This research investigated the protective role of Leea macrophylla extract on CCl4-induced acute ... more This research investigated the protective role of Leea macrophylla extract on CCl4-induced acute liver injury in rats. Different fractions of Leea macrophylla (Roxb.) crude extract were subjected to analysis for antioxidative effects. Rats were randomly divided into four groups as normal control, hepatic control, and reference control (silymarin) group and treatment group. Evaluations were made for the effects of the fractions on serum enzymes and biochemical parameters of CCl4-induced albino rat. Histopathological screening was also performed to evaluate the changes of liver tissue before and after treatment. Different fractions of Leea macrophylla showed very potent 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging effect, FeCl3 reducing effect, superoxide scavenging effect, and iron chelating effect. Carbon tetrachloride induction increased the level of serumaspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and other biochemical parameters such as lipid profiles, total protein, and CK-MB. In contrast, treatment of Leea macrophylla reduced the serumaspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities as well as biochemical parameters activities. L. macrophylla partially restored the lipid profiles, total protein, and CK-MB. Histopathology showed the treated liver towards restoration. Results evidenced that L. macrophylla can be prospective source of hepatic management in liver injury.
Background: Various parts of Pandanus foetidus Roxb. are used as traditional medicines. However, ... more Background: Various parts of Pandanus foetidus Roxb. are used as traditional medicines. However, scientific reports concerning the effect of this plant on central nervous system (CNS) depression and analgesia are unavailable. This study investigated the CNS depressant and antinociceptive effects of Pandanus foetidus leaf extracts in a rodent model. Methods: The sedative and anxiolytic activities of Pandanus foetidus extract (500 g) were tested using behavioural models of Swiss albino mice, and the analgesic activity was assessed by formalin-induced pain and tail immersion tests at 200 mg/kg body weight of the mice. The data were analysed by a one-way ANOVA, a repeated measure of ANOVA and a non-parametric test (Kruskal-Wallis test) using the SPSS software. Acute toxicity was tested using an established method. Results: Compared with the aqueous fraction, the methanol, petroleum ether and chloroform fractions of the extract exhibited a more significant (P < 0.001) reduction of locomotor activity in the mice in the open field, hole-cross, and elevated plus maze (EPM). The methanol fraction maximized the duration of sleeping time caused by the thiopental sodium induction. The extract produced a significant step-down in pain, as shown by the paw licking time in the early and late phases of the formalin test. In the tail immersion test, the chloroform fraction maximally reduced the heat-induced analgesia. The extract was found to be non toxic. Conclusion: The methanol, petroleum ether, and chloroform fractions of P. foetidus have strong CNS depressant and antinociceptive effects and thus merit further pharmaceutical studies
Objective: To investigate the antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of whole Leucas
a... more Objective: To investigate the antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of whole Leucas aspera (Labiatae) (L. aspera) alcoholic extract. Methods: Whole L. aspera powder was extracted abnyd a bbsrionleu tseh eritmhapn olel th(9a9l.i5t0y% a)s. sTahye. Retehsaunlotsli:c T ehxet reaxcttr awcat ss hsouwbjeedc tpeodt etnot arnatdiiocxaild ascnat,v eanngtiibnagc eteffreiactl (antioxidant) with IC50 value of (99.58依1.22) μg/mL which was significant (P<0.01) in comparison to ascorbic acid with IC50 value of (1.25依0.95) μg/mL. In case of antibacterial screening, the extract oshf oinwheidb intiootnabs laeg aanintisbta Gctrearmia lp eofsfietcivt ea gBaaincisltl utsh es utbetsitleisd [m(12ic.0r0o依b1ia.3l 2s) trmamin]s .a Snidg nBifaiccialnlut s( Pm<e0g.0a5t)e rziounme [(13.00依1.50) mm], Staphylococcus aureus [(8.00依0.50) mm] and Gram negative Salmonella typhi [a(n6.d0 0V依ib0.r5io0 ) cmhomle]r, aSea [l(9m.0o0n依e0l.l6a6 )p marma]t ywpahsi o[(b8s.0e0r依ve1d.0.0 I)n m bmri]n,e S shhirgiemllpa ledtyhsaelnittye rbiaioea [s(s9a.0y0, 依th1.e3 2e)x tmramc]t showed the LC50 value as (181.68依2.15) μg/mL which was statistically significant (P<0.01) compared to positive control vincristine sulfate [LC50=(0.76依0.04) μg/mL]. Conclusions: The results dvaermioounss tprhataer mthaacto tlhoeg ice tahcatnivoelisc
The study investigated the preliminary phytochemical content and in vitro antioxidant activity of... more The study investigated the preliminary phytochemical content and in vitro antioxidant activity of methanol extract of Argyrea argentea. The contents of phenolics, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, total carotenoids, β-carotene, chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b and lycopene were 46.56 ± 0.06 mg tannic acid equivalent, 43.1 ± 2.04 mg catechin equivalent, 57.21 ± 1.09 mg catechin equivalent, 70.78 ± 4.03 mg, 11.44 ± 0.39 μg, 10.08 ± 1.67 mg, 5.45 ± 0.86 mg and 16.06 ± 0.40 μg respectively in 1 g of methanol extract. In-vitro antioxidant models studied the total antioxidant capacity, FRAP assay, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity and reducing power spectrophotometrically. The total antioxidant capacity was 67.93 ± 1.67 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g extract in molybdenum blue method and 150.83 ± 4.26 μ mol ascorbic acid/gm plant extract in FRAP assay. IC50 value of extract in DPPH assay was 3.35 ± 1.78, 502.33 ± 1.11 and 891.50 ± 2.01 μg/ml and in FRAPS assay, radical scavenging assay and reducing power assay respectively. The correlation between DPPH scavenging potential and reducing power was 0.994. Industrial relevance. The herb Argyrea argentea (Roxb.) is already evidenced for antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and analgesic actions. It is also used by the traditional medicine practitioners of herbal medicine for gastric, tumor, marasmus, paralysis and spermaforrhoea. The present study scientifically evaluated the phytochemical and antioxidative effects of A. argentea. Further detailed studies on this plant may result in identification of of bioactive constituents for new therapeutic targets
