Jack Lu

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Papers by Jack Lu

Nonlocality and particle-clustering effects on the optical response of composite materials with metallic nanoparticles

Applied Physics a Materials Science Processing, May 30, 2010

The optical properties of composites with metallic nanoparticles are studied, taking into account... more The optical properties of composites with metallic nanoparticles are studied, taking into account the effects due to the nonlocal dielectric response of the metal and the coalescing of the particles to form clusters. An approach based on various effective medium theories is followed, and the modeling results are compared with those from the cases with local response and particles randomly distributed through the host medium. Possible observations of our modeling results are illustrated via a calculation of the transmission of light through a thin film made of these materials. It is found that the nonlocal effects are particularly significant when the particles coalesce, leading to blue-shifted resonances and slightly lower values in the dielectric functions. The dependence of these effects on the volume fraction and fractal dimension of the metal clusters is studied in detail.

format_quoteThis study uniquely investigates both particle clustering and nonlocal optical effects, crucial for accurate modeling in nanophotonics.format_quote

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ChemInform Abstract: Metal-Organic Frameworks Based Upon Non-zeotype 4-Connected Topology

ChemInform, 2014

ABSTRACT In order to further design and successfully prepare for the functional metal-organic fra... more ABSTRACT In order to further design and successfully prepare for the functional metal-organic framework materials, it is essential to understand the fundamental correlations between the composition, physical properties and topology of the underlying nets. In this review, we focus on recent advances in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) that possess more common non-zeotype 4-connected topological nets (such as sql, kag, nbo, lvt, cds, qtz, dia, lon, pts, ect.), and discuss the synthetic strategies of non-zeotype 4-connected MOFs and their related properties. In particular, we emphasize how to establish basic design principles and synthetic methodology to construct the same topological MOFs with different functions using specifically designed organic linkers.

Oxalate and 2,2′-bipyrimidine as bis-chelating ligands in the honeycomb layered compound {[Fe2(bpym)(ox)2]·5H2O}n

New Journal of Chemistry, 2002

The novel two-dimensional iron (II) compound of formula {[Fe 2 (bpym)(ox) 2]· 5H 2 O} n (1)[bpym=... more

A mixed-valence Cu(I)–Cu(II) and metal–metal bond containing coordination polymer obtained from an in situ oxidation reaction route

Inorganica Chimica Acta, 2006

A new mixed-valence copper coordination polymer with copper-copper metal bonds in a two-dimension... more A new mixed-valence copper coordination polymer with copper-copper metal bonds in a two-dimensional network was generated from an in situ oxidation reaction route under hydrothermal conditions. The synthesis of this coordination polymer demonstrated that the novel compounds that may not be accessible using the known methods could be synthesized via an oxidation reaction route. The reaction conditions are mild enough to keep the building blocks intact during the oxidation and self-assembly process under hydrothermal conditions.

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A New Type of Two-Dimensional Metal Coordination Systems: Hydrothermal Synthesis and Properties of the First Oxalate−bpy Mixed-Ligand Framework [M(ox)(bpy)] (M = Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Zn(II); ox = C2O42-; bpy = 4,4‘-bipyridine)

Inorganic Chemistry, 1999

A new family of two-dimensional metal coordination polymers with the general formula ∞ 2 [M(ox)(b... more A new family of two-dimensional metal coordination polymers with the general formula ∞ 2 [M(ox)(bpy)] (M ) Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Zn(II); ox ) C 2 O 4 2-; bpy ) 4,4′-bipyridine) have been designed and synthesized via hydrothermal routes. Quantitative yields were obtained in all cases. The title compounds ∞ 2 [Fe(ox)(bpy)] (I), , and ∞ 2 [Zn(ox)(bpy)] (IV) represent the first coordination network structure constructed by bridging oxalate and 4,4′-bpy mixed ligands. I-IV are isostructural and belong to the orthorhombic crystal system, space group Immm (No. 71). The noninterpenetrated structure contains octahedral metal centers coordinated by two oxalate and two bpy ligands to form a two-dimensional layered network. Within each layer, relatively large rectangular voids are formed by four adjacent metal centers and the ligands bonded to them. The approximate dimensions of these cavities are 4 × 7 × 10 Å in the composite three-dimensional structures. Magnetic susceptibility and field-dependent magnetization measurements revealed spontaneous magnetic ordering with transition temperatures of 12, 13, and 26 K for I, II, and III, respectively. The types of ordering are interpreted as the antiferromagnetic kind with certain canting structures. The µ eff values yielded from the fitting of χ(T) indicate the high spin states of M ions in all three compounds. The origin of the magnetic ordering in these compounds may be attributed to the strong exchange interactions between the M ions at the octahedral sites through the bridging oxalate molecules along the a-axis. Possible interchain coupling along the [011] direction is also considered. Thermogravimetric analysis studies indicate that all four compounds are thermally stable up to 290 °C (the on-set temperature of weight losses for I, 290 °C; II, 340 °C; III, 350 °C; and IV, 290 °C).

