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Patrick Hayes

Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition (IHMC), Research, Department Member

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Papers by Patrick Hayes

The nature of heuristics

Artificial Intelligence, 1982

Builders of expert rule-based systems attribute the impressive performance of their programs to t... more Builders of expert rule-based systems attribute the impressive performance of their programs to the corpus of knowledge they embody: a large network of facts to provide breadth of scope, and a large array of informal judgmental rules (heuristics) which guide the system toward plausible paths to follow and away from implausible ones. Yet what is the nature of heuristics? What is the source of their power? How do they originate and evolve? By examining two case studies, the AM and EURISKO programs, we are led to some tentative hypotheses: Heuristics are compiled hindsight, and draw their power from the various kinds of regularity and continuity in the world; they arise through specialization, generalization, and-surprisingly often-analogy. Forty years ago, Polya introduced Heuretics as a separable field worthy of study. Today, we are finally able to carry out the kind of computationintensive experiments which make such study possible.

Contexts in context

Context in Knowledge Representation and Natural Language, AAAI Fall Symposium, Nov 1, 1997

This purpose of this note is lexicographic rather than theoretical: to tease apart some of the me... more This purpose of this note is lexicographic rather than theoretical: to tease apart some of the meanings of the word'context'as it is used in the technical literature. I will distinguish four different kinds of context and the presuppositions that lie behind them. I hope to clarify what I believe to be a difference between two intellectual traditions, each of which brings a different collection of unspoken assumptions.

Categories and Subject Descriptors H.5.2 User Interfaces – Graphical user interfaces (GUI)

Abstract. Capturing and exploiting knowledge is at the heart of several important problems such a... more Abstract. Capturing and exploiting knowledge is at the heart of several important problems such as decision making, the semantic web, and intelligent agents. The captured knowledge must be accessible to subject matter experts so that the knowledge can be easily extended, queried, and debugged. In our previous work to meet this objective, we created a knowledgeauthoring system based on graphical assembly from components that allowed acquisition of an interestingly broad class of axioms. In this paper, we explore the question: can we expand the axiom classes acquired by building on our existing graphical methods and still retain simplicity so that people with minimal training in knowledge representation can use it? Specifically, we present techniques used to capture ternary relations, classification rules, constraints, and if-then rules.

As part of a larger project, one of our goals is to enable users, not trained in AI, to be able t... more As part of a larger project, one of our goals is to enable users, not trained in AI, to be able to pose questions to an inference-capable knowledge base (KB), and receive acceptable answers. In particular, we wish the system to support answering a wide variety of questions, including longer questions which may include scenario descriptions, without requiring users to formulate their queries in predicate logic directly. In this paper, we present the approach we have developed to deal with this problem, based on the creation of a ...

Finite Models in RDF (S), with Datatypes

Addressing time intervals

One of the fundamental questions regarding the temporal ontology is what is time composed of. Whi... more One of the fundamental questions regarding the temporal ontology is what is time composed of. While the traditional time structure is based on a set of points, a notion that has been prevalently adopted in classical physics and mathematics, it has also been noticed that intervals have been widely adopted for expre~sion of common sense temporal knowledge, especially in the domain of artificial intelligence. However, there has been a longstanding debate on how intervals should be addressed, leading to two different approaches to the treatment of intervals. In the first, intervals are addressed as derived objects constructed from points, e.g., as sets of points, or as pairs of points. In the second, intervals are taken as primitive themselves. This article provides a critical examination of these two approaches. By means of proposing a definition of intervals in terms of points and types, we shall demonstrate that, while the two different approaches have been viewed as rivals in the li...

Ontology-based knowledge discovery and sharing in bioinformatics and medical informatics: A brief survey

2010 Seventh International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery, 2010

Worldwide health scientists are producing, accessing, analyzing, integrating, and storing massive... more Worldwide health scientists are producing, accessing, analyzing, integrating, and storing massive amounts of digital medical data daily, through observation, experimentation, and simulation. If we were able to effectively transfer and integrate data from all possible resources, then a deeper understanding of all these data sets and better exposed knowledge, along with appropriate insights and actions, would be granted. Unfortunately, in many cases, the data users are not the data producers, and they thus face challenges in harnessing data in unforeseen and unplanned ways. In order to obtain the ability to integrate heterogeneous data, and thereby efficiently revolutionize the traditional medical and biological research, new methodologies built upon the increasingly pervasive cyberinfrastructure are required to conceptualize traditional medical and biological data, and acquire the "deep" knowledge out of original data thereafter. As formal knowledge representation models, ontologies can render invaluable help in this regard. In this paper, we summarize the state-of-the-art research in ontological techniques and their innovative application in medical and biological areas.