This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Author MAR carried out the
study ... more This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Author MAR carried out the study design, data collection, data interpretation, manuscript preparation, statistical analysis and research grant collection. Authors AMTI, MAUC, MEU, MRH and MGMU participated in experiments, data collection, literature search and manuscript preparation. Author MMR has provided assistance in taxonomical identification and collections of voucher specimen’s numbers for all the plants. Author MAR also supervised the study design, data interpretation and literature search. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript
hexamethyltetraazacyclotetradecadiene ligands. II) complexes with Methods: Five coordinated squar... more hexamethyltetraazacyclotetradecadiene ligands. II) complexes with Methods: Five coordinated square pyramidal cadmium(II) complexes and six coordinated hsqeuxaarme eotchtyalh-e1d,r4a,8l ,c1a1-dmteiturama(zIIa) ccyocmloptleetxreasd ehcaav-e 4b,1e1e-nd siyennteh e(dsiezneodt ebdy binyt eLra.2cHtiConlO o4)f a5,n7d,7 ,C12-,1c4h,i1r4a-l isomers of its saturated analogue (denoted by ‘teta’ and ‘tetb’) with different salts of Cd2+ ion [e.g. CdI2, Cd(NO3)2·6H2O, CdCl2·2H2O and Cd(ClO4)2·6H2O] in methanolic solution. Complexes of the lbiyg apnodisso wneerde foinovde tseticghanteiqdu feo.r antibacterial activity by disc diffusion method and antifungal effect Results: The newly synthesized cadmium(II) complexes of the ligands were screened as potential antimicrobial agent against a number of medically important bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae and Escherichia coli) and against two fungi c(Coamnpdliedxae sa albgiaciannsts baancdt eArisap earngdil lfuusn gaic uwleeraet ucso).m Tphaere gdr owwitthh tihneh isbtaitnindga radc atinvtiitbyi ootfi ct haem lpigicainlldins aanndd mcoamcrmoecryccilaicll yc oimmpploerxtaens tw aenrtei fufonugnadl atog ebnet ,m gorirsee foufunlgviitnox riec sapnedc tiavnetliyb.a cAtmeroianlg ththaenm t hseo mreef eorfe nthcee antifungal drug griseofulvin and antibacterial drug ampicillin respectively. Conclusions: Hexamethyltetraazacyclotetradecadiene ligands and its complexes could be considered as very potential antibacterial and antifungal agent with further investigation.
Essential oil of Alpinia calcarata Rosc. rhizome was studied for anti-inflammatory and antinocice... more Essential oil of Alpinia calcarata Rosc. rhizome was studied for anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects in animal models. Anti-inflammatory effect was investigated in carrageenan-induced paw edema model in Albino rat with the doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg BW. Anti-nociceptive effect was measured in acetic acid-induced pain, formalin-induced pain and thermal pain (hot plate test) models in Albino mice with the doses of 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg BW. Significant (p<0.05) inhibition (63.82 ± 1.27%) of paw edema compared to diclofenac sodium was achieved by 200 mg/kg of essential oil. Nociception in acetic acid-induced writhing model and pain in formalin-induced model were also reduced by essential oil (400 mg/kg) significantly compared to reference drugs diclofenac sodium and morphine, respectively. Essential oil (400 mg/kg) reduced the thermal pain in early and late phases of hot plate model significantly compared to morphine. Maximum possible effect (%MPE) for essential oil was achieved by 600 mg/kg at the 60th min of treatment in hot plate model. Results evidenced that essential oil from Alpinia calcarata could be processed to use as an alternative source of inflammatory and nociceptive treatment
Medicinal plants contribute as potential sources of therapeutic uses. Wikstroemia indica, a tradi... more Medicinal plants contribute as potential sources of therapeutic uses. Wikstroemia indica, a traditional medicinal plant, has long been used as anti‑inflammatory, antiviral, antimalarial, anti‑mitotic, antitumor, and anti‑HIV in different parts of the world. Aims: The aim was to investigate the antidiarrheal and thrombolytic effect of W. indica leaf extract. Settings and Design: Sample collection, identification, solvent extraction, and crude extract preparations were led to evaluate the antidiarrheal effect in in vivo model and the thrombolytic effect in in vitro model. Materials and Methods: Castor oil‑induced diarrhea and enteropooling assays and gastrointestinal motility tests were used to examine the in vivo antidiarrheal activity in Wistar albino rat. In vitro clot lysis model was undertaken to investigate the thrombolytic action of the extract. Data were analyzed using statistical software (Statistical Package for Social Science, SPSS, version 19.0, SPSS Inc., USA). Results: The diarrheal episode was inhibited by 18.64% and 28.96% for the methanol extract at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, respectively. The extract significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the intestinal volume and intestinal transit in comparison to control. The extract also reduced the rate of defecation, accumulation of fluid, and transit of charcoal oil. The extract showed a moderate thrombolytic effect compared to the reference control. Conclusion: Methanol extract of W. indica might be triggered the premonition of novel drug discovery in the future due to its antidiarrheal effect in the animal model.
