Papers by Klaus Zimmermann
Die ZBW räumt Ihnen als Nutzerin/Nutzer das unentgeltliche, räumlich unbeschränkte und zeitlich a... more Die ZBW räumt Ihnen als Nutzerin/Nutzer das unentgeltliche, räumlich unbeschränkte und zeitlich auf die Dauer des Schutzrechts beschränkte einfache Recht ein, das ausgewählte Werk im Rahmen der unter
The economic literature has largely overlooked the importance of repeat and circular migration. T... more The economic literature has largely overlooked the importance of repeat and circular migration. The paper studies this behavior by analyzing the number of exits and the total number of years away from the host country using count data models and panel data from Germany. More than 60% of migrants from the guestworker countries are indeed repeat or circular migrants. Migrants from European Union member countries, those not owning a dwelling in Germany, the younger and the older (excluding the middle ages), are significantly more likely to engage in repeat migration and to stay out for longer. Males and those migrants with German passports exit more frequently, while those with higher education exit less; there are no differences with time spent out. Migrants with family in the home country remain out longer, and those closely attached to the labor market remain less; they are not leaving the country more frequently.
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2010
Cultural Integration in Germany * This chapter investigates the integration processes of immigran... more Cultural Integration in Germany * This chapter investigates the integration processes of immigrants in Germany by comparing certain immigrant groups to natives differentiating by gender and immigrant generation. Indicators which are supposed to capture cultural integration of immigrants are differences in marital behavior as well as language abilities, ethnic identification and religious distribution. A special feature of the available data is information about overall life satisfaction, risk aversion and political interest. These indicators are also presented. All of these indicators are depicted in comparison between natives and immigrants differentiated by ethnic origin, gender and generation. This allows visualization of differences by ethnic groups and development over time. Statements about the cultural integration processes of immigrants are thus possible. Furthermore, economic integration in terms of female labor force participation is presented as an additional feature. Empirical findings suggest that differences among immigrants and between immigrants and Germans do exist and differ significantly by ethnic origin, gender and generation. But differences seem to diminish when we consider the second generations. This indicates greater adaptation to German norms and habits, and thus better cultural, socioeconomic and political integration of second generation immigrants in Germany.
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2013
We study how the EU enlargement in 2004 and the Great Recession in the late 2000s have shaped the... more We study how the EU enlargement in 2004 and the Great Recession in the late 2000s have shaped the scale and composition of migration flows from the New Member States to Germany. We demonstrate that immigration increased substantially despite the restrictions on the German labor market, and that net flows decreased to zero at the outset of the recession. The cohorts arriving after 2004 had on average a lower education than the previous arrival cohort, but the wage gap compared to Germans became narrower over time. Almost 10 years after EU enlargement, we reassess the transitional arrangements, and argue that Germany would have been better off, had it immediately opened its labor market. Finally, the Great recession allows us to study how effective migration within the EU is as an adjustment mechanism. Our data clearly show an increase in immigration from countries that were hit by the crisis, although the annual net flows are still too small to significantly reduce unemployment in the countries hit by the crisis.
International Journal of Manpower, 2019
International Journal of Manpower, 2019
Beiden Erhebungen liegt ein vergleichbarer Fragebogen zugrunde. Der Kreis der erfassten Immigrant... more Beiden Erhebungen liegt ein vergleichbarer Fragebogen zugrunde. Der Kreis der erfassten Immigrantengruppen ist weitgehend deckungsgleich-in beiden Ländern wurden Türken, Polen, Personen aus dem früheren Jugoslawien, Iraner und Libanesen erfasst. In Deutschland entfallen auf diese Nationalitäten zwei Drittel der Ausländer, in Dänemark ist es knapp die Hälfte. Hier sind darüber hinaus auch Vietnamesen, Somalier und Pakistani befragt worden. Im Falle Dänemarks wurden zudem die Ergebnisse der Erhebung mit Daten aus dem amtlichen Melderegister zusammengebracht. 1 Für die Analyse in diesem Bericht wurden der Vergleichbarkeit wegen nur die Daten derjenigen Nationalitätengruppen verwendet, die in beiden Ländern erhoben wurden. Weil das Forschungsinteresse sich auf die Teilnahme am Arbeitsmarkt richtete, sind in die Untersuchung nur Personen im erwerbsfähigen Alter (18 bis 65 Jahre) einbezogen. Ausgeklammert wurden dabei Schüler, Studenten, Auszubildende, Wehroder Zivildienstleistende sowie Personen im Vorruhestand. Weil es zudem um Zuwanderer im engeren Sinne ging, sind ebenfalls die in Deutschland oder Dänemark geborenen Nachkommen sowie diejenigen Personen, die im Kindesalter in die beiden Staaten zugewandert sind, nicht in die Betrachtung einbezogen worden. Danach standen für die Analyse 3 845 Fälle (Deutschland) bzw. 1 415 Fälle (Dänemark) zur Verfügung.
