Papers by FOREX Publication
International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research , Dec 30, 2024
Real-time monitoring of several parameters such as the current and the rated power is provided by... more Real-time monitoring of several parameters such as the current and the rated power is provided by this design. Users become more conscious of their consumption with specifications based on recorded data using this design. Additionally, it enables users to quickly identify abnormal issues such as spikes that result in device failure. Also, this design offers remote access to received data by cloud platforms with mobile applications. This study evaluates the performance of an Energy Monitoring distributed among 17 electrical devices in three houses over a period of 30 days. The design demonstrated high accuracy and minimal error in its readings for the related devices with effectively capturing detailed energy consumption values. Based on results, the analysis of power and current efficiency at different power levels reveals notable performance variations. House 1 runs efficiently at low power levels; yet, efficiency levels indicate higher power levels with (96% ,97%) power and current reading efficiency respectively. House 2's efficiency at medium power displays more pronounced inefficiencies than House 1's, although it still keeps its current efficiency constant with (90% ,97%) power and current reading efficiency respectively. House 3 demonstrates that it is ideally adapted to handle high power levels, exhibiting the highest overall efficiency in high power conditions with (97% ,98%) power and current reading efficiency respectively. The extra power in every case shows how well help users to use this design with the extra reading power for other devices or reducing house power to reduce in electrical bill cost.
International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research, 2024
This research article presents the comprehensive design and analysis of a 2.45 GHz RF power ampli... more This research article presents the comprehensive design and analysis of a 2.45 GHz RF power amplifier operating at 40 dBm using GaN technology. The amplifier is built around the CGH40010F transistor and employs a Linearization with Nonlinear Components Method (LINC) for enhanced linearity. The study outlines the design methodology, including the selection of the CGH40010F transistor and the application of the LINC technique. It investigates the amplifier's performance characteristics, including power output, linearity, and efficiency at the 2.45 GHz frequency. The findings reveal a robust Class-AB GaN power amplifier capable of delivering 40 dBm of power while maintaining excellent linearity, making it suitable for demanding RF applications. The utilization of GaN technology and the LINC method demonstrates the potential for achieving high-performance amplifiers in modern wireless communication systems. In conclusion, this article provides valuable insights into the design and linearization of high-power GaN amplifiers, showcasing the capabilities of the CGH40010F transistor and the effectiveness of the LINC technique for achieving superior performance in RF power amplification.
International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research , 2024
All living things, including humans, depend on water to survive, as do other species. Regretfully... more All living things, including humans, depend on water to survive, as do other species. Regretfully, water contamination has become a significant worldwide issue because of industrialization and irresponsible consumption. Moreover, low-quality water is poisonous to entire ecosystems due to its hazardous chemical and microbial contents. The issue is made much more dangerous by the lack of accessible tools for monitoring water quality other than costly laboratory tests. In this study, we developed an integrated system to measure water quality using the Internet of Things. Among the sensors, the system makes use of are Turbidity, pH (potential of hydrogen), TDS (Total Dissolved Solids), and water temperature. The embedded system is involved in this project as well. It will help with the establishment of wireless data transmission and sensor device detection. We employed LoRa technology alongside a cellular network ensuring effective communication. Firebase was utilized as the backend platform to securely store and manage the sensor data. The information can be tracked via a mobile or online application. Based on the sensor data, the water environment's quality was assessed and problems with the water's quality were anticipated to prevent the spread of contamination.
International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research, 2024
The selection of features is a crucial part of machine learning and data mining. The feature sets... more The selection of features is a crucial part of machine learning and data mining. The feature sets that are used for classification are always prone to having redundant and correlated features that can affect the performance. The goal of this study is to remove redundant and irrelevant features from the system and retain only relevant ones. This study presents Beetle-Swarm optimization process which involves selecting the features from a segmented image with a Random Forest classifier. The process is performed through a series of steps such as pre-processing, feature extraction, and feature classification. Two objective functions are used to perform the process: image entropy and accuracy function. The proposed method is evaluated on publicly available Kaggle brain tumor dataset. The results of the study revealed that the BSO+RF approach performed well compared to other techniques such as the PSO, ABC, and MVO. The proposed BSO+RF outperforms other similar algorithms in terms of accuracy. It has a performance of 0.8% compared to PSO, while it is slightly better than ABC, and slightly better than MVO. The performance of the proposed BSO+RF algorithm is also higher than that of the comparative techniques, with a learning percentage of 80. It has a low FDR value of less than PSO, ABC, and MVO, which suggests that it has better performance The proposed BSO-RF technique is more accurate than the existing algorithms when it comes to training and testing. In addition, it requires less features to achieve better accuracy. This results in faster computing time and more accuracy. This study presents a new approach to predict cancer using the combination of Beetle Swarm Optimization (BSO) and Random Forest. Beetle-swarm optimization is used to find threshold. This is used to segment the tumor from MR images resulting in better accuracy.