Alpinia calcarata Roscoe (Family: Zingiberaceae), is a rhizomatous perennial herb, which is commo... more Alpinia calcarata Roscoe (Family: Zingiberaceae), is a rhizomatous perennial herb, which is commonly used in the traditional medicinal systems in Sri Lanka. Alpinia calcarata is cultivated in tropical countries, including Sri Lanka, India, and Malaysia. Experimentally, rhizomes of Alpinia calcarata are shown to possess antibacterial, antifungal, anthelmintic, antinociceptive, anti‑inflammatory, antioxidant, aphrodisiac, gastroprotective, and antidiabetic activities. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, steroid glycosides and alkaloids in the extract and essential oil of this plant. Essential oil and extracts from this plant have been found to possess wide range of pharmacological and biological activities. This article provides a comprehensive review of its ethnomedical uses, chemical constituents and the pharmacological profile as a medicinal plant. Particular attention has been given to the pharmacological effects of the essential oil of Alpinia calcarata in this review so that the potential use of this plant either in pharmaceutics or as an agricultural resource can be evaluated.
This research was carried out to investigate the thrombolytic effects of the methanolic extracts ... more This research was carried out to investigate the thrombolytic effects of the methanolic extracts of five Bangladeshi plants. Phytochemical metabolites of those plants have been identified to elucidate whether the plant-derived metabolites are linked with the thrombolytic effects. Potential computer aided models were adopted in this study to find out a structure-function correlation between the phytochemical constituents and thrombolytic effects using the secondary metabolites as ligands and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) as receptor for the best fit ligand-receptor interaction
The sedative and analgesic potential of Urena sinuata L. was investigated for the first time in t... more The sedative and analgesic potential of Urena sinuata L. was investigated for the first time in this study. The crude methanol extract of Urena sinuata L. leaves was evaluated for its central nervous system (CNS) depressant effect using rodent behavioral models. Methanol extract of Urena sinuata at a dose of 400 mg/kg body weight, displayed a suppressive effect on motor activity, exploratory behavior (in hole cross and open field tests) and prolongation of thiopental induced sleeping time in mice. In the elevated plus-maze (EPM) test, the same dose of methanol extract significantly (p < 0.05) increased the time spent by the treated mice in EPM open arms. Analgesic potential of the extract was also evaluated for centrally acting analgesic activity using formalin induced licking response model and for peripheral analgesic action using acetic acid-induced writhing test and tail immersion tests. In formalin induced licking response model, a significant (p < 0.05) inhibition of pain compared to reference drug diclofenac sodium was observed. In acetic acid-induced writhing test and tail immersion test, the extract at 200 mg/kg body weight produced a significant reduction of writhing response and pain respectively. These results evidenced the potential sedative and analgesic effects of Urena sinuata leaves.
Background: Bacopa monnieri Linn. (Plantaginaceae), a well-known medicinal plant, is widely used ... more Background: Bacopa monnieri Linn. (Plantaginaceae), a well-known medicinal plant, is widely used in traditional 13 medicine system. It has long been used in gastrointestinal discomfort, skin diseases, epilepsy and analgesia. This 14 research investigated the in vitro antimicrobial activity of Bacopa monnieri leaf extract against Staphylococcus aureus 15 and the interaction of possible compounds involved in this antimicrobial action. 16 Methods: Non-edible plant parts were extracted with ethanol and evaporated in vacuo to obtain the crude extract. 17 A zone of inhibition studies and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of plant extracts were evaluated 18 against clinical isolates by the microbroth dilution method. Docking study was performed to analyze and identify 19 the interactions of possible antimicrobial compounds of Bacopa monnieri in the active site of penicillin binding 20 protein and DNA gyrase through GOLD 4.12 software. 21 Results: A zone of inhibition studies showed significant (p < 0.05) inhibition capacity of different concentrations of 22 Bacopa monnieri’s extract against Staphylococcus aureus. The extract also displayed very remarkable minimum 23 inhibitory concentrations (≥16 μg/ml) which was significant compared to that (≥75 μg/ml) of the reference 24 antibiotic against the experimental strain Staphylococcus aureus. Docking studies recommended that luteolin, an 25 existing phytochemical of Bacopa monnieri, has the highest fitness score and more specificity towards the DNA 26 gyrase binding site rather than penicillin binding protein. 27 Conclusions: Bacopa monnieri extract and its compound luteolin have a significant antimicrobial activity against 28 Staphylococcus aureus. Molecular binding interaction of an in silico data demonstrated that luteolin has more 29 specificity towards the DNA gyrase binding site and could be a potent antimicrobial compound.