format_quoteMagnetic measurements indicate high spin states in compounds, revealing interchain coupling and thermal stability up to 290°C.format_quote

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Two-Dimensional Coordination Polymers with One-Dimensional Magnetic Chains: Hydrothermal Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Magnetic and Thermal Properties of [MCl2(4,4‘-bipyridine)] (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Co/Ni)

Inorganic Chemistry, 1999

Two-dimensional transition-metal coordination polymers ∞ 2 [MCl 2 (bpy)] (M ) Fe, Co, Ni; Co/Ni, ... more Two-dimensional transition-metal coordination polymers ∞ 2 [MCl 2 (bpy)] (M ) Fe, Co, Ni; Co/Ni, bpy ) 4, 4′bipyridine) have been synthesized in superheated water solutions. The hydrothermal routes resulted in four compounds ∞ 2 [FeCl 2 (bpy)](I), ∞ 2 [CoCl 2 (bpy)](II), ∞ 2 [NiCl 2 (bpy)](III), and ∞ 2 [(Co/Ni)Cl 2 (bpy)](IV). Compounds I-IV are isostructural and belong to orthorhombic crystal system, space group Cmmm (No. 65). Crystal data for The structure is a noninterpenetrating two-dimensional network containing transition-metal centers octahedrally coordinated by four bridging chlorine and two bpy ligands at trans positions. The adjacent bpy ligands within a single layer are parallel to each other at a distance of 3.6 Å. Spontaneous antiferromagnetic ordering was found in all compounds from the magnetic susceptibility χ(T) measurements under low fields. The transition temperatures are 10.0, 5.0, 8.5, and 7.5 K, for I, II, III, and IV, respectively. The µ eff values yielded from fitting the high temperature χ(T) indicate the high spin states of metal ions. In addition, a metamagnetic transition was observed in the field-dependent magnetization measurement for all four compounds. The magnetic properties observed in this system are attributed to the ferromagnetic intrachain M-M exchange interaction through the Cl 2 bridges along the c axis and the antiferromagnetic interchain interaction between the M ions. TGA studies indicate that all four compounds are thermally stable with an on-set temperature of weight loss greater than 400 °C.

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Strengthening and toughening by interface-mediated slip transfer reaction in nanotwinned copper

Scripta Materialia, Apr 1, 2009

Molecular dynamics simulation of tensile deformation shows that the high strength of nanotwinned ... more Molecular dynamics simulation of tensile deformation shows that the high strength of nanotwinned copper is initially the result of the twin boundary pinning effect on dislocation motion, and that interface-mediated slip transfer mechanisms operate in the later stages of deformation. These mechanisms include the complete transmission of screw dislocations across twin boundaries via Fleischer and Friedel–Escaig mechanisms, the incomplete transmission of non-screw dislocations and transmission-induced jog formation. These factors are effective at maintaining the material’s high strength and good ductility.

A new 3-D neutral framework coordination polymer constructed via square pyramidal binuclear Cu(II) and nicotinato ligand

Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 2001

A new 3-D neutral metal±organic framework polymer, CuNA 2 1, has been synthesized under hydrother... more

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Two new coordination polymers differentiated by CH⋯O hydrogen bonding — synthesis and crystal structure of [(oxa)M(DPA)]

Polyhedron, 2001

Two new coordination polymers, [(oxa)Fe(DPA)] (1) (DPA= 2,2-dipyridylamine; oxa = oxalate) and [(... more Two new coordination polymers, [(oxa)Fe(DPA)] (1) (DPA= 2,2-dipyridylamine; oxa = oxalate) and [(oxa)Ni(DPA)] (2), were synthesized through a self-assembly chemical process under hydrothermal conditions, and characterized by single crystal structures. The C H•••O hydrogen bonds in 1 and 2 play important roles in the crystal packing of the two new compounds.