Toward generic, immersive, and collaborative solutions to the data interoperability problem which target end-users

Proceeding of the 2nd international workshop on Ontologies and nformation systems for the semantic web - ONISW '08, 2008

In this paper, we describe our vision of a "just-in-time" initiative to solve the Data Interopera... more In this paper, we describe our vision of a "just-in-time" initiative to solve the Data Interoperability Problem (a.k.a. INTEROP.) We provide an architectural overview of our initiative which draws upon existing technologies to develop an immersive and collaborative approach which aims at empowering data stakeholders (e.g., data producers and data consumers) with integrated tools to interact and collaborate with each other while directly manipulating visual representations of their data in an immersive environment (e.g., implemented via Second Life.) The semantics of these visual representations and the operations associated with the data are supported by ontologies defined using the Common Logic Framework (CL). Data operations gestured by the stakeholders, through their avatars, are translated to a variety of generated resources such as multi-language source code, visualizations, web pages, and web services. The generality of the approach is supported by a plug-in architecture which allows expert users to customize tasks such as data admission, data manipulation in the immersive world, and automatic generation of resources. This approach is designed with a mindset aimed at enabling stakeholders from diverse domains to exchange data and generate new knowledge.

Indexicality and deixis

Linguistics and Philosophy, 1993

and Annie Zaenen. I am also grateful for the uncommonly detailed comments of the anonymous referees.

format_quoteIndexicals' linguistic meaning doesn't determine the utterance's truth-conditions, potentially altering interpretations when used contextually.format_quote

Abstracting Information

Clinical Nursing Research, 2003

Theorem Proving for Verification: The Early Days

2010 25th Annual IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science, 2010

Primitive Intervals versus Point-Based Intervals: Rivals or Allies?

The Computer Journal, 2005

The notion of time is a very interesting and exciting subject both in science and everyday life. ... more The notion of time is a very interesting and exciting subject both in science and everyday life. One of the fundamental questions is: what is time composed of? While the traditional time structure is based on a set of points, a notion that has been prevalently adopted in classical physics and mathematics, it has also been noticed that intervals have been widely adopted for expression of commonsense temporal knowledge, especially in the domain of artificial intelligence. However, there has been a long-standing debate on whether intervals should be treated as primitive or not, leading to two different approaches to the treatment of intervals. In the first, intervals are modelled as derived objects constructed from points, e.g. sets of points, or pairs of points. In the second, intervals are taken as primitive themselves. This article provides a critical examination of these two approaches. By means of proposing a definition of intervals in terms of points and types, we shall demonstrate that, while the two different approaches have been viewed as rivals in the literature, they are actually reducible to logically equivalent expressions under some requisite interpretations, and therefore they can also be viewed as allies.

format_quoteExamines rival approaches to intervals, demonstrating they are logically equivalent under certain interpretations, potentially unifying the discourse.format_quote

Graph-Based Acquisition of Expressive Knowledge

Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2004

Capturing and exploiting knowledge is at the heart of several important problems such as decision... more Capturing and exploiting knowledge is at the heart of several important problems such as decision making, the semantic web, and intelligent agents. The captured knowledge must be accessible to subject matter experts so that the knowledge can be easily extended, queried, and debugged. In our previous work to meet this objective, we created a knowledgeauthoring system based on graphical assembly from components that allowed acquisition of an interestingly broad class of axioms. In this paper, we explore the question: can we expand the axiom classes acquired by building on our existing graphical methods and still retain simplicity so that people with minimal training in knowledge representation can use it? Specifically, we present techniques used to capture ternary relations, classification rules, constraints, and if-then rules.

