religious organizations play significant and multifaceted roles in sensitizing against social vices in Nigeria, as their influence extends across various domains, including moral education, community outreach, advocacy, and collaboration with government and non-governmental entities. The paper likewise revealed cultism, ritual killing for money, indecent dressing, examination malpractice, cybercrime,

The church as a religious institution is an agent of socialization responsible for molding social behavior and providing informal control. However, there is an increase in moral decadence, delinquency, and crime in Nigeria, particularly in Kogi West Senatorial District among the Okun-speaking population. Hence the study assessed the socialization roles of the CSMC in curbing social vices in kabba district of Kogi State. Being a mixed study, 320 members of CSMC of kabba District, were randomly selected from ten different Churches to respond to the questionnaire while 15 informants were recruited for the in-depth interview guide. Data were collected through the use of structured questionnaire and in-depth interview guide. Data collected were analyzed using frequencies, percentages through the application of SPSS version 20.0 and thematic content analysis method. The results of the study revealed that Churches are agent of Socialization and a means of eradicating or reducing Social Vices. Also, the study revealed that the CSMC members have the knowledge of the present of Social Vices in Kabba District of CSMC. The result further revealed that the Church members play major role(s) in the sensitization of the younger generation and as such Curb Social Vices in the Society. To assess the knowledge, awareness, and role of the members of CSMC Kabba District towards the assessment of the socialization role of the CSMC in curbing social vices in Kabba District, the findings revealed that the respondents have good knowledge about the church as an agent of socialization. With the research work, it is concluded that the CSMC members should intensify the spiritual approach as a means of tackling social vices and was therefore, recommended that: there should be a collaboration with Government agencies and the Non-Governmental Organizations in curbing social vices.

Across tertiary institutions in Nigeria, strife among students had become almost a normalized abnormally considering the frequency of its occurrence on campuses. Thus, the attendant effect of strife on students as future leaders and drivers of the economy is of great concern. Hence the study unraveled the instigators of strife in tertiary institutions with Cross River State College of Education, Akamkpa as a case study. The study relied on primary data sources through the administration of questionnaire to respondence to ascertain what constituted strife instigators in tertiary institutions in Nigeria. Recommendations were made according to the findings off the study. .

This study investigated the impact of insecurity on curriculum implementation at tertiary institutions in Benue State, Nigeria, West Africa. Methodology: Two research questions were answered, and two null hypotheses were tested. The design adopted for the study was an ex-post facto research design. The population for the study comprised 554 teaching staff of tertiary institutions in Benue State. The sample of 68 lecturers was taken from the population using Taro Yamane's formulae of sample size determination. A 10-item structured questionnaire developed by the researchers called "Nature and Effect of Insecurity Questionnaire" (NEIQ) was used for data collection. A fivepoint Likert scale of strongly Agreed (SA= 5), Agreed (A=4), Undecided (U=3), Disagreed (D=2), and strongly Disagreed (SD=1) options were used to grade response. Three experts, one in English Language, Test and measurement, and Curriculum studies, all from the Faculty of Education Benue State University, validated the instrument. At the same time, a reliability coefficient of 0.86 was obtained through Cronbach Alpha. The researchers administered the instrument personally. Findings: The results were presented and analysized in tables using Mean, and Standard deviation to answerthe research questions. Any item with a mean rating equal to or above 2.50 was regarded as agreed, while an item with a mean rating less than 2.50 was regarded as disagreed. Data was analysized and presented in tables. A t-test was used to test the null hypotheses at a 0.05 level of significance. The study found a significant difference in the mean rating of the respondents on the nature of insecurity and curriculum implementation at tertiary educational institutions in Benue State.Similarly, the study found a significant difference in the mean rating of the respondents on the effects of insecurity and curriculum implementation at tertiary educational institutions in Benue State, Nigeria. Unique Contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study recommends, among others, that parents, as first teachers, should be committed to giving their children a solid moral foundation early in life. This may lay a foundation for the youths to visualize whom they are, particularly concerning what distinguishes them from others.

Lysander Spooner démontre ici, juridiquement et moralement, que les vices (actes par lesquels un homme peut nuire à sa propre personne ou à ses biens), ne sont aucunement des crimes (actions attentant à la personne ou aux bien d'autrui),. et qu'ils ne peuvent donc être légitimement punis par un quelconque gouvernement.

A l'heure où les consommateurs et vendeurs de « drogue » sont abjectement persécutés - et demain, les fumeurs, les mangeurs de beurre ou les adeptes d'une sexualité libre - ce texte, publié en 1875, établit que les seuls véritables criminels sont les tyrans qui veulent empêcher un être humain de rechercher le bonheur et la connaissance par tout moyen qui lui semble bon.