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Synthesis and structure of two new coordination polymers featuring noncentrosymmetric inclusion of hydrogen-bonded species

Polyhedron, 2003

, have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. The structure consists of large rectangula... more , have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. The structure consists of large rectangular grid networks. The acentricities of the compounds were introduced by unbalanced inclusion species. Both 4,4?-bipyridine (BPY) and 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene (BPEN) display pure covalent, hydrogen and bifunctional bonding modes in the structure.

format_quoteCrystal engineering in metal-organic polymers is evolving, yet synthesis of desirable noncentrosymmetric materials remains challenging.format_quote

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A novel two-fold interpenetrating 3D 42.84 network self-assembled from a new 1D coordination polymer

New Journal of Chemistry, 2005

ABSTRACT A new metastable coordination polymer, [Cu(4,4′-bipy)(NO3)2]n (4,4′-bipy = 4,4′-bipyridi... more ABSTRACT A new metastable coordination polymer, [Cu(4,4′-bipy)(NO3)2]n (4,4′-bipy = 4,4′-bipyridine, 1), has been synthesized. Its subsequent reactions with additional 4,4′-bipy resulted in a self-assembled metal-organic framework, {[Cu(4,4′-bipy)2(H2O)2][Cu(4,4′-bipy)2(H2O)(NO3)]}(NO3)3·12H2O (2), featuring two-fold interpenetrating 3D 42.84 networks.

Oxalate and 2,2′-bipyrimidine as bis-chelating ligands in the honeycomb layered compound {[Fe2(bpym)(ox)2]·5H2O}n

by G. Munno and Jack Lu

New Journal of Chemistry, 2003

The novel two-dimensional iron (II) compound of formula {[Fe 2 (bpym)(ox) 2]· 5H 2 O} n (1)[bpym=... more

TH-D-351-06: Comparison Between 2D Monte Carlo Modeled and Experimental Cone-Beam CT X-Ray Projections

Medical Physics, 2008

Purpose: Fast and accurate modeling of cone‐beam CT(CBCT) x‐ray projection data can improve cone‐... more Purpose: Fast and accurate modeling of cone‐beam CT(CBCT) x‐ray projection data can improve cone‐beam CT(CBCT)image quality either by conditioning projection data prior to image reconstruction or by supporting rigorous comparative simulation studies of competing image reconstruction and processing algorithms. In this study, we compare Monte Carlo‐ computed x‐ray projections with projections experimentally acquired from our Varian Trilogy CBCTimaging system for phantoms of known design. Method and Materials: Our recently developed Monte Carlo photon‐transport code, PTRAN, was used to compute primary and scatter projections for cylindrical phantoms of known diameter (CatPhan and NA model 76‐410) with and without bow‐tie filter and antiscatter grid for both full‐ and half‐fan geometries. The simulations were based upon measured 120 kVp spectra, beam profiles, and flat‐panel detector (4030CB) point‐spread functions. The beam‐stop array method was used to acquire scatter and SPR distributions from the OBI images. The biasing of scatter measurements due to the long detector PSF tails was corrected either by a lead mask or by deconvolution. Computed projections were compared to flat‐ and dark‐field corrected 4030CB images.Results: The simulated primary profiles agree with experiment within 3%, while the simulated scatter profiles agree within 8–10%. Both PSF measurements and mask measurements indicate that scatter radiation values can be biased by as much as 7% detector PSF tails. Conclusion: In agreement with the literature, the difference between simulated and measured projection data is of the order of 6–8%. Higher accuracy can be achieved mainly by improving the beam modeling and correcting the non linearities induced by the detector PSF. This project was supported in part by grants from Varian Medical Systems and NCI (R01 CA 75371).