Behavioural specification of grid services with the KAoS policy language

CCGrid 2005. IEEE International Symposium on Cluster Computing and the Grid, 2005., 2005

Complex services in Service-Oriented Architectures such as the Grid typically require to be confi... more Complex services in Service-Oriented Architectures such as the Grid typically require to be configured in multiple ways that cannot be anticipated by service designers; we illustrate this requirement by studying the myGrid registry, a Grid Registry capable of supporting annotations of service descriptions by third-party users. Instead, services have to be conceived so that they can be configured at deployment and run time. We argue that KAOS is a powerful and flexible language that can help define such configurations. Using our registry case study, we examine the requirements that the definition of such complex configurations brings on policy languages and explain how they can be satisfied. Specifically, we use role-value maps to express constraints between property values; we introduce a notion of PolicySet with associated parameters that support constraints within a well defined scope; finally, we define a notion of Context that allows us to refer to property values that were extant in past execution environments. Essentially, these concepts allow us to add constraints to values in policy definitions, to organise policies in coherent and structure blocks, and to refer to the execution history. The paper discusses these concepts and how they are implemented in a binding of the KAOS policy language to the myGrid Registry.

The model driven semantic web

1st International Workshop on the Model-Driven Semantic Web (MDSW2004), Monterey, California, USA, 2004

Researchers in knowledge representation and practitioners of the OMG's Model Driven Architec... more Researchers in knowledge representation and practitioners of the OMG's Model Driven Architecture��(MDA) are beginning to recognize that there is overlap in these technologies and that there may be synergies that could be exploited to enable new, breakthrough capabilities in software engineering. The purpose of this paper is to highlight some of the commonalities and unique characteristics of each that may benefit the other and discuss areas of potential synergy. We also summarize features of the current draft revised ...

Intellectual archeology

ACM SIGART Bulletin, 1995

We urge that an introductory course in AI should present a firm enough intellectual foundation to... more We urge that an introductory course in AI should present a firm enough intellectual foundation to enable students to counter the many arguments being made against the subject's validity or coherence. Such foundations are not found in the history of the subject, on which many current texts spend too much time.

Cognitive Orthoses: Toward Human-Centered AI

by Ken Ford and Patrick Hayes

AI Magazine

This introduction focuses on how human-centered computing (HCC) is changing the way that people t... more This introduction focuses on how human-centered computing (HCC) is changing the way that people think about information technology. The AI perspective views this HCC framework as embodying a systems view, in which human thought and action are linked and equally important in terms of analysis, design, and evaluation. This emerging technology provides a new research outlook for AI applications, with new research goals and agendas.

doi:10.1093/comjnl/bxh151 Primitive Intervals versus Point-Based Intervals: Rivals or Allies?

The notion of time is a very interesting and exciting subject both in science and everyday life. ... more The notion of time is a very interesting and exciting subject both in science and everyday life. One of the fundamental questions is: what is time composed of? While the traditional time structure is based on a set of points, a notion that has been prevalently adopted in classical physics and mathematics, it has also been noticed that intervals have been widely adopted for expression of commonsense temporal knowledge, especially in the domain of artificial intelligence. However, there has been a long-standing debate on whether intervals should be treated as primitive or not, leading to two different approaches to the treatment of intervals. In the first, intervals are modelled as derived objects constructed from points, e.g. sets of points, or pairs of points. In the second, intervals are taken as primitive themselves. This article provides a critical examination of these two approaches. By means of proposing a definition of intervals in terms of points and types, we shall demonstra...

Collaborative knowledge capture in ontologies

This paper describes a new environment, COE, for capturing and formally representing expert knowl... more This paper describes a new environment, COE, for capturing and formally representing expert knowledge for use in the Semantic Web. COE exploits the ease of use and rapid knowledge construction capabilities of the CmapTools concept mapping system and extends them to support the import and export of formal, machine-interpretable knowledge representations, such as OWL, across multiple ontologies. Pragati’s Expozé tool suite complements COE’s ontology construction, browsing and navigation features by providing cluster-based search capabilities that expose existing reusable concepts relevant to the user’s focus of attention.

COE: Tools for Collaborative Ontology Development and Reuse

The meaningful integration and comprehen-sion of data from many different sources poses a difficu... more The meaningful integration and comprehen-sion of data from many different sources poses a difficult challenge for the Intelligence Com-munity. Establishing the underlying semantics of that data and developing semantics for new or specialized scenarios is a key part of the so-lution to that challenge. The emerging Seman-tic Web technologies address this challenge by developing an 'open network ' of formally de-scribed concepts, in which the publication of a formal ontology allows other users to re-use concepts when describing new knowledge. This vision requires that the tasks of knowl-edge entry and review are conducted in an en-vironment providing direct, intuitive access to the formally defined meanings of existing concepts, and tools to determine relationships between concepts which may have been com-posed in isolation from each other. We outline this vision and describe an initial implementa-tion of a software suite, Collaborative Ontol-ogy Environment (COE), which uses...