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Arnau Garcia

Institut Català d'Arqueologia Clàssica, Grup d'Investigació en Arqueologia del Paisatge, Post-Doc

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Papers by Arnau Garcia

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This paper presents an integrated Geoarchaeological approach to Holocene landscape change and soc... more This paper presents an integrated Geoarchaeological approach to Holocene landscape change and socioenvironmental interaction around ancient Abdera, a Greek colony in Aegean Thrace. A combination of remote sensing, geomorphological mapping, sedimentary coring, and radiocarbon dating was used to build the first detailed Holocene sea-level curve in the Northern Aegean, and to reconstruct the palaeogeographic evolution around Abdera from the Neolithic onwards. The discussion of these results, alongside the available archaeohistorical data, sheds new light on the role of historical and environmental factors in the rise and eventual decline of Abdera, thereby challenging previous narratives. This study is the first to detect evidence of the Neolithic landscapes in this coastal area being submerged by marine transgression c. 5000 cal. BC. A lagoonal landscape developed from the Neolithic until Greek colonists settled in the area c. 654 BC. The results presented here suggest that the relocation of the city in the 4th century BC was not caused by the silting up of the bay but was due to historical events. The coastal progradation only became significant after 300 cal. BC and accelerated in the following centuries. Based on the data acquired, it is hypothesized that this was due to anthropogenic forcing of the sedimentary systems both at local and regional levels, caused by the development of the productive activities of the colony. The evidence presented here demonstrates that while Abdera retained good access to the sea, its decline in the 4th c. AD was certainly due to the gradual shift of the economic axis inland. By 400 cal. AD the coastline was very close to its current position. The results of this study also add to the catalogue of known tsunamis in the Northern Aegean, by providing new evidence of a tsunami on this section of the Thracian coast in 544 AD.

New developments in drone-based automated surface survey: Towards a functional and effective survey system

by GIAP Landscape Archaeology Research Group, Arnau Garcia, Iban Berganzo Besga, Juergen Landauer, and Sergi Tres-Martínez

Archaeological Prospection, 2021

This paper presents new developments on drone‐based automated survey for the detection of individ... more This paper presents new developments on drone‐based automated survey for the detection of individual items or fragments of material culture visible on the ground surface. Since the publication of our original proof of concept, awarded with the Journal of Archaeological Science and Society for Archaeological Sciences Emerging Investigator Award 2019, additional funding has allowed us to implement a series of improvements to the method. These aim to improve detection capabilities and the extraction of items' shapes and increase flight autonomy, control, area covered per flight and the type of environments in which the method can be applied while reducing computing needs, processing time and expertise necessary for its application. This paper provides an account of the methods followed to achieve these objectives, their preliminary results and the current development for their implementation into a free and open‐source system that can be used by the archaeological community at large.

format_quoteCollaboration with HEMAV will yield a high-resolution camera, improving detection capability and survey speed.format_quote

Potential of deep learning segmentation for the extraction of archaeological features from historical map series

by GIAP Landscape Archaeology Research Group, Arnau Garcia, Kristen Hopper, and Cameron Petrie

Archaeological Prospection, 2021

Historical maps present a unique depiction of past landscapes, providing evidence for a wide rang... more Historical maps present a unique depiction of past landscapes, providing evidence for a wide range of information such as settlement distribution, past land use, natural resources, transport networks, toponymy and other natural and cultural data within an explicitly spatial context. Maps produced before the expansion of large-scale mechanized agriculture reflect a landscape that is lost today. Of particular interest to us is the great quantity of archaeologically relevant information that these maps recorded, both deliberately and incidentally. Despite the importance of the information they contain, researchers have only recently begun to automatically digitize and extract data from such maps as coherent information, rather than manually examine a raster image. However, these new approaches have focused on specific types of information that cannot be used directly for archaeological or heritage purposes. This paper provides a proof of concept of the application of deep learning techniques to extract archaeological information from historical maps in an automated manner. Early twentieth century colonial map series have been chosen, as they provide enough time depth to avoid many recent large-scale landscape modifications and cover very large areas (comprising several countries). The use of common symbology and conventions enhance the applicability of the method. The results show deep learning to be an efficient tool for the recovery of georeferenced, archaeologically relevant information that is represented as conventional signs, line-drawings and text in historical maps. The method can provide excellent results when an adequate training dataset has been gathered and is therefore at its best when applied to the large map series that can supply such information. The deep learning approaches described here open up the possibility to map sites and features across entire map series much more quickly and coherently than other available methods, opening up the potential to reconstruct archaeological landscapes at continental scales.

