Drafts by Nina Natroshvili
Without comprehending the groundbreaking phenomena of industrial revolution, we won't be able to ... more Without comprehending the groundbreaking phenomena of industrial revolution, we won't be able to understand the world as it is now, with its flaws and advantages, to name a few-"high-tech innovations, increased global wealth, social injustices, global migration patterns, and environmental degradation." 1 Regarding its exact time frame there are difference of opinions among scholars. By Eric Hobsbawm, for example, starting from1780s, to establishing "mature industrial economy" in around 1840s is suggested. The dual revolution (French-British, French taking more political turn) let Europe expand and on the other hand let the world later counter react. 2 The breaking out of the Industrial Revolution in the Hobsbawm's words meant the taking off the shackles of "the productive power of human societies, which henceforth became capable of the constant, rapid and up to the present limitless multiplication of men, goods and services." 3 The term Industrial Revolution is generally accepted and also preferred by Hobsbawm, although we should mention that there was time when certain conservative historians were denying its occurrence and ascribing terms such as "accelerated evolution." 4 According to Italian idealist philosopher, historian and politician Benedetto Croce, all history is contemporary history, meaning,
European Studies Review, 2021
Georgia is in an association process with the European Union. The Association Agreement (AA) betw... more Georgia is in an association process with the European Union. The Association Agreement (AA) between the parties which entered into force in 2016 is a complex framework for further political and economic integration. Establishing and enforcing core labor standards is a significant part of the agreement, but until 2013 only regressive steps were taken. Despite readiness for cooperation on a rhetorical level, the labor inspection was abolished in 2006 and the existing Labor Code was virtually nonfunctional. Since the transfer of power from the United National Movement to the Georgian Dream Coalition, two major political parties in Georgia, priorities have been reevaluated and on the legislative level certain adjustments have taken place. However, an effective enforcement mechanism is still absent. The EU has a positive but passive influence on labor standards in Georgia. In this regard, changes in domestic politics, in particular the reevaluated priorities of the new political elite, play a critical role. Economic and Political Transitions Georgia went to different extremes, from Soviet-type economic planning to total deregulation of the market, with a civil war in between, where the state lost its main function as sovereign protector of the lives and property of its citizens. Both extremes eminently affected the power of the workers and the tradition of organized resistance. The year 1994 saw the lowest GDP per capita of approximately 520 USD. 1 From 1995 onwards Georgia witnessed a short period of relative stability and during this time several changes took place. The Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA) was signed between EU and Georgia, the death penalty was abolished, and Georgia became a member of the Council of Europe. It was also then that Georgia's importance as a transit country increased when it started two important regional projects-the Baku-Tbilisi-Cayhan oil pipeline and the Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum gas pipeline, two supply pipelines connecting Central Asia with Georgia creating strategic "East-West corridor." 2 The later period is again characterized by a crisis and a political corruption which culminated in the "Rose revolution." The economic policies pursued by the new political elite were inspired by the political philosophy of rightlibertarianism. Under this framework, the only course for economic development was by foreign direct investments (FDI), and all reforms were directed to this aim. Liberalization of foreign trade and mass privatization had increased FDI rates in 2006-2007, 3 but it came along with rising inequality in the distribution of income. 4 Poverty and unemployment remained as major problems. 1 'GDP per Capita (Current US$)' (World Bank, n.d.), https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=GE. For a comparison, in the similar year for Germany it was around 27,000. 2 "Only passage from Europe into the Eurasian Heartland that is not controlled by Russia.
Case of Swedish and German trade unions vis-à-vis minimum wage policy
Papers by Nina Natroshvili
Thesis Chapters by Nina Natroshvili
Alexei Yurchak refers to it as last soviet generation (Yurchak 2006).
Book Reviews by Nina Natroshvili
Slovenský národopis / Slovak Ethnology, 2024
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Drafts by Nina Natroshvili
Papers by Nina Natroshvili
Thesis Chapters by Nina Natroshvili
Book Reviews by Nina Natroshvili