International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research, 2024
Many have long aimed to create a safe electronic voting system that maintains the confidentiality... more Many have long aimed to create a safe electronic voting system that maintains the confidentiality and integrity of traditional voting methods while using the convenience and openness of modern technology. Ballot paper or electronic voting machines are the current voting schemes in every nation, and democratic voting is a significant event in every country. Problems with these procedures abound, including lack of openness, poor voter turnout, vote manipulation, mistrust of the election body, forgery of unique identification (voter ID card), delays in disseminating results, and, most importantly, security breaches. Prioritizing the security of digital voting is of utmost importance when contemplating implementing a digital voting system. The article assesses the objective of building a blockchain-based e-voting system [BC-E-VOT] that uses digital voting technology. Electronic voting methods that leverage the distributed ledger attract much attention because they can make digital voting more transparent, secure, and honest. As shown in this research, a successful strategy for electronic voting may be achieved by using Blockchain's cryptographic underpinnings and transparency. Due to its complete transparency, the suggested approach satisfies the essential criteria for electronic voting systems. Since Blockchain employs a decentralized mechanism for data storage rather than storing all of the data in one central place, it becomes challenging to tamper with the data when utilizing this technology to build a decentralized application. By creating a decentralized system using the WSN platform, a third party is no longer needed to oversee the election's access control. This article provides a system for electronic voting that guarantees privacy, trustworthiness, and security. The suggested approach is practical and secure, according to the findings.
International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research, 2024
Single Ended Primary Inductance Converter (SEPIC) which is commonly devoted as a switched power s... more Single Ended Primary Inductance Converter (SEPIC) which is commonly devoted as a switched power supply in many applications is presented in this work to conclude the effect of switching frequency on the output voltage time response, elements values, spectral analysis of output voltage and efficiency. For this goal, three circuits of SEPIC converters were designed at switching frequencies of 100KHZ, 400KHZ and 600KHZ. The operating conditions of the three circuits which include input voltage range, output voltage value, output voltage ripple and inductor ripple current are kept the same while the inductors and capacitors of the converters are calculated according to each switching frequency. The LTC1871 controller is utilized to produce a required duty cycle (D) to drive the converter. The implementation of the circuits was carried out using LTspice XVII. The results show that the higher switching leads to better time response of the output voltage with small values of passive components of the converter. However, the efficiency of the converter is decreased and the noise due to harmonics is increased. Therefore, the selection of switching frequency must be set accurately according to converter functions.
International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research , 2024
Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) in computer vision applications, enables retrieval of images... more Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) in computer vision applications, enables retrieval of images reflecting user intent. Traditionally CBIR is based on image processing techniques. With the emergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI), it is now possible to realize CBIR using learning-based approaches. Particularly deep learning techniques such as Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) are efficient for image analysis. In this paper, we proposed a framework known Medical Content Based Image Retrieval System (MCBIRS), which exploits pre-trained CNN variants for retrieving medical images based on image input. The framework has an offline phase for extracting visual features from training data and an online phase for processing given user queries. The descriptors obtained by CNN variants in the offline phase are persisted in a database. These are later used in the online phase to compute the distance between persisted descriptors and input image descriptor. A set of closely matching images are returned against the query image based on similarity. We proposed an algorithm known as Learning-based Medical Image Retrieval (LbMIR) to realize MCBIRS. We also implemented a re-ranking of results retrieved by the framework using other techniques. The performance of LbMIR is evaluated and compared with the state-of-the-art methods such as Bag of Visual Words (BoVW) and Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG). Empirical results using medical image dataset revealed that CNN variants outperformed BoVW and HOG methods. On test data, the highest performance is achieved by the proposed system with 90% mean top-k precision, demonstrating its practical implications. On the training data highest performance is achieved by proposed system (CNN variants) re-ranked with HOG with 92.30% mean top-k precision.