Background: The increasingly high incidence of ischemic stroke caused by thrombosis of the arteri... more Background: The increasingly high incidence of ischemic stroke caused by thrombosis of the arterial vessels is one of the major factors that threaten people’s health and lives in the world. The present treatments for thrombosis are still unsatisfactory. Herbal preparations have been used since ancient times for the treatment of several diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate whether herbal preparations possess thrombolytic activity or not. Methods: An in vitro thrombolytic model was used to check the clot lysis effect of the crude extracts and fractions of five Bangladeshi plant viz., Trema orientalis L., Bacopa monnieri L., Capsicum frutescens L., Brassica oleracea L. and Urena sinuata L. using streptokinase as a positive control and water as a negative control. Briefly, venous blood drawn from twenty healthy volunteers was allowed to form clots which were weighed and treated with the test plant materials to disrupt the clots. Weight of clot after and before treatment provided a percentage of clot lysis. Results: Using an in vitro thrombolytic model, different fractions of five Bangladeshi medicinal plants namely T. orientalis, B. monnieri, C. frutescens, B. oleracea and U. sinuata showed various range of clot lysis activity. Chloroform fractions of T. orientalis, B. monnieri, C. frutescens, B. oleracea and U. sinuata showed highest significant (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001) clot lysis activity viz., 46.44 ± 2.44%, 48.39 ± 10.12%, 36.87 ± 1.27%, 30.24 ± 0.95% and 47.89 ± 6.83% respectively compared with positive control standard streptokinase (80.77 ± 1.12%) and negative control sterile distilled water (5.69 ± 3.09%). Other fractions showed moderate to low clot lysis activity. Order of clot lysis activity was found to be: Streptokinase > Chloroform fractions > Methanol (crude) extract > Hydro-methanol fractions > Ethyl acetate fractions > n-hexane fractions > Water. Conclusions: Our study suggests that thrombolytic activity of T. orientalis, B. monnieri and U. sinuata could be considered as very promising and beneficial for the Bangladeshi traditional medicine. Lower effects of other extracts might suggest the lack of bio-active components and/or insufficient quantities in the extract. In vivo clot dissolving property and active component(s) of T. orientalis and B. monnieri for clot lysis could lead the plants for their therapeutic uses. However, further work will establish whether or not, chloroform soluble phytochemicals from these plants could be incorporated as a thrombolytic agent for the improvement of the patients suffering from atherothrombotic diseases.
Xylitol has been reported as a potential antidiabetic sweetener in a number of recent studies; ho... more Xylitol has been reported as a potential antidiabetic sweetener in a number of recent studies; however, the most effective dietary dose and organ-specific effects are still unclear. Six-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: normal control (NC), diabetic control (DBC), diabetic xylitol 2.5% (DXL2.5), diabetic xylitol 5.0% (DXL5), and diabetic xylitol 10.0% (DXL10). Diabetes was induced only in the animals in DBC and DXL groups and considered diabetic when their nonfasting blood glucose level was >300 mg/dL. The DXL groups were fed with 2.5%, 5.0%, and 10% xylitol solution, whereas the NC and DBC groups were supplied with normal drinking water. After 4-wk intervention, body weight, food and fluid intake, blood glucose, serum fructosamine, liver glycogen, serum alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, uric acid, creatinine, and most serum lipids were significantly decreased, and serum insulin concentration, glucose tolerance ability, and pancreatic islets morphology were significantly improved in the DXL10 group compared to the DBC group. The data of this study suggest that 10% xylitol has the better antidiabetic effects compared to 2.5% and 5.0% and it can be used as an excellent antidiabetic sweetener and food supplement in antidiabetic foods.
This study investigated the antidiarrheal and cytotoxic effects of methanol, petroleum ether, chl... more This study investigated the antidiarrheal and cytotoxic effects of methanol, petroleum ether, chloroform and aqueous fractions of Pandanus foetidus leaf extract. Antidiarrheal effect was measured in castor oil induced- diarrhea, -enteropooling and -gastrointestinal motility (GI) test models in albino mice. Cytotoxicity was investigated in brine shrimp lethality bioassay. All data were analyzed by the software, statistical package for social science (SPSS), Version 18.0. The extracts (200 mg/kg) showed a remarkable antidiarrheal activity by reducing the number of defecation and maintaining the consistency of feces. The petroleum ether, chloroform and aqueous fraction of the extract significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited the diarrheal incidence at the dose of 200 mg/kg. Castor oil induced enteropooling and fluid accumulation was significantly reduced by methanol and chloroform fraction, whereas gastrointestinal motility was shrunk by the aqueous fraction only. Loperamide was used as a reference drug in the above mentioned models. In cytotoxicity test, the lowest LC50 was found to be 106.97 μg/ml by the chloroform fraction of the extract. The results demonstrated that Pandanus foetidus extract could be used as pharmaceutical preparation of anti-diarrheal and cytotoxic agent obtained from appropriate solvent system.
The mud crab Scylla serrata is an export fishery item in Bangladesh and the supply for export and... more The mud crab Scylla serrata is an export fishery item in Bangladesh and the supply for export and for domestic consumption is mainly dependent on wild sources. The aim of the present study is to isolate and identify the Vibrio bacteria from wild mud crab and their surrounding waters from the Chakoria coast of Bangladesh and to investigate their antibiotic resistances. Live crabs were collected, washed and dissected into shells, gills, guts and muscle tissues and plated onto thiosulphate citrate bile salts sucrose (TCBS) agar media and tryptone soy agar (TSA). Based on the morphological, biochemical and physiological characteristics, in addition API 20E and 20NE test strip, the isolated species were Vibrio alginolyticus, V. cholerae, V. harveyi, V. fluvialis, V. parahaemolyticus and V. mimicus. Among them V. harveyi was the dominantly isolated species. All the bacterial isolates showed sensitive to ciprofloxacin (91.90%), chloramphenicol (83.79%) and norfloxacin (83.78%) and resistant to ampicillin, erythromycin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, neomycin, oxytetracycline, penicillin, streptomycin and tetracycline. Much variation was observed in bacterial populations among the tissues. A total of 82 bacterial strains consisting of 6 bacterial species from various tissues of wild mud crab in which highest numbers of bacteria were observed in the gills and lowest numbers in muscle tissue. The study is helpful to assess the safety of human food concern regarding the multi-resistant Vibrio bacteria found in edible mud crab. Keywords: Wild mud crab, Scylla serrata, Antibiotic resistant
This research investigated the antioxidant potential of Momordica charantia fruit extracts
in eth... more This research investigated the antioxidant potential of Momordica charantia fruit extracts in ethanol and ethyl acetate. The extracts have been assessed for DPPH free radical scavenging effect, FeCl3 reducing power and superoxide scavenging effect. In DPPH method IC50 value of ascorbic acid, ethanol and ethyl acetate extract were found 2.19 μg/ml, 111.87 μg/ml and 157.03 μg/ml respectively. In power reducing method, IC50 value of ascorbic acid ethanol and ethyl acetate extract were found 50 μg/ml, 931.63 μg/ml and 754.86 μg/ml respectively. In super oxide scavenging method, IC50 value of curcumin , ethyl acetate and ethanol extract were found 29.51 μg/ml, 331.26 μg/ml and 489.77 μg/ml respectively. The results of all three in vitro antioxidant assays exhibited that M. charantia possess relatively moderate antioxidant property than standards. The data obtained in the in vitro models clearly establish the antioxidant potency of the fruits extracts.
