Papers by Steven Stroessner
The Robotic Social Attributes Scale (RoSAS)
Proceedings of the 2017 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, 2017
Accurately measuring perceptions of robots has become increasingly important as technological pro... more Accurately measuring perceptions of robots has become increasingly important as technological progress permits more frequent and extensive interaction between people and robots. Across four studies, we develop and validate a scale to measure social perception of robots. Drawing from the Godspeed Scale and from the psychological literature on social perception, we develop an 18-item scale (The Robotic Social Attribute Scale; RoSAS) to measure people's judgments of the social attributes of robots. Factor analyses reveal three underlying scale dimensions-warmth, competence, and discomfort. We then validate the RoSAS and show that the discomfort dimension does not reflect a concern with unfamiliarity. Using images of robots that systematically vary in their machineness and gender-typicality, we show that the application of these social attributes to robots varies based on their appearance.
The authority of appearance: How robot features influence trait inferences and evaluative responses
2017 26th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), 2017
Recent research indicates that robots' physical appearance affects inferences about their soc... more Recent research indicates that robots' physical appearance affects inferences about their social traits, but little research has examined how features may influence evaluative responses (i.e., liking of and willingness to interact). The current studies investigated how robot appearance and function affect evaluative responses. Across four experiments, we assessed how robotic facial features (Study 1) and roles (e.g., companion vs. military; Study 2) influence trait inferences and evaluative responses, and the relationship between them. Study 3 examined the association between robot facial features and roles, and Study 4 examined both facial features and roles to see which drove social judgments. Results indicated that trait inferences and evaluative responses vary in response to both facial features and roles. Trait inferences predicted, with differing strength, evaluative responses towards robots. When pitting facial features against roles, features accounted more strongly for judgments. Implications for human-robot interaction and robot design are considered.
On the social perception of robots: measurement, moderation, and implications
Living with Robots, 2020
Abstract With the increasing commonality and importance of human-facing robots, it is important t... more Abstract With the increasing commonality and importance of human-facing robots, it is important to understand how they are perceived socially so that they can be effective in their assigned roles. The research reported in this chapter examines the fundamental dimensions of social reactions to robots, identifying warmth, competence, and discomfort as critical aspects in human–robot interaction (HRI). The development of a psychometrically sound scale—the Robotic Social Attributes Scale (RoSAS)—is described, and preliminary insights regarding the influence of robotic features on the judgments captured by the RoSAS are described. Results consistently show that gender-typicality and anthropomorphism in robotic appearance systematically affect judgments of both humanoid and nonhumanoid robots. Moreover, judgments captured by the RoSAS reliably predict other important responses such as evaluations and desire for contact. These insights should be of value to robot designers while also shedding light on the critical role of social cognitive processes in HRI.
Data for: What's in a Shape? Evidence of Gender Category Associations With Basic Forms
Data for Stroessner, S.J., Benitez, J., Perez, M.A., Wyman, A.B., Carpinella, C.M., & Johnson... more Data for Stroessner, S.J., Benitez, J., Perez, M.A., Wyman, A.B., Carpinella, C.M., & Johnson, K.L. (Under review). What's In a shape? Evidence of gender category associations with basic forms.
Social cognition and the study of stereotyping
... Social cognition: Impact on social psychology. Hamilton, David Lewis; Stroessner, Steven J.;D... more ... Social cognition: Impact on social psychology. Hamilton, David Lewis; Stroessner, Steven J.;Driscoll, Denise M. Devine, Patricia G. (Ed); Hamilton, David Lewis (Ed); Ostrom, Thomas M. (Ed), (1994). Social cognition: Impact on social psychology, (pp. 291-321). ...