TH-D-351-04: Cone Beam CT Beam Hardening and Scatter Preprocessing for Improved Image Quality in Image-Guided Adaptive Radiation Therapy

Medical Physics, 2008

ABSTRACT Purpose: To improve cone beam CT (CBCT) image quality in terms of CT number uniformity a... more ABSTRACT Purpose: To improve cone beam CT (CBCT) image quality in terms of CT number uniformity and accuracy to better support key image‐guided adaptive radiation therapy tasks such as intensity‐driven deformable image registration and adaptive treatment planning. Method and Materials: Subtractive scatter corrections to Varian on‐board imager (OBI) CBCT projections utilized Monte Carlo simulated scatter profiles based upon the known phantom geometry. A first‐order water linearization correction was developed based upon the measured x‐ray beam central ray spectrum with mathematical spectral correction for the bowtie filter thickness associated with each detector pixel. Projections corrected for scatter and beam hardening and further corrected using Varian&#39;s scatter normalization phantom, were reconstructed with an in‐house FDK reconstruction engine. The preprocessing algorithm was applied to both half‐fan and full‐fan projection sets with and without the bowtie filter. Results: CBCT images corrected with the described preprocessing method showed improved CT number uniformity and reduction of the notorious CBCT cupping artifact. For a 20 cm diameter water phantom, the cupping artifact was reduced from about 15% to within 2%. Conclusion: Model‐based scatter and beam‐hardening preprocessing procedures improve the on‐board CBCT image quality, improving its utility for image‐guided adaptive radiation therapy. Conflict of Interest: This work was supported by NIH P01 CA116602 and a grant from Varian Medical Systems.

TH-C-332-04: Comparison of Residual Motion Artifacts in Phase- and Amplitude-Binned Onboard 4D-CBCT Imaging

Medical Physics, 2008

Purpose: Linac‐mounted 4D‐Cone Beam CT(CBCT)imaging is an important tool for extending 3D IGRT te... more Purpose: Linac‐mounted 4D‐Cone Beam CT(CBCT)imaging is an important tool for extending 3D IGRT techniques to respiration‐motion synchronized treatments. Our purpose is to evaluate the effects of two different projection binning strategies, phase and amplitude binning, on the image quality of our recently implemented 4D‐CBCT method using the Varian On Board Imager and RPM breathing motion surrogate. Method and Materials: We have implemented a 4D‐CBCT imaging procedure that adjusts the acquisition parameters to the breathing period. The Varian Real‐time Position Management system (RPM) was used to establish temporal coincidence between the respiratory motion and the CBCT projections. Projections were sorted into 10 bins. For the projections sorted into each bin, the variances about the RPM amplitude and phase means was calculated and compared to the image quality achieved in CBCTimages. 4D‐CBCTs were studied with a phantom with irregular motion cycle. The phantom consists of two acrylic spheres and one cylinder on a motion platform to mimic the superior‐inferior tumor motion mostly seen in patients. Results: With breathing cycle period variation but not amplitude variation, we found that amplitude binning produced fewer blurring artifacts which was consistent with RPM analysis which showed significantly smaller amplitude variances for amplitude binning. For the patient subjects, the RPM amplitude but not phase variances were smaller for amplitude binning. However, image quality was significantly better when phase binning was used. We hypothesize that the under‐sampling artifacts play a major role over the motion artifacts which is the case for amplitude binning, while the phase binning has a good control of aliasing artifacts. Residual motion artifacts persist in both phase‐ and amplitude‐ binning 4D‐CBCT images.Conclusion: Optimizing the binning strategies requires understanding complex interplay between residual motion in each bin and other factors such as uniformity and adequacy of angular sampling. Supported by PPG‐NIH‐P01116602.

TH-D-BRC-07: Impact of Respiratory Biofeedback On Adaptively Sampled 4D-CBCT Image Quality: Initial Experiences