International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research, 2024
The performance of an off-grid solar Photovoltaic (PV) system with Battery Energy Storage (BES) d... more The performance of an off-grid solar Photovoltaic (PV) system with Battery Energy Storage (BES) depends on the system's location. Incorporating climatic variables such as solar irradiance, ambient and cell temperatures into the modelling of PV systems helps predict the system's appropriate behaviour. The paper discusses the impact of variations in seasonal irradiance, temperature, and system location on the optimum sizing of a standalone solar PV-BES system for minimum total annual cost using Improved Particle Swarm Optimization. Three locations: Pune (Maharashtra), Ladakh (Jammu and Kashmir), India, and Rafsanjan (Iran) with extreme weather conditions (winter and summer) are identified to analyze the effect for optimum sizing of PV-battery energy systems. In addition, the optimum system sizing is analyzed for lead acid and lithium-ion batteries for both seasons. The results indicate that the system's size and cost are significantly affected due to changes in location, temperature, and seasonal irradiance. Assuming the same load demand in both seasons, the number of lithium-ion batteries required is less than that of lead acid batteries, proving their cost-effectiveness. The study gives a comprehensive techno-economic analysis of the PV-BES system considering climatic variations at three locations for two battery chemistries.
International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research , 2024
Terahertz (THz) transmission is a promising strategy for future 6G networks, offering ultra-wide ... more Terahertz (THz) transmission is a promising strategy for future 6G networks, offering ultra-wide bandwidth. Effective channel modeling and precoding techniques are essential for achieving required coverage and addressing significant path loss in THz communications. In this paper, we comprehensively examine the major THz precoding algorithms for future 6G networks, focusing on their significant challenges and prospects. We discriminate between millimeter-wave and THz channels and uncover issues with THz precoding, such as distance-dependent direction loss, beam split impact, and excessive power usage. To solve these issues, three distinct THz precoding systems, such as hybrid precoding, analog beamforming, and delay-phase precoding, are introduced and their performance is compared.
International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research, 2024
This paper presents the design and implementation of a Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) integra... more This paper presents the design and implementation of a Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) integrated with a motor drive system. The MMC topology offers numerous advantages such as improved voltage waveform quality, reduced harmonics, and enhanced reliability, making it an attractive choice for high-power motor drive applications. The proposed system architecture is modular in nature, facilitating scalability and flexibility to meet varying power requirements. Design considerations including sub module configuration, control strategies, and modulation techniques are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the practical implementation aspects of the MMC with the motor drive system are presented, addressing challenges related to hardware realization, control algorithm implementation, and performance evaluation. Experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed system in achieving high-quality output voltage waveforms and efficient motor operation across a range of operating conditions. Overall, the presented design and implementation offer a promising solution for high-power motor drive applications, leveraging the benefits of modular multilevel converter technology.
International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research , 2024
A directional pattern reconfigurable array with high gain is proposed in this paper in which each... more A directional pattern reconfigurable array with high gain is proposed in this paper in which each antenna element is an array of driven and parasitic arc dipoles. The elements can be selectively excited using RF switches and power dividers to produce high gain patterns in desired single or multiple directions. By providing optimum spacing to array elements via stacking, gain can be further improved by exciting multiple elements simultaneously. The array resonates at 5.8 GHz, which is an ISM frequency. The directivity and realized gain of the unit element are 12 dB and 10.2 dB respectively. We hereby present a configuration of stacked antennas suitably arranged on a mast, which can find application as a base station antenna for nextgeneration wireless communication systems to switch patterns having directivity 14.3 dB and realized gain 12.1 dB in multiple directions with a reasonable bandwidth of 500 MHz and efficiency of 70%.
International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research, 2024
This paper presents the performance comparison of various nonlinear elements in frequency multipl... more This paper presents the performance comparison of various nonlinear elements in frequency multiplying circuits for low power wireless applications. An analysis and design are derived. Passive frequency multipliers take advantage of the nonlinear behavior of passive circuit components. Passive frequency multipliers take advantage of the nonlinearity of passive circuit components. In this category, Schottky diodes and varactor diodes are used for frequency multiplication. We analyzed passive devices like resistive diodes (Schottky-barrier diodes) and nonlinear capacitors (varactors). The performance between frequency doubling System using Schottky diode and frequency doubling System using varactor diode is compared. Performance was evaluated in terms of output Voltage (mV), output frequency (MHz) and Output power (dBm). Frequency doubling System using Schottky diode is fast switching and more output voltage and power provides to the load side as compare to frequency doubling System using varactor diode. Input power-4.66 dBm given to frequency doubler using Schottky diode as well as varactor diode system. Output power-13.932 dBm for frequency doubling System using Schottky diode and-28.545 dBm for frequency doubling System using varactor diode is observed. We can use passive frequency doubler using Schottky diode for low power sensing application in wireless communication.
