Nicole Herbots

Arizona State University, Physics, Faculty Member

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N. Herbots received her engineering physics PhD from the Catholic University of Louvain. After joining Oak Ridge National Lab in the Solid State Division, she became IBM Prof. of Electronic Materials at MIT in 1987 and joined Arizona State University Physics in 1991 to create the Ion Beam Analysis for Materials (IBeAM) user facility at ASU
Supervisors: SiO2 Innovates and MicroDrop Diagnostics, Boards of Advisors, Dr. Eric J. Culbertson, MD, GS, P. D. Glass, RN, Surveyor, Alan Carey, Global Business, LM Puglisi, IT and N. Herbots PhD thesis advisor, was Prof. Dr. Fernand VAN de WIELE, professeur ordinaire à la Faculté des sciences appliquées ;
Phone: 480-965-3561 (department office, email is better)
Address: Arizona State University
Department of Physics,
PO Box 85287-1504
Tempe AZ 85287

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Papers by Nicole Herbots

Detection of Percolation in Hermetic Single-Device Human Implants by Ion Beam Analysis (IBA)

Bulletin of the American Physical Society, Oct 17, 2014

Bio-Chemistry -Percolation of bodily fluids into medical implants limits device lifetimes to less... more Bio-Chemistry -Percolation of bodily fluids into medical implants limits device lifetimes to less than a week in permanent glucose sensors for diabetics. Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) can detect C, O, Na from these fluids. But the RBS detection limit, D min , is inadequate for low Z elements in higher Z substrates. With 2 MeV 4 He 2+ , D min of C in Si is ∼ 5 ML. The 4.265 ± 0.05 MeV 12 C(α,α) 12 C Nuclear Resonance Analysis (NRA) reduces D min, C

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GaAs to Si Direct Wafer Bonding at T ≤ 220 °C in Ambient Air Via Nano-Bonding™ and Surface Energy Engineering (SEE)

Silicon

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Fast, Small Volume Blood Diagnostics using Homogeneous Thin Solid Films of µL-sized Drops on Super-Hydrophilic Coatings - Impact of Film Properties on Test Accuracy

Bulletin of the American Physical Society, Mar 2, 2020

Surface Energy Engineering of GaAs and Si for NanoBonding in Tandem Solar Cells

Bulletin of the American Physical Society, Mar 16, 2021

$Research paper thumbnail of Optimizing Wet NanoBonding$^\mathrm{TM}$ using Three Liquid Contact Angle Analysis of Surface Energy and Reactivity$

Optimizing Wet NanoBonding$^\mathrm{TM}$ using Three Liquid Contact Angle Analysis of Surface Energy and Reactivity

Bulletin of the American Physical Society, 2015

as thermally-grown amorphous a-SiO 2 and Si(100), are hermetically bonded using wet NanoBonding T... more as thermally-grown amorphous a-SiO 2 and Si(100), are hermetically bonded using wet NanoBonding TM . Initial surfaces are modified to favor electron exchange and cross-bonding. a-SiO 2 is etched with hydrofluoric acid (HF), while β-cSiO 2 is grown on Si(100). Next, both are NanoBonded under steam pressurization. NanoBonding can bond medical, marine, and air sensors to their electronics, and be used in night vision goggles and solar cells. To optimize cross-bonding, surface energy γ T is studied via 3 liquid contact angle analysis (3LCAA) and the Van Oss theory. This models γ T via 3 components: γ LW for dipole interactions, γ + for electron donors, and γ -for acceptors. 3LCAA extracts contact angles from 3 liquids with known surface energies: water, glycerin, and α-bromonaphthalene. We use several droplets of each liquid on the surface to improve accuracy. γ + accounts for little to none of the surface energy of all surfaces, but the annealing in Wet NanoBonding significantly increases γ + in β-cSiO 2 . Conversely, HF etching significantly increases γ - for a-SiO 2 . This donor/acceptor imbalance enhances reactivity and NanoBonding between the surfaces.

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Study of an MeV Nuclear Resonance to Increase Sodium Detection by Ion Beam Analysis

Bulletin of the American Physical Society, 2015

Blood percolation into implanted glucose sensors for diabetics limits sensor lifetime to 3-7 days... more Blood percolation into implanted glucose sensors for diabetics limits sensor lifetime to 3-7 days. Na + mobile ions from blood permanently damage Si-based devices. Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) can detect Na in sensors. However, due to the low atomic number of Na (Z=11) and low mass ratio of Na to Si, Na that has percolated into implanted sensors is difficult to detect via standard 2 MeV 4 He Rutherford backscattering. Nuclear resonance can increase the Na scattering cross-section. This work characterizes a ∼ 4.7 MeV resonance, annotated 23 Na(α,α) 23 Na, between 23 Na atoms and α particles. To increase precision of measurements for resonance energy, width, and factor, ion beam energy is calibrated via 3 signals: 5.486 ± 0.007 MeV emission of α particles by 241 Am, and two nuclear resonances, 4.265 ± 0.055 MeV 4 He with 12 C, and 3.038 ± 0.003 MeV 4 He with 16 O. The 23 Na(α,α) 23 Na nuclear resonance is found to have an energy of 4.696 ± 0.180 MeV and cross-section increase of 41 ± 7.0%. Increase of Na detection in IBA via the studied resonance is statistically significant. Future research can determine if the cross-section increase is sufficient for Na detection in glucose sensors.

