Papers by Khanssa Lagdami
The maritime sector is in the process of shifting towards alternative fuels in order to minimize ... more The maritime sector is in the process of shifting towards alternative fuels in order to minimize emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) and to improve environmental footprint. This paper investigates the implications of alternative fuel solutions such as hydrogen, ammonia and nuclear propulsion on the wider issue of seafarers' occupational safety and health (OSH), the paper is based on lessons learned from Sweden's experience in utilizing battery powered vessels. Although, lithiumion batteries effectively lower emissions and increase operating efficiency, they also present significant OSH risks, such as fire hazards or chemical exposure, and technostress; therefore, a complex regulatory framework and shortages in infrastructure capabilities must be considered. Benefits come with new risks; for example, hydrogen has high energy density and zero emissions but there is high flammability risk, which necessitates complex storage solutions and safety requirements. Easily stored and transported, ammonia poses toxicity hazards requiring stringent handling procedures. Nuclear propulsion, a proven technology in military and icebreaker vessels, is viewed as quite promising for deep-sea shipping because of its emissions-free nature, but there are important obstacles to overcome; indicative examples include,but are not limited to, radiation safety risks, waste management and societal acceptance. The M/S Aurora of Helsingborg, Sweden's first battery-operated ferry, provided certain guiding lessons on the necessity of seafarer involvement and extensive training to safely handle new and future means of propulsion; the need for regulatory changes/adaptation is also standing out. The analysis highlights the importance of risk assessment, collaboration among different actors involved in the shipping sector, and international co-orchestration in relation to the transition to alternative fuels, and towards a more sustainable maritime industry, with a focus on the overall seafarers' welfare.
Journal of Territorial and Maritime Studies, 2024
Article Type: Research Paper
Purpose—This paper aims to assess the adequacy of maritime governanc... more Article Type: Research Paper
Purpose—This paper aims to assess the adequacy of maritime governance for the
safety and environmental aspects of domestic ferries from the perspective of a developing
country by undertaking the case of Pakistan.
Design, Methodology, Approach—Based on a novel approach developed for unified maritime safety onboard in response to IMO’s new model safety regulation, the standard decision analysis A’WOT hybrid method was employed to carry out the study. Expert groups were
consulted at various levels and fora to rationalize the internal and external factors, which
were identified as strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats respectively.
Findings—The results are similar to the majority of developing countries in the
Asia-Pacific region. The business-as-usual case reveals that Pakistan has many opportunities for domestic ferries along with a reasonable level of strength in its governance. However, there are gaps in several components of the basic governance framework that pertain
to policy and regulation, operations, institutional arrangements, innovation and technology, the human element, economics, and performance systems related to safety and environmental protocols at sea, which is due to a lack of focused attention.
Practical Implications—Measures are identified to overcome the challenges by converting them into strengths and harnessing the opportunities for best practices and
sustainable governance.
Safeguarding maritime transport: disclosing the paradox of safety in domestic ferry operations
Australian journal of maritime and ocean affairs, May 15, 2024
Maritime Technology and Research, Feb 21, 2024
The domestic ferry sector is uniquely distinctive owing to its challenging navigation conditions ... more The domestic ferry sector is uniquely distinctive owing to its challenging navigation conditions and vulnerable accident records that have evoked endless calls for improving maritime safety. The recent adoption of IMO model safety regulations offers viable options for the Member States to standardize incorporation into national law. The operations of domestic ferries range from very large vessels with freight to small craft, which are often the only transport means for a large population of commuters in the developing world. The flexibility of domestic ferries is appealing; on the other hand, their operations are a challenge to handle, raising the need to identify those challenges that are incompatible with smooth operations and business opportunities. The maritime industry, specifically regarding domestic ferry operations, confronts multilayered challenges with direct implications on accident prevention and operational safety that necessitate a thorough analysis for a comprehensive understanding. This study explores five categories, namely, operations, technology and innovations, the human element, policy and regulation, and economics, recognized as pivotal to improving maritime safety. Our content analysis identifies the comprehensive taxonomies, that explain the current challenges and practical opportunities faced by the sector and which are notably lacking, urging efficient tenacity to ensure sustainable domestic ferry operations. The primary objective was to enhance safety standards, promoting sustainable shipping for all stakeholders involved. This study has identified 28 challenges and 90 opportunities, providing a significant pathway for sustainable decision-making that also adds value to the safety of the stakeholders. This study is expected to explore novel and fertile future research areas to promote scholarly discussion in the domestic ferry sector.