Automated detection of archaeological mounds using machine-learning classification of multisensor and multitemporal satellite data

by Cameron Petrie, GIAP Landscape Archaeology Research Group, and Arnau Garcia

PNAS, 2020

This paper presents an innovative multisensor, multitemporal machine-learning approach using remo... more This paper presents an innovative multisensor, multitemporal machine-learning approach using remote sensing big data for the detection of archaeological mounds in Cholistan (Pakistan). The Cholistan Desert presents one of the largest concentrations of Indus Civilization sites (from ca. 3300 to 1500 BC). Cholistan has figured prominently in theories about changes in water availability , the rise and decline of the Indus Civilization, and the transformation of fertile monsoonal alluvial plains into an extremely arid margin. This paper implements a multisensor, multitemporal machine-learning approach for the remote detection of archaeological mounds. A classifier algorithm that employs a large-scale collection of synthetic-aperture radar and multispectral images has been implemented in Google Earth Engine, resulting in an accurate probability map for mound-like signatures across an area that covers ca. 36,000 km 2. The results show that the area presents many more archaeological mounds than previously recorded, extending south and east into the desert, which has major implications for understanding the archaeological significance of the region. The detection of small (<5 ha) to large mounds (>30 ha) suggests that there were continuous shifts in settlement location. These shifts are likely to reflect responses to a dynamic and changing hydrological network and the influence of the progressive northward advance of the desert in a long-term process that culminated in the abandon-ment of much of the settled area during the Late Harappan period. multitemporal and multisensor satellite big data | machine learning | archaeology | Indus Civilization | virtual constellations A rtificial mounds are a characteristic feature of permanent and semipermanent settlement locations in past cultural landscapes, particularly on sedimentary plains, but also in arid and semiarid regions. These mounds can be readily visible due to their prominence and shape, and the fact that they are composed of accumulated debris such as mud bricks and pottery sherds, which creates specific soil with distinct color and surface texture. These characteristics make them detectable using different methods, and their number and distribution have seen them play an important role in addressing questions about the formation of early urbanism, states, and economic systems. The use of remote sensing (RS) to detect and map archaeological mounds has been attempted in many parts of the world (1-4). Much research has focused on arid and semiarid areas in the Levant and the Near East, where the geomorphological and sedimentary properties of mounds make them highly visible in digital elevation models and aerial and satellite imagery (5). Mounds can also leave specific multispectral soil signatures in highly anthropized landscapes with leveled or irrigated fields (6). When available, the use of declassified historical photographs such as CORONA imagery has been critical to the detection of mounds (7-9). Georeferenced historical map series have also been used solely or in combination with contemporary declas-sified data (10-14). In recent years, RS-based archaeological research has gradually incorporated machine-learning techniques and algorithms that facilitate the automated detection of sites and features. Most of those applications have focused on the detection of small-scale features using high-resolution data-sets such as lidar (15) or WorldView imagery (16-18). In the Near East, Menze and Ur (19) applied a random forest (RF) classifier over a multitemporal collection of ASTER imagery to identify probable anthrosols. Some other attempts have used multitemporal data to monitor archaeological sites and human impact such as urban sprawl and looting (20-22). The detection of anthropic signatures, such as those that characterize mounded sites, across a very large area, remains seldom attempted, presumably due to the large computational resources, coding expertise , and large amount of satellite data required. Significance This paper illustrates the potential of machine learning-based classification of multisensor, multitemporal satellite data for the remote detection and mapping of archaeological mounded settlements in arid environments. Our research integrates multitemporal synthetic-aperture radar and multispectral bands to produce a highly accurate probability field of mound signatures. The results largely expand the known concentration of Indus settlements in the Cholistan Desert in Pakistan (ca. 3300 to 1500 BC), with the detection of hundreds of new sites deeper in the desert than previously suspected including several large-sized (>30 ha) urban centers. These distribution patterns have major implications regarding the influence of climate change and desertification in the collapse of the largest of the Old-World Bronze Age civilizations.