This research evaluated the phytochemical contents as well as the analgesic, cytotoxic, and antim... more This research evaluated the phytochemical contents as well as the analgesic, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial effects of the methanolic extract of Alpinia nigra leaf. Phytochemical analysis was carried out using established methods. The analgesic effects of the extract were measured with the formalin test and tail immersion test. The antibacterial activity of the extract was evaluated using the disc diffusion technique. Cytotoxicity was assessed with the brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance using statistical software (SPSS, Version 19.0). The qualitative phytochemical screening of A. nigra leaf extract showed the presence of medicinally active secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, anthraquinone glycosides, and saponins. The extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg revealed a prevailed central nociception increasing the reaction time in response to thermal stimulation. The extract also showed a response to chemical nociceptors, causing pain inhibition in the late phase. The leaf extract (2 mg/disc) showed mild antibacterial activity compared to tetracycline (50 mg/disc). In the brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the LC50 (lethal concentration 50) value of the extract was found to be 57.12 mg/mL, implying a promising cytotoxic effect. The results evidenced the moderate analgesic and antibacterial effects with pronounced cytotoxic capability.
The antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic properties of methanol extract of Urtica crenulata (... more The antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic properties of methanol extract of Urtica crenulata (syn: Laportea crenulata Gaud) stem has been investigated in the present study. The antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of the Urtica crenulata methanol extract were assessed by DPPH free radical scavenging method and brine shrimp lethality bioassay method, respectively. The antibacterial activity of the plant extract (500 μg/disc) was also carried out by disc diffusion technique. Stem extract showed DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging effect compared with ascorbic acid. IC50 value of ascorbic acid and stem extract was found 14.72 μg/ml and 1468.9 μg/ml, respectively. In antibacterial experiment, Urtica crenulata stem extract showed 8, 14 and 10 mm of diameter of zone inhibition against Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei, respectively and 9 and 8 mm of diameter of zone inhibition against Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus but no activity was observed against Staphylococcus aureus. In brine shrimp lethality assay, the LC50 value of the extract was found 104.0 μg/ml, which indicates that the extract has high cytoxic effect. The present study demonstrates that methanol extract of Urtica crenulata stem has significant cytotoxic effect. The extract also showed some moderate antibacterial and minimum significant antioxidant effects.
Tukey's post hoc test for multiple comparisons. In a dose-dependent response, A. conyzoides and E... more Tukey's post hoc test for multiple comparisons. In a dose-dependent response, A. conyzoides and E. sonchifolia extracts inhibited 49.85 and 39.47% of acetic acid induced pain at the highest dose 2.0 g/kg body weight (BW). These effects were statistically significant (P < 0.05) as compared to the reference drug, diclofenac sodium (40 mg/kg). A. conyzoides reduced 35.48% and E. sonchifolia reduced 38.70% of formalin induced pain by 2.0 g/kg which were also statistically significant (P < 0.05) as compared to morphine (0.5 mg/kg). In a time-dependent inhibition of carrageenan induced paw edema model, the extracts of A. conyzoides and E. sonchifolia promoted 50.23 and 48.11% inhibition of paw edema at the 4th hour of administration, respectively and the effects were statistically significant (P < 0.05). No mortality was observed in acute toxicity test. Observed results demonstrate an effective analgesic and anti-inflammatory potentials of the extracts to be used as complementary and alternative therapy.
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fractions of Leea macrophylla (Roxb.) crude extract were subjected to analysis for antioxidative effects. Rats were randomly divided
into four groups as normal control, hepatic control, and reference control (silymarin) group and treatment group. Evaluations were
made for the effects of the fractions on serum enzymes and biochemical parameters of CCl4-induced albino rat. Histopathological
screening was also performed to evaluate the changes of liver tissue before and after treatment. Different fractions of Leea
macrophylla showed very potent 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging effect, FeCl3 reducing effect, superoxide
scavenging effect, and iron chelating effect. Carbon tetrachloride induction increased the level of serumaspartate aminotransferase
(AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and other biochemical parameters such as lipid profiles,
total protein, and CK-MB. In contrast, treatment of Leea macrophylla reduced the serumaspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine
aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities as well as biochemical parameters activities. L. macrophylla
partially restored the lipid profiles, total protein, and CK-MB. Histopathology showed the treated liver towards restoration. Results evidenced that L. macrophylla can be prospective source of hepatic management in liver injury.