L’État du pavillon, entité centrale de la mise en œuvre de la sécurité et de la sûreté maritime en mer Méditerranée
Presses universitaires d’Aix-Marseille eBooks, 2016
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2012
Le terrorisme en mer est une menace qui s'est encore peu concrétisée dans le monde. Pourtant, les... more Le terrorisme en mer est une menace qui s'est encore peu concrétisée dans le monde. Pourtant, les mouvements intégristes 2 ont témoigné à différentes reprises leur compréhension du rôle important des points de strangulation dans le commerce maritime mondial en manigançant ou planifiant plusieurs attaques durant ces dernières années 3 . La mer Méditerranée n'est pas à l'abri de cette menace ! En droit, l'appréhension de la menace du terrorisme en mer est une chose complexe, qui ne peut faire l'objet d'une définition précise. En effet, même si la communauté internationale se rassemble dans la condamnation du terrorisme, aucun État, jusqu'à maintenant, n'est prêt à prendre la responsabilité de donner une définition précise à ce phénomène, car infailliblement cela mettrait en évidence des complicités politiques 4 . En outre, selon une définition laconique, peut être considéré comme terrorisme « l'ensemble d'actes de violence (attentats, prises d'otages, etc.) internationale, afin de satisfaire une haine à l'égard d'une communauté, d'un système.» 5 . Cette assimilation peut mener à faire l'amalgame entre la piraterie et le terrorisme. Seulement, contrairement à la piraterie qui vise essentiellement des buts privés et lucratifs, le terrorisme s'attaque, au travers des intérêts économiques ou humains, à l'État lui-même. Sa dimension politique triomphe sur toute autre menace qui relève de l'appât du gain. Le classifiant comme « terrorisme stratégique », le Capitaine de Vaisseau (R) Hugues EUDELINE, définit le terrorisme en mer comme l'ensemble des « menaces ou actes de violence perpétrés en perturbant les infrastructures et les flux d'échanges interrégionaux; en créant et en maintenant un état latent d'incertitude économique, en vue de déstabiliser durablement les populations de façon à atteindre des objectifs politiques. » 6 . Cet essai de définition semble plus adéquat aux menaces et aux tentatives d'actes de terrorisme survenus jusqu'alors.
Assessing innovation in transport: An application of the Technology Adoption (TechAdo) model to Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS)
Transport Policy, Dec 1, 2021
Abstract Maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS) have received significant attention recently bo... more Abstract Maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS) have received significant attention recently both by academia and industry to the point that the International Maritime Organization (IMO) started a regulatory scoping exercise. So far, most of the discussions have been solely focused on technical developments, thus overlooking the complex array of socio-economic and policy factors. This paper aims to fill this gap by comprehensively analyzing MASS development. We develop and apply a novel model of technology adoption (TechAdo) to holistically assess MASS as an innovation. By triangulating data from elite interviews, with work at the IMO and a systematic literature search, we show that MASS is in development but still in its infancy. Our analyses show that factors in the enabling environment (social acceptance, regulation, and governance), along with human capital, have been overlooked and need to be carefully considered by future research and policy.
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2012
Le terrorisme en mer est une menace qui s'est encore peu concrétisée dans le monde. Pourtant, les... more Le terrorisme en mer est une menace qui s'est encore peu concrétisée dans le monde. Pourtant, les mouvements intégristes 2 ont témoigné à différentes reprises leur compréhension du rôle important des points de strangulation dans le commerce maritime mondial en manigançant ou planifiant plusieurs attaques durant ces dernières années 3. La mer Méditerranée n'est pas à l'abri de cette menace ! En droit, l'appréhension de la menace du terrorisme en mer est une chose complexe, qui ne peut faire l'objet d'une définition précise. En effet, même si la communauté internationale se rassemble dans la condamnation du terrorisme, aucun État, jusqu'à maintenant, n'est prêt à prendre la responsabilité de donner une définition précise à ce phénomène, car infailliblement cela mettrait en évidence des complicités politiques 4. En outre, selon une définition laconique, peut être considéré comme terrorisme « l'ensemble d'actes de violence (attentats, prises d'otages, etc.) commis par une organisation ou un groupe d'individus, agissant pour son propre compte ou pour celui d'un État, en vue de créer un climat d'insécurité, d'exercer un chantage sur un gouvernement ou une organisation internationale, afin de satisfaire une haine à l'égard d'une communauté, d'un système.» 5. Cette assimilation peut mener à faire l'amalgame entre la piraterie et le terrorisme. Seulement, contrairement à la piraterie qui vise essentiellement des buts privés et lucratifs, le terrorisme s'attaque, au travers des intérêts économiques ou humains, à l'État lui-même. Sa dimension politique triomphe sur toute autre menace qui relève de l'appât du gain. Le classifiant comme « terrorisme stratégique », le Capitaine de Vaisseau (R) Hugues EUDELINE, définit le terrorisme en mer comme l'ensemble des « menaces ou actes de violence perpétrés en perturbant les infrastructures et les flux d'échanges interrégionaux; en créant et en maintenant un état latent d'incertitude économique, en vue de déstabiliser durablement les populations de façon à atteindre des objectifs politiques. » 6. Cet essai de définition semble plus adéquat aux menaces et aux tentatives d'actes de terrorisme survenus jusqu'alors. 29 Article 3 bis. 1 b), ii) 30 Article 3 bis. 1 b). iii) 31 Article 3 bis. 1 b), iv) 32 Article 8 bis. 5 e).