Journal of Economics, Management and Religion
While under communism the identity-providing religion was suppressed, religiosity is strong today... more While under communism the identity-providing religion was suppressed, religiosity is strong today even among the youth in post-communist countries. This provides an appropriate background to investigate how external and internal religiosity relate to risky behaviors like smoking, drinking, and drugs among the young. This study shows that not religion as such or internal religiosity, but largely observable (external) religiosity prevents them from wallowing in those vices. While this is found strongly for both males and females, those females doubting or reflecting religion show a somewhat smaller risky activity.
Journal of Political Economy
Our large-scale experiment with 542 families from rural Bangladesh finds substantial intergenerat... more Our large-scale experiment with 542 families from rural Bangladesh finds substantial intergenerational persistence of economic preferences. Both mothers' and fathers' risk, time and social preferences are significantly (and largely to the same degree) positively correlated with their children's economic preferences, even when controlling for personality traits and socio-economic background. We discuss possible transmission channels and are the first to classify all families into one of two clusters, with either relatively patient, risk-tolerant and pro-social members or relatively impatient, risk averse and spiteful members. Classifications correlate with socioeconomic background variables. We find that our results differ from evidence for rich countries.
IZA Policy Papers, 2013
The Mobility Challenge for Growth and Integration in Europe * Open and flexible labor markets fos... more The Mobility Challenge for Growth and Integration in Europe * Open and flexible labor markets foster growth, development and integration in Europe. The single European labor market is still a vision, however, whereas the core challenge is a lack of sufficient mobility. The presentation discusses the value of labor mobility for economic prosperity and its determinants. Labor migration and not welfare migration dominates reality and supports economic equality. It does not depress wages or take jobs away. A brain drain for sending countries does not have to happen. Diaspora economies provide potentials for economic and political collaborations. Europe will face in the future a much higher level of circular and permanent migration.
While policy measures affect the welfare of nations, the practice of policy advice is determined ... more While policy measures affect the welfare of nations, the practice of policy advice is determined by complex rules. Evidence-based scientific policy advice gives weight to hard empirical facts and restrictions. The lecture discusses challenges and conditions for success and provides suggestions to improve the implementation of such a strategy JEL Classification: A11, B4, J48
Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published i... more Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but the institute itself takes no institutional policy positions. The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center and a place of communication between science, politics and business. IZA is an independent nonprofit organization supported by Deutsche Post Foundation. The center is associated with the University of Bonn and offers a stimulating research environment through its international network, workshops and conferences, data service, project support, research visits and doctoral program. IZA engages in (i) original and internationally competitive research in all fields of labor economics, (ii) development of policy concepts, and (iii) dissemination of research results and concepts to the interested public. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to enco...
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2013
Around the World * With young people among the big losers of the recent financial crisis, vocatio... more Around the World * With young people among the big losers of the recent financial crisis, vocational education and training (VET) is often seen as the silver bullet to the problem of youth joblessness. This paper provides a better understanding of VET around the world, dealing with three types of vocational systems: school-based education, a dual system in which school-based education is combined with firm-based training, and informal training. We first explore the motivation for these different types of training, before summarizing the institutional evidence, highlighting the key elements of each training system and discussing its main implementation strengths and challenges. We subsequently review the evidence on the effectiveness of VET versus general education and between the three VET systems. There are clear indications that VET is a valued alternative beyond the core of general education, while the dual system tends to be more effective than school-based VET. Informal training is effective, however relatively little is known of its relative strengths compared with other forms of vocational education.
Different views of a data base
Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Very Large Data Bases - VLDB '75, 1975
The problem of data base access via different data models has been investigated for the network m... more The problem of data base access via different data models has been investigated for the network model and the relational model. The network model is based on the Codasyl proposal (1), which has been modified in two major respects: only one member record type is allowed per set type, and one data item of each record type is assumed to serve as primary key. For a given network model of the data base a coexistent relational model is proposed. The proposal is based on an extension of the usual relational model (2) by an incorporation of appropriate network parameters.