The role prioritization model: How communal men and agentic women can (sometimes) have it all
Social and Personality Psychology Compass
The Robotic Social Attributes Scale (RoSAS): Development and Validation
Proceedings of the 2017 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, 2017
Accurately measuring perceptions of robots has become increasingly important as technological pro... more Accurately measuring perceptions of robots has become increasingly important as technological progress permits more frequent and extensive interaction between people and robots. Across four studies, we develop and validate a scale to measure social perception of robots. Drawing from the Godspeed Scale and from the psychological literature on social perception, we develop an 18-item scale (The Robotic Social Attribute Scale; RoSAS) to measure people's judgments of the social attributes of robots. Factor analyses reveal three underlying scale dimensions— warmth, competence, and discomfort. We then validate the RoSAS and show that the discomfort dimension does not reflect a concern with unfamiliarity. Using images of robots that systematically vary in their machineness and gender-typicality, we show that the application of these social attributes to robots varies based on their appearance.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2001, Vol. 80, No. 6, 876-893 Copyright 2001 by the ... more Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2001, Vol. 80, No. 6, 876-893 Copyright 2001 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 0022-3514/01/S5.00 DOI: 10.1037//0022-3514.80.6.876 Person Theories and Attention Allocation: Preferences for Stereotypic Versus Counterstereotypic Information Jason E. Plaks Steven J. Stroessner Columbia University Barnard College, Columbia University Carol S. Dweck Jeffrey W. Sherman Columbia University Northwestern University How do people respond to information that counters a stereotype? Do they approach it or avoid it? Four experiments showed that attention to stereotype-consistent vs. -inconsistent information depends on people's implicit theories about human traits. Those holding an entity theory (the belief that traits are fixed) consistently displayed greater attention to (Experiments 1 and 4) and recognition of (Experi- ments 2 and 3) consistent information, whereas those holding an incremental (dynamic) theory tended to display gre...
The authority of appearance: How robot features influence trait inferences and evaluative responses
26th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), 2017
Recent research indicates that robots’ physical appearance affects inferences about their social ... more Recent research indicates that robots’ physical appearance affects inferences about their social traits, but little research has examined how features may influence evaluative responses (i.e., liking of and willingness to interact). The current studies investigated how robot appearance and function affect evaluative responses. Across four experiments, we assessed how robotic facial features (Study 1) and roles (e.g., companion vs. military; Study 2) influence trait inferences and evaluative responses, and the relationship between them. Study 3 examined the association between robot facial features and roles, and Study 4 examined both facial features and roles to see which drove social judgments. Results indicated that trait inferences and evaluative responses vary in response to both facial features and roles. Trait inferences predicted, with differing strength, evaluative responses towards robots. When pitting facial features against roles, features accounted more strongly for judg...
Making stereotypes better or worse: Multiple roles for positive affect in group impressions
ABSTRACT
The Social Perception of Humanoid and Non-Humanoid Robots: Effects of Gendered and Machinelike Features
International Journal of Social Robotics
Ameliorating Some Negative Effects of Positive Mood: Encouraging Happy People to Perceive Intragroup Variability
J Exp Soc Psychol, 1996
ABSTRACT
Social categorization by race or sex : Effects of perceived non-normalcy on response times
Social Cognition, Sep 1, 1996
Two experiments assessed target-based determinants of social categorization. In Experiment 1 , pa... more Two experiments assessed target-based determinants of social categorization. In Experiment 1 , participants judged targets' race and sex separately. Consistent with the prediction that targets would be categorized on dimensions perceived to be non-normative, black male targets' race was judged more quickly and sex more slowly than for white male targets. Judgments of black females' race and sex were both inhibited, suggesting that these targets were subtyped. In Experiment 2, participants judged targets' race and sex simultaneously. Also consistent with predictions, black female targets were judged more quickly, and black male and white female targets more slowly, than white male targets. These data provide additional evidence that targets are categorized based on non-normative informa tion. The automaticity of race and sex categorization is discussed, and possible revisions of current models of impression formation are considered.
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2015
Four experiments examined whether information implying imminent threat to safety would interact w... more Four experiments examined whether information implying imminent threat to safety would interact with regulatory focus (Higgins, 1997) to affect the utilization of threat-relevant stereotypes. Because information suggesting imminent danger is more relevant to the safety goals of prevention-focused individuals than the advancement goals of promotion-focused individuals,, utilization of threat-relevant stereotypes was expected to increase under such conditions only under prevention focus. Support for this prediction was obtained in four distinct and socially important domains. Using scenarios describing a violent crime committed by an African-American male (Experiment 1) or a petty crime committed by an undocumented immigrant (Experiment 2), prevention-focused individuals made judgments consistent with stereotypes when threat was perceived to be high rather than low. In studies that manipulated the stereotypicality of the target in a terrorism scenario (Experiments 3 & 4), prevention-focused individuals were more likely to endorse scrutinizing a stereotypical compared with a nonstereotypical target when terrorism was described as an increasing problem. Implications for models of stereotyping, self-regulation, and responding to threat are discussed.