Digitalisation and automation in small and medium-sized ports: the future of work
Enjeux de la sûreté et de la sécurité maritime sur une mer agitée : la Méditerranée
International audienc
Command of Vessels in the Era of Digitalization
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 2018
Recent discussions on digitalization, and autonomous ships provide a disruptive picture of how th... more Recent discussions on digitalization, and autonomous ships provide a disruptive picture of how the maritime industry may be transformed in this process. The magnitude of this digitalization trend is very different from the one of implementing e-Navigation initiated by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) in 2006 to harmonize, integrate, exchange, present and analyze marine information on board and ashore by electronic means. A rapid speed of digitalization of ship operation is causing controversy. For example, the maritime industry has not yet come to a consensus about agreed definitions of “autonomous ship”, “unmanned ship” and a “remote-controlled vessel”. Some pioneering industry developers, invest in the digitalization of ship operation to make the maritime transport more reliable, safe and efficient. Whilst such technological developments promise safe and efficient business models to a greater extent, it has not been much discussed how people on board will be affected by digitalization with a particular attention to the notion of leadership. Command of vessels has been traditionally considered as a human domain. The ways in which leadership is displayed on board and how each task is dedicated to the members of a shipboard organization will be radically different in the era of digitalization. Based on the qualitative data obtained from semi-structured interviews, group interviews and participant observation with maritime experts in Norway, the paper discusses the impact of digitalization on organized work in ship operation, implications of digitalization for leadership, and leadership required in the era of digitalization. It concludes that human-automation coordination as well as human-human coordination are the key to support the future operation of ships.
Les enjeux de la sécurité et de la sûreté maritimes en mer Méditerranée
Http Www Theses Fr, 2012
La Mediterranee, mer semi-fermee representant 1 % de la surface du globe, est un passage oblige d... more La Mediterranee, mer semi-fermee representant 1 % de la surface du globe, est un passage oblige de la grande route maritime entre l'Europe et l'Asie. Elle concentre 25 % du trafic maritime mondial, dont un tiers des flux petroliers et un cinquieme du trafic de conteneurs qui y transitent annuellement. Chaque jour, un millier de navires sont presents en mer ou dans les ports en plein essor. L'activite maritime est donc intense a ce carrefour en mouvement permanent. En outre, cette mer est touchee par une sinistralite de grande ampleur due aux accidents maritimes et aux deversements sauvages d'hydrocarbures. Mais d'autres dangers sont fortement presents, en particulier, l'immigration irreguliere par voie maritime, les narcotrafics ou la contrebande. Sans oublier la menace potentielle du terrorisme qui est aujourd'hui exacerbee par la situation politique et sociale de la rive sud. Cette forte fragilite est amplifiee par un manque d'uniformite dans l'application des reglementations internationales et regionales et par la situation particuliere de la Mediterranee a l'egard du droit de la mer. En effet, la delimitation des ZEE est delicate, cette situation favorise la creation de zones de non droit, et est a l'origine de plusieurs contentieux en Mediterranee. A travers cette these, nous proposons dans un premier temps, une vision globale de la vulnerabilite des lieux et les reglementations internationales et regionales pertinentes en cours et, dans un second temps, les actions a mener par les Etats (plus particulierement ceux du sud) afin d'atteindre une efficacite dans l'application des normes internationales en matiere de securite et de surete maritimes.