International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research, 2024
The Physical layer (PHY) is implemented with the new Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing ... more The Physical layer (PHY) is implemented with the new Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing (GFDM) scheme to increase the throughput of wireless systems in the present communication era. The GFDM system is combined with Multi-Input and Multi Output antenna system (MIMO GFDM) to achieve higher channel capacity and low out-of-coverage probability. Therefore, the MIMO-GFDM system is suffering from internal Inter-Carrier-Interference (ICI) and external Inter-Symbol-Interference (ISI) at the receiver. This makes the receiver design more complex and challenging. Therefore, to cancel the symbol interference in the MIMO-GFDM system, we have proposed a Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) based Zero-Forcing detection scheme for future wireless communications. To decouple unwanted symbols from the transmitted signal, we employed the precoding technique at the transmitter section and the weighted beam forming technique at the receiver section. Furthermore, a famous Water Filling Algorithm (WFA). The proposed scheme reduces the bit error rate to 1.98×10⁻⁴ at 10 dB, outperforming existing detection methods. The WFA improves power allocation efficiency, enhancing channel capacity by up to 3.74 bps/Hz/u in 4x4 MIMO setups.
International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research, 2024
Cardio Vascular Diseases (CVDs) pose an important global health challenge, contributing substanti... more Cardio Vascular Diseases (CVDs) pose an important global health challenge, contributing substantially to mortality rates worldwide. Electrocardiography (ECG) is a necessary diagnostic tool in the detection of CVDs. Manual analysis by medical experts, for ECG interpretation, is laborious and subject to interobserver variability. To overcome these limitations, automated categorization technique has gained prominence, enabling efficient CVDs classification. The major focus of this work is to utilize deep learning (DL) approach for the identification of CVDs using ECG signals. The presented work incorporates two hybrid models: one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) with Recurrent Hopfield Neural Network (1D-CNN-RHNN) and with Residual Network (1D-CNN-ResNet), to obtain important features from raw data and categorize them into different groups that correlate to CVD situation. The 1D-CNN-RHNN model achieved classification accuracy of 96.62% in the 4class classification of normal, coronary artery disease (CAD), myocardial infarction (MI), and congestive heart failure (CHF) and the 1DCNN-ResNet model achieved classification accuracy of 95.75% in the 5-class classification of normal, CAD, MI, CHF and cardiomyopathy. The proposed model's functionality is validated with medical ECG data, and its outcomes are evaluated using various measures. Experimental findings demonstrate that the proposed models outperform other existing approaches in categorizing multiple classes. Our suggested approach might potentially help doctors screen for CVDs using ECG signals and is capable of being verified with larger databases.
International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research , 2024
The objective of the paper is to exhibit the significance of the LiFi-based data transmission usi... more The objective of the paper is to exhibit the significance of the LiFi-based data transmission using light. LiFi is deployed in numerous applications such as security, augmented reality, intelligent transport system etc. as typical indoor localization is essential and is being done with mobile robots. This research article proposes a short range, indoor design, light fidelity model and discusses the simulations conducted for the LiFi model and the model is analyzed for various aspects that uses different LED light sources with Line of Sight (LOS) and without Non-Light of Sight (NLOS), different room sizes, different modulation formats, and simulation is also performed with and without noise models. The LiFi proposed model is designed to transfer data wirelessly with a data rate of 10 Gbps. The proposed results obtained is validated with other pervious LiFi works. Simulations results of our proposed model outperform the other previous LiFi works when operating under ideal circumstances with and without noise.
International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research, 2024
Harmonics are common in integrated power systems, especially with the increasing use of nonlinear... more Harmonics are common in integrated power systems, especially with the increasing use of nonlinear loads (NLL), such as those found in photo voltaic (PV) systems connected to the grid. Traditional LC filters Shunt active power filters (SAPF) have been developed to effectively correct harmonics and improve power quality performance. This study presents a three-phase voltage-fed SAPF implementation to mitigate harmonics using an artificial neural network (ANN) controller. The SAPF control system focuses on generating reference source currents to counterbalance the harmonic effects caused by NLL. The model's effectiveness is validated using experimental data gathered from a nonlinear load through MATLAB/Simulink simulations.