The Impact of Induced Affect on the Perception of Variability in Social Groups
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1992
... The Impact of Induced Affect on the Perception of Variability in Social Groups. Steven J. Str... more ... The Impact of Induced Affect on the Perception of Variability in Social Groups. Steven J. Stroessner: University of California, Santa Barbara. Diane M. MacKie: University of California, Santa Barbara. Abstract. Two studies examined ...
Affect and Perceived Group Variability: Implications for Stereotyping and Prejudice
Affect, Cognition and Stereotyping, 1993
ABSTRACT
The Influence of Affect on Stereotyping: The Case of Illusory Correlations
Affect, Cognition and Stereotyping, 1993
... perceptions consider what recent research on affect and cognitive processing has demonstrated... more ... perceptions consider what recent research on affect and cognitive processing has demonstrated and how these findings have been conceptualized in [the] literature / consider the implications of these findings for the specific processes underlying [illusory correlation biases in ...
PsycTESTS Dataset, 2000
The Free Will-Determinism Scale (Stroessner & Green, 1990) is a 17-item self-report scale with so... more The Free Will-Determinism Scale (Stroessner & Green, 1990) is a 17-item self-report scale with some items adapted from earlier work by Viney, Waldman, and Barchilon (1982). It measures the degree to which an individual believes in free will or determinism. The items are presented in a Likert-type format with responses ranging from (1) Strongly agree to (9) Strongly disagree, so that possible scores on the scale can range between 17 and 153. The scale yields three scores Religiousphilosophical determinism, Psychosocial determinism and Libertarianism. The score on Religiousphilosophical determinism is obtained by summing the responses to items 6, 8, 12, 14, 15, and 17. The score on Psychosocial determinism is the sum of responses on items 1, 2, 5, 7, 11, 13, and 16. The Libertarianism score is determined by summing the responses to items 3, 4, 9, and 10. The score on the belief in determinism is calculated by reverse scoring and summing the Libertarianism items 3, 4, 9, and 10. Sample items include 'My choices are limited by God's plan for my life' (Religious-philosophical determinism item-6), 'I will have free will all of my life' (Psychosocial determinism item-3), and 'My exercise of free will is limited by my upbringing' (Libertarianism item-1). Sample The Free Will-Determinism Scale was developed for use among both clinical and non-clinical samples. For example, Stroessner and Green (1990) administered the scale to USA College students. Navrátil, McGuckin, Shevlin and Lewis (2000) employed the scale among a sample of Northern Irish University students. Reliability Internal Consistency: Stroessner and Green (1990) initially constructed a 19-item scale with some items adapted from earlier work by Viney et al. (1982). These items were subsequently factor analysed using Principal Axes with Varimax rotation to determine the internal validity of the scale among data from 507 American University students. Three distinct factors emerged accounting for 34% of the variance, each conforming to one of the predicted dimensions: seven items on a Psychosocial determinism factor, six items on a Religious-philosophical determinism factor, and four items on a Libertarianism factor. Each of the 19-items, 17 loaded on only one of three factors, while two items loaded on neither factor and were subsequently dropped. The scale yields three sub-scale scores Religious-philosophical determinism, Psychosocial determinism and Libertarianism. The internal consistency of the three sub-scales constructed on the basis of loadings in the factor analysis were .69 for the four items regarding Libertarianism, .64 for the seven items relating to Psychosocial determinism and .87 for the six Religious-philosophical determinism items. However, Navrátil, et al. (2000) failed to replicate the three-factor solution found by Stroessner and Green (1990) among a sample of Northern Irish students, using confirmatory factor analysis.
Evaluating resident candidates: does closed file review impact faculty ratings?
The American Journal of Surgery, 2007
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Papers by Steven Stroessner