Research Papers in Economics, 2020
The paper initiates a research agenda to study new developments of the effects of sexual orientat... more The paper initiates a research agenda to study new developments of the effects of sexual orientation and gender identity on the labour market performance of individuals. It presents a selection of the small previous literature to establish the important spectrum of topics and identify important challenges to compare them to the papers in the special issue of the International Journal of Manpower (Volume 41, Issue 6) dedicated to Sexual Orientation and the Labor Market. We rely on quantitative empirical studies and compare findings along a variety of topics such as, earnings patterns, occupational access constraints, relationships between subjective well-being indicators and marriage status, workplace experiences and family support all along the sexual orientation and gender identity issues. Contrary to the earlier literature, the most recent studies have found that gay men received either the same wages or higher wages compared to heterosexual men, while lesbian women have been foun...
Environmental Disasters and Migration* This paper reviews the effect of environmental disasters o... more Environmental Disasters and Migration* This paper reviews the effect of environmental disasters on migration. Although there is an increase of environmental disasters and migration over the past years, the relationship is complex. While some authors find that environmental disasters increase migration, others show that they have only a marginal or no effect or are even negative. Migration appears to be an insurance mechanism against environmental shocks. Remittances help to decrease households’ vulnerability to shocks but also dampen their adverse effects. Finally, we discuss policy implications and future research avenues. JEL Classification: J61, O15, Q54, Q56
Das Papier erlautert die Bedeutung der Arbeitsmobilitat fur die Verbesserung der Allokation und d... more Das Papier erlautert die Bedeutung der Arbeitsmobilitat fur die Verbesserung der Allokation und der Verteilung der volkswirtschaftlichen Ressourcen. Angesichts eines steigenden Fachkraftemangels bei wachsender Tendenz zur Arbeitslosigkeit unter gering Qualifizierten bleibt neben der Bildungspolitik die Anwerbung internationaler und europaischer Fachkrafte eine zentrale politische Gestaltungsaufgabe fur die Zukunft. Zusatzliche Fachkrafte bringen Wohlstand und bauen wirtschaftliche Ungleichheit ab. Die internen europaischen Mobilitatsbarrieren werden schwer zu durchbrechen sein. Eine bessere Transparenz der europaischen Arbeitsmarkte, bessere Sprachkenntnisse und eine Standardisierung der sozialen Sicherungssysteme konnen die Mobilitat starken. Der Schlussel zur Mobilitat liegt aber bei einer starkeren Einbindung internationaler Arbeitsmigranten in den europaischen Migrationsprozess, der durch zirkulare Wanderungen gestarkt werden kann. Die europaische Bluecard und die Offnung der Ar...
Unsere (Arbeits-)Welt scheint sich mit zunehmender Geschwindigkeit zu verandern. Der vorliegende ... more Unsere (Arbeits-)Welt scheint sich mit zunehmender Geschwindigkeit zu verandern. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt zentrale Aspekte dieser Entwicklung und diskutiert ihre voraussichtlichen Auswirkungen auf Arbeit und Beschaftigung. Der Wandel ist weltweit spurbar und Roboter und Maschinen sind in vielen Landern bereits Realitat. Es wird jedoch die These vertreten, dass kein "Ende der Arbeit" in Sicht ist. Allerdings wird die Arbeit der Zukunft andere Formen annehmen. Auch deshalb werden sich die sozialen, wirtschaftlichen und politischen Institutionen wandeln mussen, um auf die positiven und negativen Aspekte der sich wandelnden Arbeitswelt angemessen zu reagieren. Die Erfahrungen der Vergangenheit zeigen aber, dass auch tiefgreifende Veranderungen erfolgreich bewaltigt werden konnen.
Internet or "big" data are increasingly measuring the relevant activities of individual... more Internet or "big" data are increasingly measuring the relevant activities of individuals, households, firms and public agents in a timely way. The information set involves large numbers of observations and embraces flexible conceptual forms and experimental settings. Therefore, internet data are extremely useful to study a wide variety of human resource issues including forecasting, nowcasting, detecting health issues and well-being, capturing the matching process in various parts of individual life, and measuring complex processes where traditional data have known deficits. We focus here on the analysis of unemployment by means of internet activity data, a literature starting with the seminal article of Askitas and Zimmermann (2009a). The article provides insights and a brief overview of the current state of research.
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Papers by Klaus Zimmermann