Automated detection of archaeological mounds using machine-learning classification of multisensor and multitemporal satellite data

by Arnau Garcia and Adam S Green

PNAS

This paper presents an innovative multisensor, multitemporal machine-learning approach using remo... more This paper presents an innovative multisensor, multitemporal machine-learning approach using remote sensing big data for the detection of archaeological mounds in Cholistan (Pakistan). The Cholistan Desert presents one of the largest concentrations of Indus Civilization sites (from ca. 3300 to 1500 BC). Cholistan has figured prominently in theories about changes in water availability , the rise and decline of the Indus Civilization, and the transformation of fertile monsoonal alluvial plains into an extremely arid margin. This paper implements a multisensor, multitemporal machine-learning approach for the remote detection of archaeological mounds. A classifier algorithm that employs a large-scale collection of synthetic-aperture radar and multispectral images has been implemented in Google Earth Engine, resulting in an accurate probability map for mound-like signatures across an area that covers ca. 36,000 km 2. The results show that the area presents many more archaeological mounds than previously recorded, extending south and east into the desert, which has major implications for understanding the archaeological significance of the region. The detection of small (<5 ha) to large mounds (>30 ha) suggests that there were continuous shifts in settlement location. These shifts are likely to reflect responses to a dynamic and changing hydrological network and the influence of the progressive northward advance of the desert in a long-term process that culminated in the abandon-ment of much of the settled area during the Late Harappan period. multitemporal and multisensor satellite big data | machine learning | archaeology | Indus Civilization | virtual constellations A rtificial mounds are a characteristic feature of permanent and semipermanent settlement locations in past cultural landscapes, particularly on sedimentary plains, but also in arid and semiarid regions. These mounds can be readily visible due to their prominence and shape, and the fact that they are composed of accumulated debris such as mud bricks and pottery sherds, which creates specific soil with distinct color and surface texture. These characteristics make them detectable using different methods, and their number and distribution have seen them play an important role in addressing questions about the formation of early urbanism, states, and economic systems. The use of remote sensing (RS) to detect and map archaeological mounds has been attempted in many parts of the world (1-4). Much research has focused on arid and semiarid areas in the Levant and the Near East, where the geomorphological and sedimentary properties of mounds make them highly visible in digital elevation models and aerial and satellite imagery (5). Mounds can also leave specific multispectral soil signatures in highly anthropized landscapes with leveled or irrigated fields (6). When available, the use of declassified historical photographs such as CORONA imagery has been critical to the detection of mounds (7-9). Georeferenced historical map series have also been used solely or in combination with contemporary declas-sified data (10-14). In recent years, RS-based archaeological research has gradually incorporated machine-learning techniques and algorithms that facilitate the automated detection of sites and features. Most of those applications have focused on the detection of small-scale features using high-resolution data-sets such as lidar (15) or WorldView imagery (16-18). In the Near East, Menze and Ur (19) applied a random forest (RF) classifier over a multitemporal collection of ASTER imagery to identify probable anthrosols. Some other attempts have used multitemporal data to monitor archaeological sites and human impact such as urban sprawl and looting (20-22). The detection of anthropic signatures, such as those that characterize mounded sites, across a very large area, remains seldom attempted, presumably due to the large computational resources, coding expertise , and large amount of satellite data required. Significance This paper illustrates the potential of machine learning-based classification of multisensor, multitemporal satellite data for the remote detection and mapping of archaeological mounded settlements in arid environments. Our research integrates multitemporal synthetic-aperture radar and multispectral bands to produce a highly accurate probability field of mound signatures. The results largely expand the known concentration of Indus settlements in the Cholistan Desert in Pakistan (ca. 3300 to 1500 BC), with the detection of hundreds of new sites deeper in the desert than previously suspected including several large-sized (>30 ha) urban centers. These distribution patterns have major implications regarding the influence of climate change and desertification in the collapse of the largest of the Old-World Bronze Age civilizations.