International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research, 2024
Wireless communication research is currently focused on 5G. On an FR4 substrate, a building-like ... more Wireless communication research is currently focused on 5G. On an FR4 substrate, a building-like structure with two slot-based planar multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna has been designed. dielectric constant is 4.3, and the substrate thickness is 1.6mm. The proposed antenna is designed and simulated for 5G applications using CST microwave studio and HFSS at 24.25GHz, 29.25GHz, and 32.40GHz. According to the simulated results, the VSWR is lower than 3:1 and the return loss at both ports is-43.27dB,-60.55dB, and-42.61dB at 29.25GHz, 34.20GHz, and 34.075GHz resonating frequencies respectively. Isolation between both ports is better. At 24.25GHz, 29.25GHz, and 32.40GHz the proposed design achieves a gain of 5.1dBi, 5.5dBi, and 3.5dBi respectively. The structure is fabricated and measurement is carried out. The simulated and the measured results shows good agreement.
International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research, 2024
This research introduces an optimization design of an ultra-wideband (UWB) half-circular planar a... more This research introduces an optimization design of an ultra-wideband (UWB) half-circular planar antenna using genetic algorithm. The optimization process is conducted using an Application Programming Interface (API) links two softwares; MATLAB environment and ANSYS HFSS software. The UWB antenna design includes a semi-circular patch element, the UWB behavior is obtained using truncated ground plane incorporating a rectangular slot cut out of the ground. Genetic algorithm is exploited to optimize the length of partial ground plane and the size and position of the rectangular slot. The overall size of the antenna is 28×29×1.6 mm 3. Using the proposed fitness function, the ultra-wide band antenna configuration achieves an extensive impedance bandwidth spanning approximately 14.76 GHz (139.38%), covering frequencies from 3.21 GHz to 17.97 GHz for reflection loss S11 less than-10dB. The findings also indicate that the antenna exhibits a favorable peak gain of 3.7-6.24 dB in the desired band. Therefore, the proposed methodology proofs to be effective to acquire the best UWB behavior of the antenna.
International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research (IJEER) , 2024
This research paper presents an innovative approach to maximizing power extraction from solar pho... more This research paper presents an innovative approach to maximizing power extraction from solar photovoltaic (PV) arrays under partial shading conditions by employing the Hippopotamus Optimization Algorithm (HOA). Partial shading is a common issue that significantly reduces the efficiency of PV systems by creating multiple local maxima on the P-V curve, thereby challenging conventional Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) methods. To address this, we propose an adaptive reconfiguration strategy for the PV array, optimized using HOA, which successfully moderates the impacts of shading and enhances overall energy yield. The Hippopotamus Optimization Algorithm, inspired by the foraging behavior of hippopotamuses, is utilized for its robust global search capabilities and fast convergence. The algorithm dynamically adjusts the arrangement of the PV module to locate and maintain operation at the global maximum power point. Our methodology involves simulating various shading scenarios and evaluating the performance of HOA-based reconfiguration against traditional MPPT techniques. Simulation results demonstrate a significant improvement in power extraction efficiency, with the HOA-based reconfiguration strategy consistently achieving higher power output compared to conventional methods. Additionally, the proposed system exhibits enhanced adaptability to changing shading patterns, ensuring reliable performance in diverse environmental conditions. The findings highlight the potential of the Hippopotamus Optimization Algorithm as a powerful tool for optimizing PV schemes, particularly in scenarios where shading is inevitable. This study contributes to the advancement of renewable energy technologies by offering a novel solution for improving the efficiency and reliability of solar PV arrays.
International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research (IJEER) , 2024
The current energy side of the battery is indicating in a percentage level is called state of cha... more The current energy side of the battery is indicating in a percentage level is called state of charge (SOC). Nickel-metal hydride and lithium-ion batteries are a type of rechargeable battery. The chemical response at the positive electrode in nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries is like that in nickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries, as both use nickel oxide hydroxide NiO(OH). However, while NiCd cells use cadmium, NiMH batteries feature a hydrogen-absorbing alloy in their negative electrodes. NiMH batteries provide two to three times the capacity and a significantly higher energy density compared to NiCd batteries of the same size. The research was mainly focused on the aspect of SoC of Ni-MH and Lion batteries with operation of an electric vehicle with total weights of 600 kg was investigated using MATLAB/Simulink.
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Papers by FOREX Publication