Assessing Innovation in Transport: An Application of the Technology Adoption (TechAdo) Model to Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS)
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2020
Maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS) have received significant attention recently both by aca... more Maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS) have received significant attention recently both by academia and industry to the point that the International Maritime Organization (IMO) started a regulatory scoping exercise. So far, most of the discussions have been solely focused on technical developments, thus overlooking the complex array of socio-economic and policy factors. This paper aims to fill this gap by comprehensively analyzing MASS development. We develop and apply a novel model of technology adoption (TechAdo) to holistically assess MASS as an innovation. By triangulating the data from elite interviews, with work at the IMO and a systematic literature search, we show that MASS is in development but still in its infancy. Our analyses show that factors in the enabling environment (social acceptance, regulation, and governance), along with human capital, are overlooked and need to be considered by research and policy.
Maritime Technology and Research
Taking advantage of the benefits associated with the fourth stage of the industrial revolution--q... more Taking advantage of the benefits associated with the fourth stage of the industrial revolution--quite often termed as the “era of digitalization” in the wider literature--has become a main priority for ports globally, as part of their further development. The implications of smart technologies on the sustainable development of the ports have not been adequately addressed by the existing literature and it is exactly this gap that this study aims to fulfil. This paper aims to provide an overview of the innovative technologies adopted by a small number of smart ports around the world and highlight their link to sustainable development by employing an exploratory review of various sources. The design features of the smart ports identified by the existing literature have formed the basis for the development of a conceptual framework used in this paper for the analysis of the case of the Port of Gothenburg--the largest Scandinavian port, both in terms of number of visits and volume of car...
The Application of Human Rights and Ethics Principles to Self-protection Measures by the Ship Against Pirates and Armed Robbers
Maritime Law in Motion
This chapter looks at the way human rights standards and ethics played their part in reshaping th... more This chapter looks at the way human rights standards and ethics played their part in reshaping the understanding of what seafarers and ships could do to protect themselves from the crimes of piracy and armed robbery at sea. The study was built as part of a wider maritime security and defense-oriented research project commissioned by the European Commission, entitled Protection Measures for Merchant Ships (PROMERC), which aims to reduce the vulnerability of merchant fleets and maritime supply lines to criminal abduction and extortion and thereby reduce risk to mariners, shipping, and the environment, while also reducing costs.
L’État du pavillon, entité centrale de la mise en œuvre de la sécurité et de la sûreté maritime en mer Méditerranée
Le droit maritime dans tous ses états
Command of Vessels in the Era of Digitalization
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 2019
Recent discussions on digitalization, and autonomous ships provide a disruptive picture of how th... more Recent discussions on digitalization, and autonomous ships provide a disruptive picture of how the maritime industry may be transformed in this process. The magnitude of this digitalization trend is very different from the one of implementing e-Navigation initiated by the International Maritime Organi- zation (IMO) in 2006 to harmonize, integrate, exchange, present and analyze marine information on board and ashore by electronic means. A rapid speed of digitalization of ship operation is causing controversy. For example, the mar- itime industry has not yet come to a consensus about agreed definitions of “autonomous ship”, “unmanned ship” and a “remote-controlled vessel”. Some pioneering industry developers, invest in the digitalization of ship operation to make the maritime transport more reliable, safe and efficient. Whilst such technological developments promise safe and efficient business models to a greater extent, it has not been much discussed how people on board will be affec...
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Papers by Khanssa Lagdami
Purpose—This paper aims to assess the adequacy of maritime governance for the
safety and environmental aspects of domestic ferries from the perspective of a developing
country by undertaking the case of Pakistan.
Design, Methodology, Approach—Based on a novel approach developed for unified maritime safety onboard in response to IMO’s new model safety regulation, the standard decision analysis A’WOT hybrid method was employed to carry out the study. Expert groups were
consulted at various levels and fora to rationalize the internal and external factors, which
were identified as strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats respectively.
Findings—The results are similar to the majority of developing countries in the
Asia-Pacific region. The business-as-usual case reveals that Pakistan has many opportunities for domestic ferries along with a reasonable level of strength in its governance. However, there are gaps in several components of the basic governance framework that pertain
to policy and regulation, operations, institutional arrangements, innovation and technology, the human element, economics, and performance systems related to safety and environmental protocols at sea, which is due to a lack of focused attention.
Practical Implications—Measures are identified to overcome the challenges by converting them into strengths and harnessing the opportunities for best practices and
sustainable governance.