What happened in the highlands? Characterising Pyrenean livestock practices during the transition from the Iron Age to the Roman period

by Lídia Colominas and Arnau Garcia

Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 2020

Abundant literature shows that on Western European lowlands, the transition from the Middle Iron ... more Abundant literature shows that on Western European lowlands, the transition from the Middle Iron Age to the early Roman period involved major changes in livestock practices, with the emergence of specialised and selective animal husbandry. Very little information is available about how the Roman conquest affected mountain livestock practices, despite them being of crucial importance for understanding the integration of mountain regions in the economy of the Roman Empire. To characterise this activity and evaluate its economic importance, we applied a combined archaeozoological and field survey approach to the eastern Pyrenees as a study case. The interrelation of these data was also contextualised with the available palaeoenvironmental record. This interdisciplinary approach allowed us to document an intensive and specialised animal husbandry in the mountains, probably focused on sheep, that would have involved a more intensive use of the highlands and the creation and maintenance of pastoral grasslands. We propose that these changes should be linked to greater pressure on the lowland pastures and an increased demand for wool as a result of the incorporation of eastern Pyrenees into the Roman market economy.

A brave new world for archaeological survey: Automated machine learning- based potsherd detection using high-resolution drone imagery

Journal of Archaeological Science, 2019

Archaeological pedestrian survey is one of the most popular techniques available for primary dete... more Archaeological pedestrian survey is one of the most popular techniques available for primary detection of archaeological sites and description of past landscape use. As such it is an essential tool not just for the understanding of past human distribution, economy, demography and so on but also for cultural heritage management and protection. The most common type of pedestrian surface survey consists of fieldwalking relatively large tracts of land, recording the dispersion of items of material culture, predominantly pottery fragments, by teams of archaeologists and students. This paper presents the first proof of concept for the automated recording of material culture dispersion across large areas using high resolution drone imagery, photogrammetry and a combination of machine learning and geospatial analysis that can be run using the Google Earth Engine geos-patial cloud computing platform. The results show the potential of this technique, under appropriate field circumstances , to produce accurate distribution maps of individual potsherds opening a new horizon for the application of archaeological survey. The paper also discusses current limitations and future developments of this method.

Re-Discovering Ancient Landscapes: Archaeological Survey of Mound Features from Historical Maps in Northwest India and Implications for Investigating the Large-Scale Distribution of Cultural Heritage Sites in South Asia

by Adam S Green, Aftab Alam, Arnau Garcia, Francesc C. Conesa, Amit Ranjan, and Cameron Petrie

Remote Sensing, 2019

Incomplete datasets curtail the ability of archaeologists to investigate ancient landscapes, and ... more Incomplete datasets curtail the ability of archaeologists to investigate ancient landscapes, and there are archaeological sites whose locations remain unknown in many parts of the world. To address this problem, we need additional sources of site location data. While remote sensing data can often be used to address this challenge, it is enhanced when integrated with the spatial data found in old and sometimes forgotten sources. The Survey of India 1" to 1-mile maps from the early twentieth century are one such dataset. These maps documented the location of many cultural heritage sites throughout South Asia, including the locations of numerous mound features. An initial study georeferenced a sample of these maps covering northwest India and extracted the location of many potential archaeological sites-historical map mound features. Although numerous historical map mound features were recorded, it was unknown whether these locations corresponded to extant archaeological sites. This article presents the results of archaeological surveys that visited the locations of a sample of these historical map mound features. These surveys revealed which features are associated with extant archaeological sites, which were other kinds of landscape features, and which may represent archaeological mounds that have been destroyed since the maps were completed nearly a century ago. Their results suggest that there remain many unreported cultural heritage sites on the plains of northwest India and the mound features recorded on these maps best correlate with older archaeological sites. They also highlight other possible changes in the large-scale and long-term distribution of settlements in the region. The article concludes that northwest India has witnessed profound changes in its ancient settlement landscapes, creating in a long-term sequence of landscapes that link the past to the present and create a foundation for future research and preservation initiatives.