Medical Physics, 2009

Purpose: Linac‐mounted 4D‐Cone Beam CT(CBCT)imaging is an important tool for IGRT. Our protocol u... more Purpose: Linac‐mounted 4D‐Cone Beam CT(CBCT)imaging is an important tool for IGRT. Our protocol uses an in‐house built audio‐video (AV) biofeedback device to regularize patient respiration during 4D‐CBCT data acquisition. In this study, the impact of the respiratory stabilization on phase‐correlated 4D‐CBCT image quality is evaluated in our full field‐of‐view (FOV) 4D‐CBCT procedure using the Varian OBI and RPM respiratory monitoring system. Materials and methods: We have implemented a 4D‐CBCT imaging procedure with a 450.0 mm diameter FOV using adaptive acquisition time and projection sampling frequency. An AV respiratory biofeedback device consisting of a LCD visual and audio feedback channels was used. It provides the patient with a real‐time visual and auditory cues whenever the RPM deviates from the selected reference breathing trace. During the 8∼10 minute data acquisition, the patient was instructed to duplicate the reference trace as closely as possible both in terms of displacement and time. The acquired projections were sorted into 10 groups by the associated phase recorded by the RPM system. The effects of the AV biofeedback on the respiratory regularity were studied in terms of average cycle length, baseline variation and displacement. Subsequently, the corresponding 4D‐CBCT images were compared with different acquisition AV modes, such as free breathing, audio only and AV regularization. Results: The patient respiratory track presents larger variation in the free‐breathing data acquisition. The auditory instruction to the patient exhibits control of the displacement but a noticeable baseline drift through the time. The AV biofeedback device improves the reproducibility of respiratory pattern. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that the AV biofeedback device improved the reproducibility of patient respiratory pattern in our 4D‐CBCT data acquisition. The image quality benefits from the improved projection consistency within an extended time span in every phase bin. Supported by PPG NIH P01 116602.

SU-FF-T-08: Morphological Seed Identification and Removal of the Post-Implant Prostate Brachytherapy Patients in Cone-Beam CT Sinogram Projections

Medical Physics, 2009

Purpose: To digitally extract and remove elongated seed features from measured 2D cone‐beam CT(CB... more Purpose: To digitally extract and remove elongated seed features from measured 2D cone‐beam CT(CBCT)sinogram projections of the post‐implant prostate brachytherapy patients. Methods and materials: The method identifies the seeds at the projections and removes them by 2D spatial‐interpolation. Theragenics Model‐200 103 Pd seed images were identified and removed from 2D patient projections by (a) normalizing the image intensity by finding its maximum and minimum values in the image, (b) top‐hat‐filtering, (c) thresholding using the 3σ‐value of the pixel intensity histogram, and (d) labeling to create a binary mask of each seed in each projection. The binary masks were subtracted from the corresponding raw projection. The subtracted images were then interpolated in the seed regions using natural‐neighbor interpolation method to recover the missing soft‐tissues information's obscured by the implanted seed images. Four Pd 103 post‐implant patients were scanned using an Acuity‐digital‐simulator with full‐660 projections CBCT (in half/full‐fan‐mode) for post‐implant dosimetry. In‐house filtered‐back projection algorithm was used to reconstructCBCTimages before and after seed removal applications. To quantify this method, we compared the reconstructedCBCTimages before and after corrections, image‐profiles and a difference image on a single central slice to demonstrate the effects of seeds removal. Results: For the example cases, the streaking artifact is reduced by a factor of 3.5 and artifact spatial extend. The corrected images exhibit significantly improved image quality in and around the prostate. Discussion: Our preliminary results indicate that this method can be used to mitigate metal‐streaking artifacts specific to the brachytherapy seed implant geometry. By reducing streak and associated noise propagation artifacts, significant clinical value can be added to brachytherapyCBCTimaging. Improving the auto‐segmentation method and applying scatter‐subtraction corrections will be further study to improve the CBCTimage quality for the intra/postoperative brachytherapy patient's images.

SU‐E‐J‐159: Correlation of Respiration‐Induced Motion of an External Surrogate and Implanted Internal Markers

Medical Physics, 2011

Purpose: To investigate the correlation between the respiratory motion of implanted internal mark... more Purpose: To investigate the correlation between the respiratory motion of implanted internal markers (IM) and external RPM traces for lung cancer patients in dynamic imaging. Methods: Under an IRB‐approved research protocol, 3 patients with VISICOIL marker (10 mm long) implants near/in their lung tumor were scanned with a daily single‐slow gantry rotation arc 4D‐CBCT acquisition. The Varian Real‐time Position Management system (RPM) was used as an external respiratory motion surrogate, with the marker block placed on the patient abdominal surface near the diaphragm. The IM motion was segmented in all 2D projections with an in‐house built Matlab program. The positions in the 3D spatial domain of the markers were extracted to (LR: left‐right, CC: cranial‐caudal, AP: anterior‐posterior). A Pearson‐type auto‐correlation function of the RPM AP trace and cross‐ correlation functions between RPM AP motion and the IM motions in three orthogonal directions was used to analyze the time series...