Methods: The sedative and anxiolytic activities of Pandanus foetidus extract (500 g) were tested using behavioural models of Swiss albino mice, and the analgesic activity was assessed by formalin-induced pain and tail immersion tests at 200 mg/kg body weight of the mice. The data were analysed by a one-way ANOVA, a repeated measure of ANOVA and a non-parametric test (Kruskal-Wallis test) using the SPSS software. Acute toxicity was tested using an established method.
Results: Compared with the aqueous fraction, the methanol, petroleum ether and chloroform fractions of the extract exhibited a more significant (P < 0.001) reduction of locomotor activity in the mice in the open field, hole-cross, and elevated plus maze (EPM). The methanol fraction maximized the duration of sleeping time caused by the thiopental sodium induction. The extract produced a significant step-down in pain, as shown by the paw licking time in the early and late phases of the formalin test. In the tail immersion test, the chloroform fraction maximally reduced the heat-induced analgesia. The extract was found to be non toxic.
Conclusion: The methanol, petroleum ether, and chloroform fractions of P. foetidus have strong CNS depressant and antinociceptive effects and thus merit further pharmaceutical studies
aspera (Labiatae) (L. aspera) alcoholic extract. Methods: Whole L. aspera powder was extracted abnyd a bbsrionleu tseh eritmhapn olel th(9a9l.i5t0y% a)s. sTahye. Retehsaunlotsli:c T ehxet reaxcttr awcat ss hsouwbjeedc tpeodt etnot arnatdiiocxaild ascnat,v eanngtiibnagc eteffreiactl (antioxidant) with IC50 value of (99.58依1.22) μg/mL which was significant (P<0.01) in comparison to
ascorbic acid with IC50 value of (1.25依0.95) μg/mL. In case of antibacterial screening, the extract
oshf oinwheidb intiootnabs laeg aanintisbta Gctrearmia lp eofsfietcivt ea gBaaincisltl utsh es utbetsitleisd [m(12ic.0r0o依b1ia.3l 2s) trmamin]s .a Snidg nBifaiccialnlut s( Pm<e0g.0a5t)e rziounme [(13.00依1.50) mm], Staphylococcus aureus [(8.00依0.50) mm] and Gram negative Salmonella typhi
[a(n6.d0 0V依ib0.r5io0 ) cmhomle]r, aSea [l(9m.0o0n依e0l.l6a6 )p marma]t ywpahsi o[(b8s.0e0r依ve1d.0.0 I)n m bmri]n,e S shhirgiemllpa ledtyhsaelnittye rbiaioea [s(s9a.0y0, 依th1.e3 2e)x tmramc]t showed the LC50 value as (181.68依2.15) μg/mL which was statistically significant (P<0.01) compared
to positive control vincristine sulfate [LC50=(0.76依0.04) μg/mL]. Conclusions: The results
dvaermioounss tprhataer mthaacto tlhoeg ice tahcatnivoelisc
argentea. The contents of phenolics, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, total carotenoids, β-carotene, chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b and lycopene
were 46.56 ± 0.06 mg tannic acid equivalent, 43.1 ± 2.04 mg catechin equivalent, 57.21 ± 1.09 mg catechin equivalent, 70.78 ± 4.03 mg, 11.44 ±
0.39 μg, 10.08 ± 1.67 mg, 5.45 ± 0.86 mg and 16.06 ± 0.40 μg respectively in 1 g of methanol extract. In-vitro antioxidant models studied the
total antioxidant capacity, FRAP assay, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity and reducing power
spectrophotometrically. The total antioxidant capacity was 67.93 ± 1.67 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g extract in molybdenum blue method and
150.83 ± 4.26 μ mol ascorbic acid/gm plant extract in FRAP assay. IC50 value of extract in DPPH assay was 3.35 ± 1.78, 502.33 ± 1.11 and
891.50 ± 2.01 μg/ml and in FRAPS assay, radical scavenging assay and reducing power assay respectively. The correlation between DPPH
scavenging potential and reducing power was 0.994.
Industrial relevance. The herb Argyrea argentea (Roxb.) is already evidenced for antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and analgesic
actions. It is also used by the traditional medicine practitioners of herbal medicine for gastric, tumor, marasmus, paralysis and spermaforrhoea.
The present study scientifically evaluated the phytochemical and antioxidative effects of A. argentea. Further detailed studies on this plant may
result in identification of of bioactive constituents for new therapeutic targets
study design, data collection, data interpretation, manuscript preparation, statistical analysis
and research grant collection. Authors AMTI, MAUC, MEU, MRH and MGMU participated in
experiments, data collection, literature search and manuscript preparation. Author MMR has
provided assistance in taxonomical identification and collections of voucher specimen’s
numbers for all the plants. Author MAR also supervised the study design, data interpretation
and literature search. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript
CdI2, Cd(NO3)2·6H2O, CdCl2·2H2O and Cd(ClO4)2·6H2O] in methanolic solution. Complexes of the
lbiyg apnodisso wneerde foinovde tseticghanteiqdu feo.r antibacterial activity by disc diffusion method and antifungal effect Results: The newly synthesized cadmium(II) complexes of the ligands were screened as potential antimicrobial agent against a number of medically important bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus,
Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae and Escherichia coli) and against two fungi c(Coamnpdliedxae sa albgiaciannsts baancdt eArisap earngdil lfuusn gaic uwleeraet ucso).m Tphaere gdr owwitthh tihneh isbtaitnindga radc atinvtiitbyi ootfi ct haem lpigicainlldins aanndd mcoamcrmoecryccilaicll yc oimmpploerxtaens tw aenrtei fufonugnadl atog ebnet ,m gorirsee foufunlgviitnox riec sapnedc tiavnetliyb.a cAtmeroianlg ththaenm t hseo mreef eorfe nthcee antifungal drug griseofulvin and antibacterial drug ampicillin respectively. Conclusions: Hexamethyltetraazacyclotetradecadiene ligands and its complexes could be considered as very potential antibacterial and antifungal agent with further investigation.