Remote Sensing and Historical Morphodynamics of Alluvial Plains. The 1909 Indus Flood and the City of Dera Ghazi Khan (Province of Punjab, Pakistan)

by Arnau Garcia, Adam S Green, and Cameron Petrie

Geosciences, 2019

This paper explores the historical inundation of the city of Dera Ghazi Kkan (Punjab, Pakistan) i... more This paper explores the historical inundation of the city of Dera Ghazi Kkan (Punjab, Pakistan) in 1909. The rich documentation about this episode available—including historic news reports, books and maps—is used to reconstruct the historical dynamics between an urban settlement and the river morphodynamics in the Indus alluvial plain. Map and document-based historical regressive analysis is complemented with the examination of images obtained through different Remote Sensing techniques, including the use of new algorithms specifically developed for the study of topography and seasonal water availability which make possible to assess long-term changes in the Indus River basin. This case of study provides an opportunity to examine: (1) how historical hydrological dynamics are reflected in RS produced images; (2) the implications of river morphodynamics in the interpretation of settlement patterning; and (3) the documented socio-political responses to such geomorphological change. The results of this analysis are used to consider the long-term dynamics that have influenced the archaeo/cultural landscapes of the Indus River basin. This assessment provides critical insights for: (1) understanding aspects of the formation, preservation of representation of the archaeological record; (2) identifying traces of morphodynamics and their possible impact over the cultural heritage; and (3) offering insights into the role that recent historical documents can have in the interpretation of RS materials. This paper should be read in conjunction with the paper by Cameron Petrie et al. in the same issue of Geosciences, which explores the Survey of India 1” to 1-mile map series and outlines methods for using these historical maps for research on historical landscapes and settlement distribution

Petrie, Orengo, Green, Walker, Garcia, Conesa, Knox, Singh_Mapping archaeology while mapping an empire_Geosciences_2019

by Cameron Petrie, Arnau Garcia, and Adam S Green

Geosciences, 2019

A range of data sources are now used to support the process of archaeological prospection, includ... more A range of data sources are now used to support the process of archaeological prospection, including remote sensed imagery, spy satellite photographs and aerial photographs. This paper advocates the value and importance of a hitherto under-utilised historical mapping resource-the Survey of India 1" to 1-mile map series, which was based on surveys started in the mid-late nineteenth century, and published progressively from the early twentieth century AD. These maps present a systematic documentation of the topography of the British dominions in the South Asian Subcontinent. Incidentally, they also documented the locations, the height and area of thousands of elevated mounds that were visible in the landscape at the time that the surveys were carried out, but have typically since been either damaged or destroyed by the expansion of irrigation agriculture and urbanism. Subsequent reanalysis has revealed that many of these mounds were actually the remains of ancient settlements. The digitisation and analysis of these historic maps thus creates a unique opportunity for gaining insight into the landscape archaeology of South Asia. This paper reviews the context within which these historical maps were created, presents a method for georeferencing them, and reviews the symbology that was used to represent elevated mound features that have the potential to be archaeological sites. This paper should be read in conjunction with the paper by Arnau Garcia et al. in the same issue of Geosciences, which implements a research programme combining historical maps and a range of remote sensing approaches to reconstruct historical landscape dynamics in the Indus River Basin.