$Research paper thumbnail of WE-D-204B-09: Interfraction Variability of Tumor Motion Trajectory from Serial 4D Cone-Beam CT Imaging during Audio-Visual Biofeedback$

WE-D-204B-09: Interfraction Variability of Tumor Motion Trajectory from Serial 4D Cone-Beam CT Imaging during Audio-Visual Biofeedback

Medical Physics, 2010

Purpose: To quantify interfraction variations in position, volume, and intrafraction breathing mo... more Purpose: To quantify interfraction variations in position, volume, and intrafraction breathing motion trajectory of lungtumors and critical structures with 4DCT and 4D cone beam CT (4D CBCT)images, for patients undergoing audiovisual biofeedback.Method and Materials: A pretreatment 4D fan beam CT (4DCT) and 35–40 daily 4D CBCTs were acquired daily throughout the treatment for 7 non‐small cell lungcancer patients. The tumor, esophagus, and trachea were contoured for all 10 phases of each CT. Each phase‐specific image was registered manually on bony anatomy to the end‐inhalation phase image from the 4DCT. The centroid and volume of each structure were calculated for each phase, and used to quantify the variability of the tumor and critical structure locations during each fraction. The tumor volume, relative to its end‐inhalation volume on 4DCT, was calculated for end‐inhalation and end‐exhalation phases for each fraction. The mean position of each organ, relative to the 4DCT, was calculated for each 4D CBCT scan. Results: Analysis has been completed for one patient to date consisting of 27 fractions, consisting of 7 4D CBCTs. Over the course of treatment, the tumor volume at end‐inhalation decreased by 31%. The systematic (random) error in mean tumor position was found to be 0.12cm (0.14 cm), 0.29cm (0.12 cm), and 0.31cm (0.62 cm) in the mediolateral, anterior‐posterior, and superior inferior directions respectively. These were large in comparison to the average range of tumor motion, which was 0.09cm, 0.21cm, 0.25cm in the corresponding axes. The corresponding ranges of motion over the treatment course, were 0.06–0.13cm, 0.14–0.26cm, and 0.12–0.42cm. Conclusion: For this patient, the interfractional variation in mean tumor position was the dominant variation with fraction‐to‐fraction changes as large as 2 cm. Audiovisual biofeedback did not adequately control these baseline variations. Supported by Grant P01 CA 116602

TU‐B‐201B‐05: An Analytic Cone Beam CT Reconstruction Algorithm for Double‐Orbit Axial Acquisition

Medical Physics, 2010

Purpose: Linac‐mounted Cone Beam CT(CBCT)imaging is an important tool for IGRT. However, the limi... more Purpose: Linac‐mounted Cone Beam CT(CBCT)imaging is an important tool for IGRT. However, the limited longitudinal coverage hinders its application in the radiation oncology. We describe a FDK based analytic image reconstruction algorithm to reconstructimages from projections of two axial gantry rotation orbits. Materials and methods: We have implemented a procedure to extend the longitudinal coverage of our Varian Trilogy OBI/CBCT system consisting of two sequential single‐orbit data acquisitions separated by a pre‐defined superior‐to‐inferior (SI) shift. The CBCTimage sets of these two acquisitions overlap in the SI directions due to x‐ray beam divergence. Our reconstruction algorithm is derived from the FDK method using a specific weighting scheme that is applied to backprojected rays from this overlap region. The weight of ray passing through an overlap voxel is a function of its distance from the central plane of its acquisition orbit. The sum of weighting factors is unity for any pair of complementary rays from different orbits that intersect the same voxel. Unity weights are assigned to all rays intersecting voxels that arise from the non‐overlapped region. As the weighting scheme is implemented on the backprojection process for each voxel in each view, our algorithm is more CPU intensive than standard FDK reconstruction.Results: The reconstruction algorithm produces a seamless image volume with smooth transition to the non‐overlapping volume from the two single orbit projection datasets. The weighting scheme properly manipulates the overlapping region where the voxels are sampled twice. Conclusion: Our analytic reconstruction algorithm provides maximum dose efficiency using the detector data for image formation. However, the algorithm does not suppress the artifacts due to patient motion or physiological changes occurring during data acquisition. Supported by NIH grant P01 CA 116602

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