I am very grateful to God for the wisdom and ability to fulfilled my dream. My humble appreciation go to my supervisor, Dr. Mrs. Essien for her motherly advice and positive criticism which contributed immensely to the success of this work. Am equally grateful to all my lecturers in department of educational administration and planning.  Am thankful to my parent and siblings for their loving support, and finally I say a big thank you to all my friends for their contributive ideas and assistance during my research on this paper.

This paper examines the armless fight between youths and political elites on who are the leaders of tomorrow and its implications on Nigeria education and development. It is obvious in Nigeria that the political elites have held permanently to power and that the youths have no hope of becoming leaders of tomorrow they were told because tomorrow is futuristic and so, cold war exists. There is the belief that those in power will not give up their position willingly and so action is required to shift them to allow what is required take place. Lack of actions in this direction has denied a lot of youths the emancipatory learning. This paper posits that the nation Nigeria is only paying for what they denied the youths-transformation by way of conscientisation. A transformed individual cannot conform to what is not right, not just, not fair, unethical, immoral and corrupt. As a follow up, the youths should develop themselves skillfully, to be a solution provider, be creative and critical in thinking, and therefore, watch the opportunity present itself someday take over power. Also, learners should be exposed to adequate and current education and modern analytical techniques. Conscientisation pedagogical approaches should be adopted or integrated for all disciplines in schools at all levels.

South African societies have been characterized by the prolific incidence of illicit drug use in recent times.  The paper attempts to examine the legislations implemented on the use of illicit drugs in South Africa. The study adopts a review of the literature to identify and describe the most common illicit drugs used around South Africa communities, placing emphasis on the policies developed by the South African government in combating these situations. The research follows a critical   discussion on the issues associated with drug use, its causes, as well as its effects on humans and the environment. The study recommends relevant initiatives to combat all intricacies associated with drug use within the country. This approach will be appropriate in facilitating a clear-cut   understanding of the possible remedies to quench the burning flame of illicit drug use across a broad range of South African communities.

Education, being a process of teaching and learning is evaluated through examination at the end of the learning period. The paper defined the concepts of examination, malpractice, examination malpractice and its numerous forms and sorting. It revealed the origin of examination malpractice in Nigeria, identified the traces of intended malpractices and explained the causal factors of examination malpractices. The paper highlighted the effects and consequences of examination malpractices in Schools and Universities and the efforts made to curb examination misconduct. Finally, while emphasising the urgent need for institutions to embrace integrity on a sustainable basis, the paper x-rayed what the stakeholders should do to remedy the odious and unacceptable behaviour of examination malpractices.

The researchers were poised to do this work, because of the eye witness occurrences of cult activities and its effects on the victims' parents and the schools. The population for the study comprises of the entire clan heads (15 in number) and 35 prominent men and women of the most affected communities that were prone to these cult activities, totaling 50 respondents. They were purposively selected. Data collection was through face-to-face interview on Post Traumatic Effect of Cult Activities on Victims' Parents and Educational Development of the child in Emohua LGA of Rivers State" (TECAPEDC). Data collected was analyzed using Bar Chat. Findings of the study shows that one of the major causes of children of the communities joining cult groups is peer influence and drug addiction. The findings also revealed that very few female counterparts get involved in the cult activities in these communities compare to what is happening in the tertiary institutions. It was also discovered that many of the victims 'parents had permanent ailments like high blood pressure and some die or run amok due to the shock of seeing their children been murdered in cold blood. The study concludes that cultism has come to create a way forward for community extinction of youths. The study recommends that there should be massive sensitization of the youth on the ills of cultism. Parents too should advice their children on the company they keep because peer group and drug addiction were found to be the most prominent influence of the child.

The study determined the impact of dress code on the academic performance of Undergraduate students in Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi. Two research questions and one hypothesis respectively guided the study. The study adopts survey research design and was conducted in Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi. The population of this study was 7,261 respondents made up of 5,661 undergraduate students, 430 academic and 1170 non-academic staff of Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi. A sample of 379 respondents made up of 295 undergraduate students and 84 staff of Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi was determined using Taro Yamane formular for a finite population and used in the study. Multistage sampling technique of proportionate stratified and simple random sampling techniques was employed for sample selection. The instrument used for data collection was a structured questionnaire titled: Impact of Dress Code on Academic Performance Questionnaire (IDCAPQ) ...