effects in animal models. Anti-inflammatory effect was investigated in carrageenan-induced paw
edema model in Albino rat with the doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg BW. Anti-nociceptive effect was measured
in acetic acid-induced pain, formalin-induced pain and thermal pain (hot plate test) models in Albino mice with
the doses of 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg BW. Significant (p<0.05) inhibition (63.82 ± 1.27%) of paw edema
compared to diclofenac sodium was achieved by 200 mg/kg of essential oil. Nociception in acetic acid-induced
writhing model and pain in formalin-induced model were also reduced by essential oil (400 mg/kg) significantly
compared to reference drugs diclofenac sodium and morphine, respectively. Essential oil (400 mg/kg) reduced
the thermal pain in early and late phases of hot plate model significantly compared to morphine. Maximum
possible effect (%MPE) for essential oil was achieved by 600 mg/kg at the 60th min of treatment in hot plate
model. Results evidenced that essential oil from Alpinia calcarata could be processed to use as an alternative
source of inflammatory and nociceptive treatment
long been used as anti‑inflammatory, antiviral, antimalarial, anti‑mitotic, antitumor, and anti‑HIV in different parts of the world.
Aims: The aim was to investigate the antidiarrheal and thrombolytic effect of W. indica leaf extract. Settings and Design: Sample
collection, identification, solvent extraction, and crude extract preparations were led to evaluate the antidiarrheal effect in in vivo
model and the thrombolytic effect in in vitro model. Materials and Methods: Castor oil‑induced diarrhea and enteropooling assays
and gastrointestinal motility tests were used to examine the in vivo antidiarrheal activity in Wistar albino rat. In vitro clot lysis model
was undertaken to investigate the thrombolytic action of the extract. Data were analyzed using statistical software (Statistical Package
for Social Science, SPSS, version 19.0, SPSS Inc., USA). Results: The diarrheal episode was inhibited by 18.64% and 28.96% for the
methanol extract at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, respectively. The extract significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the intestinal volume
and intestinal transit in comparison to control. The extract also reduced the rate of defecation, accumulation of fluid, and transit of
charcoal oil. The extract showed a moderate thrombolytic effect compared to the reference control. Conclusion: Methanol extract of
W. indica might be triggered the premonition of novel drug discovery in the future due to its antidiarrheal effect in the animal model.
medicinal systems in Sri Lanka. Alpinia calcarata is cultivated in tropical countries, including Sri Lanka, India, and Malaysia.
Experimentally, rhizomes of Alpinia calcarata are shown to possess antibacterial, antifungal, anthelmintic, antinociceptive,
anti‑inflammatory, antioxidant, aphrodisiac, gastroprotective, and antidiabetic activities. Phytochemical screening revealed
the presence of polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, steroid glycosides and alkaloids in the extract and essential oil of this plant.
Essential oil and extracts from this plant have been found to possess wide range of pharmacological and biological activities.
This article provides a comprehensive review of its ethnomedical uses, chemical constituents and the pharmacological
profile as a medicinal plant. Particular attention has been given to the pharmacological effects of the essential oil of Alpinia
calcarata in this review so that the potential use of this plant either in pharmaceutics or as an agricultural resource can
be evaluated.
Phytochemical metabolites of those plants have been identified to elucidate whether the plant-derived metabolites are linked with
the thrombolytic effects. Potential computer aided models were adopted in this study to find out a structure-function correlation
between the phytochemical constituents and thrombolytic effects using the secondary metabolites as ligands and tissue plasminogen
activator (t-PA) as receptor for the best fit ligand-receptor interaction
13 medicine system. It has long been used in gastrointestinal discomfort, skin diseases, epilepsy and analgesia. This
14 research investigated the in vitro antimicrobial activity of Bacopa monnieri leaf extract against Staphylococcus aureus
15 and the interaction of possible compounds involved in this antimicrobial action.
16 Methods: Non-edible plant parts were extracted with ethanol and evaporated in vacuo to obtain the crude extract.
17 A zone of inhibition studies and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of plant extracts were evaluated
18 against clinical isolates by the microbroth dilution method. Docking study was performed to analyze and identify
19 the interactions of possible antimicrobial compounds of Bacopa monnieri in the active site of penicillin binding
20 protein and DNA gyrase through GOLD 4.12 software.
21 Results: A zone of inhibition studies showed significant (p < 0.05) inhibition capacity of different concentrations of
22 Bacopa monnieri’s extract against Staphylococcus aureus. The extract also displayed very remarkable minimum
23 inhibitory concentrations (≥16 μg/ml) which was significant compared to that (≥75 μg/ml) of the reference
24 antibiotic against the experimental strain Staphylococcus aureus. Docking studies recommended that luteolin, an
25 existing phytochemical of Bacopa monnieri, has the highest fitness score and more specificity towards the DNA
26 gyrase binding site rather than penicillin binding protein.