La tradición apócrifa de Eugenio de Toledo a la luz de un nuevo hallazgo epigráfico.

by Jaume Oliver-Bruy, Arnau Garcia, Lídia Colominas, and Abel Gallego Valle

AEVUM. RASSEGNA DI SCIENZE STORICHE, LINGUISTICHE E FILOLOGICHE, 2017

For the first time, we offer the edition of a latin hexameter considered by the specialists as ap... more For the first time, we offer the edition of a latin hexameter considered by the specialists as apocryphal of Eugenius of Toledo: first hexameter of Appendix's poem 26, In baculo. The text has been found in an inscription from Aiguafreda (Catalonia), which can be dated in the VII th century by its archaeological context. We connect the archaeological, paleographic and epigraphic data in order to propose a renewed point of view of a text whom nature has been only known through manuscripts written some centuries after the so called spurious au-tor's death.

Arqueología y TIC en la conservación, la investigación y la interpretación del patrimonio: el caso de los dólmenes de Serra de l'arca (Montseny, Barcelona)

by Jaume Oliver-Bruy, Arnau Garcia, and GIAP Landscape Archaeology Research Group

Rescate : del registro estratigráfico a la sociedad del conocimientoel patrimonio arqueológico como agente de desarrollo sostenible , 2016

Este doble volumen es resultado del Proyecto de Investigación Del registro estratigráfico a la so... more

Trazas viarias y poblamiento en un paisaje rural romano: análisis arqueomorfológico en el valle del río Congost (Barcelona)/ Paths and settlement in a Roman rural landscape: An archaeomorphological analysis in the Congost Valley (Barcelona, Spain)

by Arnau Garcia and GIAP Landscape Archaeology Research Group

The territorial organisation of rural areas in the context of the Roman Empire is a widely discus... more The territorial organisation of rural areas in the context of the Roman Empire is a widely discussed issue in archaeomorphological research but it is also a topic of great interest for the study of long-term landscapes dynamics. Most of these studies deal with large territorial management works related to known ancient cities. In this paper we propose a discussion about a study case carried out on a much more reduced scale, focused in a small river valley, placed in an inland area near Barcelona in the NorthEastern sector of the Iberian Peninsula. In this research both the analysis of road network from aerial photographs and the study of settlement patterns from the Archaeological Heritage database are complemented by fieldwork, survey and the regressive analysis of historical maps. A geomorphological study of the area is actually in progress. A significant relationship has been highlighted between an ancient Roman road and an intensive settlement network along this historical road axis. Settlement distribution along the studied stretch seems to show a pattern related to well-known measures used in Roman land-surveys. According to the chronology of these sites, this spatial organisation may coincide with the consolidation processes of a Roman urban network at the Tarra-conensis province. This process took place during the first century BC, especially from the second half of that century. In this paper, the results will be discussed and analysed in order to understand how far the data available allow us to interpret landscape organisation in relation to geomorphological and environmental dynamics.

Photogrammetric re-discovery of the hidden long-term landscapes of western Thessaly, central Greece

by GIAP Landscape Archaeology Research Group, Athanasia (Nancy) Krahtopoulou, and Arnau Garcia

Free access link: http://authors.elsevier.com/a/1RysK15SlTUT0H This paper introduces a novel wor... more Free access link:
http://authors.elsevier.com/a/1RysK15SlTUT0H

This paper introduces a novel workflow for the reconstruction of nowadays disappeared cultural landscapes based on the extraction of morphological information from historic aerial photographs. This methodology has been applied for the first time for the detection, classification and characterisation of upstanding, flattened and buried archaeological sites and various off-site ancient landscape features in the plain of Karditsa, western Thessaly. Although Thessaly has been the focus of prehistoric, and especially Neolithic, research in Greece, since the beginning of the 20th century, western Thessaly has not received as much archaeological attention and its archaeological record remains rather scanty. Moreover, an extensive land reclamation project implemented in the western Thessalian plain during the early 1970s resulted in the flattening of habitation tells and funerary sites of all periods. Thus, recognition of archaeological sites and relict landscape features becomes extremely difficult, whereas standard landscape analysis and application of mainstream Remote Sensing (RS) techniques based on multispectral satellite images are problematic.