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Effect of Crystal Orientation Upon the Surface Energy of Native Oxides on Si(100) and Si(111) as Measured by Three Liquid Contact Angle Analysis (3LCAA)

Bulletin of the American Physical Society, 2016

NAKARAN, A.P. KRISHNAN, BASIS HS Scottsdale -The surface energy γ T of native oxides on Si(100) a... more NAKARAN, A.P. KRISHNAN, BASIS HS Scottsdale -The surface energy γ T of native oxides on Si(100) and ( ) is measured via Three Liquid Contact Angle Analysis (3LCAA) to detect crystal orientation effects. Low surface roughness of Si wafers lowers γ T via low density of dangling bonds, so γ T scales with chemical reactivity freely from topography [1]. 3LCAA based on the Van Oss theory measures γ T via surface interactions with molecular dipoles (Lifshitz-Van der Waals), labeled γ LW , with electron donors, γ + , and acceptors, γ -. Surface energy components γ LW , γ + , and γ -give insights into optimizing γ T for hermetic NanoBonding T M in sensors [1], to extend lifetime and reliability in saline environments from days to years via matching electronegativity in cross-bonding pairs. 3LCAA with 18 MΩ Deionized water, glycerine, and α-bromonaphthalene in a Class 100 hood and the Sessile Drop method yield for native SiO2/Si(111) γ T = 56.7+/-2 mJ/m 2 , and γ T = 49.7+/-2 mJ/m 2 on Si(100), a 13% difference. Since Si(111) surface atomic density is 12% larger than Si(100), 3LCAA finds that γ T scales with surface atomic density.

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$Research paper thumbnail of Measuring Surface Energy and Reactivity for Wet NanoBonding$^\mathrm{TM}$ via Three Liquid Contact Angle Analysis$

Measuring Surface Energy and Reactivity for Wet NanoBonding$^\mathrm{TM}$ via Three Liquid Contact Angle Analysis

Bulletin of the American Physical Society, 2015

NANOTECH COLLABORATION -Silicon-based surfaces, such as thermally-grown amorphous a-SiO 2 and Si(... more NANOTECH COLLABORATION -Silicon-based surfaces, such as thermally-grown amorphous a-SiO 2 and Si(100), are hermetically bonded using wet NanoBonding TM . Initial surfaces are modified to favor electron exchange and cross-bonding. a-SiO 2 is etched with hydrofluoric acid (HF), while β-cSiO 2 is grown on Si(100). Next, both are NanoBonded under steam pressurization. NanoBonding can bond medical, marine, and air sensors to their electronics, and be used in night vision goggles and solar cells. To optimize cross-bonding, surface energy γ T is studied via 3 liquid contact angle analysis (3LCAA) and the Van Oss theory. This models γ T via 3 components: γ LW for dipole interactions, γ + for electron donors, and γ -for acceptors. 3LCAA extracts contact angles from 3 liquids with known surface energies: water, glycerin, and α-bromonaphthalene. We use several droplets of each liquid on the surface to improve accuracy. γ + accounts for little to none of the surface energy of all surfaces, but the annealing in Wet NanoBonding significantly increases γ + in β-cSiO 2 . Conversely, HF etching significantly increases γ - for a-SiO 2 . This donor/acceptor imbalance enhances reactivity and NanoBonding between the surfaces.

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$Research paper thumbnail of HemaDropTM -- A New Technology To Perform Blood Analysis On Microliter\textunderscore Sized Droplets Of Blood By Creating Homogeneous Thin Solid Films (HTSF): Elemental Analysis Study As A Function Of Sampled Blood Volume$

HemaDropTM -- A New Technology To Perform Blood Analysis On Microliter\textunderscore Sized Droplets Of Blood By Creating Homogeneous Thin Solid Films (HTSF): Elemental Analysis Study As A Function Of Sampled Blood Volume

Bulletin of the American Physical Society, 2016

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Surface Energies of Native Oxides on Si(100), Si(111) and GaAs(100) via Three Liquid Contact Angle Analysis (3LCAA) Correlation with Composition by Ion Beam Analysis (IBA)