27 Conclusions: Bacopa monnieri extract and its compound luteolin have a significant antimicrobial activity against
28 Staphylococcus aureus. Molecular binding interaction of an in silico data demonstrated that luteolin has more
29 specificity towards the DNA gyrase binding site and could be a potent antimicrobial compound.
of the major factors that threaten people’s health and lives in the world. The present treatments for thrombosis are
still unsatisfactory. Herbal preparations have been used since ancient times for the treatment of several diseases.
The aim of this study was to investigate whether herbal preparations possess thrombolytic activity or not.
Methods: An in vitro thrombolytic model was used to check the clot lysis effect of the crude extracts and fractions
of five Bangladeshi plant viz., Trema orientalis L., Bacopa monnieri L., Capsicum frutescens L., Brassica oleracea L. and
Urena sinuata L. using streptokinase as a positive control and water as a negative control. Briefly, venous blood
drawn from twenty healthy volunteers was allowed to form clots which were weighed and treated with the test
plant materials to disrupt the clots. Weight of clot after and before treatment provided a percentage of clot lysis.
Results: Using an in vitro thrombolytic model, different fractions of five Bangladeshi medicinal plants namely
T. orientalis, B. monnieri, C. frutescens, B. oleracea and U. sinuata showed various range of clot lysis activity. Chloroform
fractions of T. orientalis, B. monnieri, C. frutescens, B. oleracea and U. sinuata showed highest significant (P < 0.05 and
P < 0.001) clot lysis activity viz., 46.44 ± 2.44%, 48.39 ± 10.12%, 36.87 ± 1.27%, 30.24 ± 0.95% and 47.89 ± 6.83% respectively
compared with positive control standard streptokinase (80.77 ± 1.12%) and negative control sterile distilled water
(5.69 ± 3.09%). Other fractions showed moderate to low clot lysis activity. Order of clot lysis activity was found to be:
Streptokinase > Chloroform fractions > Methanol (crude) extract > Hydro-methanol fractions > Ethyl acetate fractions >
n-hexane fractions > Water.
Conclusions: Our study suggests that thrombolytic activity of T. orientalis, B. monnieri and U. sinuata could be
considered as very promising and beneficial for the Bangladeshi traditional medicine. Lower effects of other extracts
might suggest the lack of bio-active components and/or insufficient quantities in the extract. In vivo clot dissolving
property and active component(s) of T. orientalis and B. monnieri for clot lysis could lead the plants for their therapeutic
uses. However, further work will establish whether or not, chloroform soluble phytochemicals from these plants could
be incorporated as a thrombolytic agent for the improvement of the patients suffering from atherothrombotic diseases.
most effective dietary dose and organ-specific effects are still unclear. Six-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were
randomly divided into 5 groups: normal control (NC), diabetic control (DBC), diabetic xylitol 2.5% (DXL2.5), diabetic
xylitol 5.0% (DXL5), and diabetic xylitol 10.0% (DXL10). Diabetes was induced only in the animals in DBC and DXL
groups and considered diabetic when their nonfasting blood glucose level was >300 mg/dL. The DXL groups were
fed with 2.5%, 5.0%, and 10% xylitol solution, whereas the NC and DBC groups were supplied with normal drinking
water. After 4-wk intervention, body weight, food and fluid intake, blood glucose, serum fructosamine, liver glycogen,
serum alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, uric acid, creatinine, and most
serum lipids were significantly decreased, and serum insulin concentration, glucose tolerance ability, and pancreatic islets
morphology were significantly improved in the DXL10 group compared to the DBC group. The data of this study
suggest that 10% xylitol has the better antidiabetic effects compared to 2.5% and 5.0% and it can be used as an excellent
antidiabetic sweetener and food supplement in antidiabetic foods.
in ethanol and ethyl acetate. The extracts have been assessed for DPPH free radical
scavenging effect, FeCl3 reducing power and superoxide scavenging effect. In DPPH
method IC50 value of ascorbic acid, ethanol and ethyl acetate extract were found 2.19
μg/ml, 111.87 μg/ml and 157.03 μg/ml respectively. In power reducing method, IC50 value
of ascorbic acid ethanol and ethyl acetate extract were found 50 μg/ml, 931.63 μg/ml and
754.86 μg/ml respectively. In super oxide scavenging method, IC50 value of curcumin ,
ethyl acetate and ethanol extract were found 29.51 μg/ml, 331.26 μg/ml and 489.77 μg/ml
respectively. The results of all three in vitro antioxidant assays exhibited that M. charantia
possess relatively moderate antioxidant property than standards. The data obtained in the
in vitro models clearly establish the antioxidant potency of the fruits extracts.
effects of the methanolic extract of Alpinia nigra leaf. Phytochemical analysis was carried out using
established methods. The analgesic effects of the extract were measured with the formalin test and tail
immersion test. The antibacterial activity of the extract was evaluated using the disc diffusion technique.
Cytotoxicity was assessed with the brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Data were analyzed with one-way
analysis of variance using statistical software (SPSS, Version 19.0). The qualitative phytochemical
screening of A. nigra leaf extract showed the presence of medicinally active secondary metabolites such
as alkaloids, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, anthraquinone glycosides, and
saponins. The extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg revealed a prevailed central nociception increasing the
reaction time in response to thermal stimulation. The extract also showed a response to chemical
nociceptors, causing pain inhibition in the late phase. The leaf extract (2 mg/disc) showed mild antibacterial
activity compared to tetracycline (50 mg/disc). In the brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the LC50
(lethal concentration 50) value of the extract was found to be 57.12 mg/mL, implying a promising cytotoxic
effect. The results evidenced the moderate analgesic and antibacterial effects with pronounced
cytotoxic capability.