Digital photogrammetric reconstruction techniques and the subsequent GIS-based treatment of the results allowed overcoming these challenging limitations: the combined use of pre-1970s aerial photographs with later imagery provided a powerful means to reconstruct the landscape before the land reclamation process, using a workflow designed to highlight photogrammetry-derived topographic differences and multi-temporal imagery analysis.

Hundreds of previously unknown mounded archaeological sites, as well as other ancient landscape traits such as roads, city grids and field systems were detected. More importantly, invaluable insights into the type and character of these archaeological features were gained, which would have been impossible to obtain by conventional RS techniques.

Arqueología del paisaje en el entorno de Lauro: una aproximación microrregional a la construcción del territorio romano en el noreste de la Península Ibérica

by Arnau Garcia and Josep Maria Palet Martinez

Landscape Archaeology in the surrounding of Lauro: A micro-regional approach to Roman territorial... more Landscape Archaeology in the surrounding of Lauro: A micro-regional approach to Roman territorial shaping in a north-eastern sector of the Iberian Peninsula:

The link between the place-name Lauro and the ancient history of the eastern part of Vallès region (Barcelona) is a constant throughout historiography. In this paper, this ancient Lauro serves as a guide to present the results of a research conducted in a small area, which due to archaeological data complexity has been of great interest to study the dynamics of territorial structuration in one of the first rural areas conquered by Rome outside the Italian peninsula.
From Landscape Archaeology conceptual and methodological tools, extensive and intensive archaeological surveys have been developed. The collected materials and the documented structural remains have allowed us to define settlement and human occupation in a chronology ranging from the development of indigenous (Iberian) societies to the consolidation of the Roman Empire –IVth BC-IIth AD–.
The results of these works set out the elements to analyse the impact of Roman conquest in settlement evolution at a micro-regional scale. The studied area may represent a model to contrast in other regions and to discuss in future works.
Key words: Cultural landscapes; archaeological surveys; settlement dynamics; Late Iron Age period; Roman
period; Eastern Vallès.

Human Land Use Strategies in a Mediterranean Mid-Mountain Landscape (Montseny Massif, Barcelona). Analysing Human Landscape Impact through Archaeological and Geomorphological Analysis

by Josep Maria Palet and Arnau Garcia

Landscape archaeology; sedimentology; settlement patterns; field systems.

format_quoteThree phases of landscape shaping identified from archaeological studies: Iron Age, Medieval, and Modern.format_quote

Landscape Systems and Human Land-Use Interactions in Mediterranean Highlands and Littoral Plains during the Late Holocene: Integrated Analysis from the InterAmbAr Project (North-Eastern Catalonia)

by Yannick MIRAS and Arnau Garcia

eTopoi, Journal of Ancient Studies. in Wiebke Bebermeier – Robert Hebenstreit – Elke Kaiser – Jan Krause (eds.), Landscape Archaeology. Proceedings of the International Conference Held in Berlin, 6th – 8th June 2012, 2012

Una aproximació arqueològica als paisatges del massís del Montseny: resultat de les campanyes de prospecció en espais supraforestals (Matagalls - pla de la Calma) i del peu del massís (Samalús)

by Marta Flórez, Josep Maria Palet, Arnau Garcia, and GIAP Landscape Archaeology Research Group

ABSTRACT Full-text: http://www1.diba.cat/llibreria/lstDetall_Publicacions.asp?Opener=Libreria&amp... more

Human Land Use Strategies in a Mediterranean Mid-Mountain Landscape (Montseny Massif, Barcelona). Analysing Human Landscape Impact through …

by GIAP Landscape Archaeology Research Group and Arnau Garcia

eTopoi. Journal for …, Jan 1, 2012

Landscape archaeology; sedimentology; settlement patterns; field systems.

Human Land Use Strategies in a MediterraneanMid-Mountain Landscape (Montseny Massif, Barcelona). Analysing Human Landscape Impact through Archaeological and Geomorphological Analysis

by Arnau Garcia and Itxaso Euba

Landscape archaeology; sedimentology; settlement patterns; field systems.

format_quoteIntensive occupation during the Iron Age is characterized by abundant archaeological remains, marking significant human settlement.format_quote