Bulletin of the American Physical Society, 2016

Surface energies, γ T , of native oxides of Si(100) [1], Si(111) and GaAs(100) are measured via c... more Surface energies, γ T , of native oxides of Si(100) [1], Si(111) and GaAs(100) are measured via contact angles of sessile drops of three liquids (3 Liquid Contact Angle Analysis, or 3LCAA) and correlated with surface composition via ion beam scattering. 3LCAA, based on Van Oss' theory, computes γ T from Lifshitz-Van der Waals interactions with molecules, γ LW , electron donors, γ + , and acceptors γ -. Varying γ LW , γ + , and γ -helps optimize γ T and increase lifetime and reliability in hermetic NanoBonding T M [2], in integrated sensors and solar cells. Liquids used for 3CLAA are 18MΩ DI water, glycerin, and α-bromo-naphthalene in a Class 100 flow hood. Oygen coverage is measured via the 3.038 0.01 MeV nuclear resonance 16 O (α, α) 16 O.γ T is found 57 2 mJ/m 2 for Si(111), which is hydrophilic, 50 2 mJ/m 2 for Si(100) and 35 3 mJ/m 2 GaAs(100), which are hydrophobic. Thus, native oxides on GaAs(100) are significantly more hydrophobic (33%) than on Si(100).

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HemaDrop™: A Technology to Determine Accurate Blood Composition via Homogeneous Thin Solid Films from Microliter Drops of Blood

Bulletin of the American Physical Society, 2016

Cent. for Solid State Sciences -Accurate, near real-time analysis of blood can improve medical di... more Cent. for Solid State Sciences -Accurate, near real-time analysis of blood can improve medical diagnostics and forensics. Critically and chronically ill patients, premature infants, and children can contract anemia due to the 7 milliliter blood volumes drawn currently. Nanoliter blood analysis lacks accuracy mandated by the FDA and physicians, with errors >10%, and lack of support by publications or patents. HemaDrop T M [1,2] rapidly congeals microliter blood droplets in smooth Homogenous Thin Solid Films (HTSF) without phase separation. HemaDrop T M uses hyper-hydrophilicity [1] to solidify fluids, enabling blood analysis in vacuo with Ion Beam Analysis (IBA). Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry, Particle-Induced X-Ray Emission, and damage curve methods [2] determine blood composition for C, N, O, Na, K, Ca, Cl, Fe and account for IBA damage. Accuracy and reproducibility of blood electrolyte composition is better than 5%. Optical microscopy compares real-time blood solidification, phase separation, and surface roughness for HemaDrop T M HTSFs and conventional drying. 1. Int&US Pat. Pend. 2016, 2. 1 Funded by SiO2 Innovates. Gratefully acknowledge access to ASU's Ion Beam Analysis for Materials (IBeAM) Lab.

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$Research paper thumbnail of Contribution of Lifshitz-Van der Waals Interactions to the Surface Energy $\gamma^T$ of Si(100)-based Surfaces using the Van Oss-Young-Dupre Model$

Contribution of Lifshitz-Van der Waals Interactions to the Surface Energy $\gamma^T$ of Si(100)-based Surfaces using the Van Oss-Young-Dupre Model

Bulletin of the American Physical Society, 2015

Nanotech LLC, SIO2 NANOTECH LLC TEAM -Surface energy γ T is studied via 3 Liquid Contact Angle An... more Nanotech LLC, SIO2 NANOTECH LLC TEAM -Surface energy γ T is studied via 3 Liquid Contact Angle Analysis (3LCAA) to optimize Wet NanoBonding TM , where surfaces hermetically cross-bond by anneal < 200 • C. Applications lie in electronic sensors in saline environments. The Van Oss theory models interactions with dipoles (Lifshitz-Van der Waals) γ LW , electron donors γ + , and acceptors γ -. Combining the equations of Van Oss and Young-Dupre yield the total γ T and its 3 components. Contact angles for 3 different liquids are measured with the sessile drop method on 4-8 drops per liquid for accuracy, in a Class 100 hood. Si wafers are studied after RCA clean or Herbots-Atluri (H-A) processing. After H-A, 2 sets are treated with Rapid Thermal Anneal or Oxidation (RTA or RTO). γ T is higher for the more defective, hydrophilic RCA cleaned Si (47.3 ± 0.5 mJ m 2 ), while it is lower for the more ordered, hydrophobic H-A surfaces (37.3 ± 1.5 mJ m 2 ) and RTO (34.5±0.5 mJ m 2 ). In addition, γ LW interactions account for 90 to 98% of γ T in ordered oxides, unlike in hydrophilic surfaces (76.5%). This indicates that 3LCAA can detect decreases in surface interaction from surface defects, impurities, and dangling bonds.

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Measuring Surface Energy and Reactivity of SiO2 Using the Van Oss Theory and Three Liquid Contact Angle Analysis

Bulletin of the American Physical Society, 2015

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