As human beings develop physically, cognitively, emotionally, morally, technologically, and spiritually, so they develop vices which are moral depravity, moral fault, and/or a habitual trivial shortcoming. These vices such as biting, fornication, lying, gluttony, greed, jealousy, stealing etc. develop at different developmental milestones of a nature-nurture interaction and as early as from infancy from underlying normal behaviors. It is theorized that if the behaviors that may lead to vices are well managed, they may become virtues. However, if one skips these developments in early childhood, it might catch up with one in adulthood where the struggle to overcome the vice may become sterner. This theory of human developmental vices may be important in understanding human negative behaviors and in promoting healthy parenting as well as understanding the individual differences inherent in each child response style as it interplays between nature and nurture. Researchers are challenged to empirically investigate this theory.

Education is a basic force for the socioeconomic development and transformation of any society. Education, by nature is one of the most important instruments for rapid social change and modernization in the world today. Effective educations is usually provided in a formal school environment, expected to be in which students feel safe and comfortable and are encouraged to learn. However, adolescent students whose age ranges from 13-15 years irrespective of sex and class level, tend to display aggressive behaviours which hinders not only learning but also requires professional treatment by Counsellors. This paper therefore, examines adolescent's moral traits in Nigeria's secondary schools, Counselling, professionalism, and development in Nigerian secondary schools. Recommendations on the implications of these were made.

Introduction The Federal Government through the National Policy on Education affirmed that Education remained the instrument per-excellence for achieving the national objective. It is a vehicle that drives the human and material resources of any nation as it provides information that propels physical, cognitive, moral, social, emotional, economic and political development. It is also a medium through which the cultural practices, norms and values of good character, honesty, integrity, and respect for constituted authority, hard work and orderliness are inculcated from one generation to the other. John Dewey cited by Wikipedia defines education as the process of facilitating learning, or acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits; the process which frequently permits learning to take place under the guidance of educators, or learners educating themselves. Okwori and Ede (2012) also define education as the transmission of relevant knowledge into the learner to enable him to effectively adjust to his environment and live a useful life. Education enables the possessor to live a useful life by contributing to the development of the society. While stressing the importance of education, Edogun (2015) stated that education helps people work better and create opportunities for sustainable and viable economic growth for the future, gives people critical skills and tools to help them provide for themselves and their children. He went further to state that education is required for an individual to adapt with ever changing world where new technologies keep coming up. He also stressed that educated people tend to know better about the preventive methods which protect them from avoidable diseases while illiterate and ignorant persons are more likely to ignore the symptoms and avoid seeking medical care. From the viewpoint above one can infer that a country's development and wellbeing lies solely in the quality of education impacted to its citizenry. Therefore a holistic education that will touch the three domains of cognitive, affective and psychomotor is germane, as a neglect of any aspect will result in unprecedented social vices. For instance a high standard of quality education in any nation will give rise to improved changes in the nation's manpower and sustainability while an education system that permits character breakdown or moral decadence will breed touts, cultist and corrupt citizenry. In the civilized western world, education of youth is considered a priority, because it assists in ensuring personal advancement and utilization of natural endowment facilities but Nigeria's image and reckoning, according to Adebiyi and Ganiyu (2016),seem to be nose diving in almost all facets of noble rating, whether from the perspective of its education, politics, economy, ethics and security. Genyi and Euginia (2013) on the other hand opined that peace and security of Nigeria has been seriously compromised, because of the inability of government and other relevant stakeholders to

Several studies have emerged on examination misconduct in Nigeria, but e-cheating Online Runs Sites examination malpractice among secondary school students, is a new form of examination fraud yet to be given adequate attention in the literature. These echeating Online Runs Sites always have all exam papers solutions too, probably a day or two before the day of public secondary schools examinations in Nigeria. This study is provoked to address this problem in the context of its effects on students study habits, quality of secondary school examinations and gender difference. Using four selected secondary schools in Ojo Local Government Area of Lagos, Nigeria, a sample of 200 students were drawn from the population. A self-developed instrument was developed bothering on the two hypotheses for the study. The instrument was validated through face and construct validity while the Cronbach alpha reliability method was used to obtain a reliability correlation coefficient of 0.72. Findings from data revealed that hypothesis one has significant value of 0.034 and r level 0.943, the null hypothesis was rejected and alternative indicating is a significant relationship between e-cheating online runs sites and secondary school students study habits was retained. However, hypothesis two with male gender (N=108) and female gender (N=92) revealed a significant difference between gender difference and echeating online runs sites. The study finally recommends that the sustenance of qualitative public examination and good study culture in Nigeria calls for urgent attention to incidences of e-cheating online runs site which is becoming a complex digital issue. It is important that the stakeholders of the Nigeria education system such as teachers, parents, governments and policy makers monitor and provide policies that would help the mitigation of the negative uses of ICT among students in Nigeria.