This work examines emotional solidarity to determine to what extent residents' perceptions are he... more This work examines emotional solidarity to determine to what extent residents' perceptions are heterogeneous by considering a host of sociodemographic and socioeconomic variables. An on-site survey instrument was administered to 660 residents living in the popular Turkish tourism destination, Antalya. Psychometric results provide support for the employment of the Emotional Solidarity Scale and its factor structure in an international context. Significant differences in Emotional Solidarity Scale factor means were found across five variables (e.g., gender, age, education level, tourism employment status, and level of tourism dependence). Theoretical and practical implications are offered, as are the limitations and potential future research opportunities.
At the core of the resident attitude literature is the general understanding that the more reside... more At the core of the resident attitude literature is the general understanding that the more residents economically benefit from tourism, the more they support tourism. While a central tenet, previous research has measured resident perceptions of economically benefiting from tourism somewhat haphazardly, using four disparate directions without a common cross-culturally reliable and valid scale. To bring clarity to the literature, this study develops and presents the Economic Benefit from Tourism Scale as a reliable and valid measure for the resident attitude literature to embrace. The scale's development follows Churchill's recommendations and uses three separate data collections across the United States of America and Poland to purify the scale and demonstrate its validity within an international context. Both samples prove the scale to be construct valid with maximum weight alphas in the .85 to .90 range, standard factor loadings all above 0.60, and average variance extracted estimates between 57% and 69%.
Within resident attitude research, place attachment and empowerment are two of the most prominent... more Within resident attitude research, place attachment and empowerment are two of the most prominent non-economic constructs used to explain residents' attitudes toward tourism. This research explores the relationship between the two and whether residents' perceptions of place identity, place dependence and nature bonding affect perceptions of being empowered through tourism. The relationship is tested within the rural destination of Choczewo, Poland. Results reveal that place identity, place dependence, and nature bonding directly influence residents' perceptions of psychological and social empowerment through tourism. However, only place dependence predicts residents' ability to feel politically empowered through tourism. Results from this study extend the model of residents' attitudes toward tourism by explaining how societal factors such as resident bonding with the socio-physical environment enable residents to become more empowered through tourism development.
This study considers how ethnic attitudes or stereotypes held by Japanese residents (as the major... more This study considers how ethnic attitudes or stereotypes held by Japanese residents (as the majority ethnic group) of Brazilian residents (as the minority ethnic group) factor into the former’s perceived emotional solidarity with the latter. The aim of this work is to (1) initially assess the factor structure of the Ethnic Attitude Scale (EAS) and Emotional Solidarity Scale (ESS) and (2) to determine if underlying factors of the EAS serve to explain factors of the ESS. Following a multistage sampling scheme, 456 Japanese households within Oizumi completed an on-site, self-administered questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analyses of the EAS and ESS revealed consistent two- and three-factor structures with extant findings in the literature. Japanese residents tended to indicate they perceived Brazilian residents slightly favorably on items from each of the EAS factors (i.e. character and intelligence and social evaluation), while responding with ambivalence to items within the ESS factors (i.e. welcoming nature, emotional closeness, and sympathetic understanding). Structural paths (in five of six scenarios) revealed that EAS factors explained between 27% and 59% of the variance in the ESS factors. Implications, limitations, and future research are discussed at the close of the paper.
This study attempts to answer the question "What influence does an individual's travel have on at... more This study attempts to answer the question "What influence does an individual's travel have on attitudes concerning who should develop tourism in their community as well as the role of the government in such development?" Research on residents' attitudes toward tourism has traditionally focused on demographic, socioeconomic, and spatial predictor variables, with relatively few consistent findings. Based on the experience use history concept from the leisure and outdoor recreation literature, this study explores a new framework for understanding residents' attitudes toward tourism in two distinct destinations in South Carolina, United States. Tourism use history was used to create resident groups within each community and assess attitudes about who should develop tourism (e.g., local businesses, outside investors and developers, government, or a public-private partnership) and government support for tourism businesses. Results are discussed in relation to the stage of tourism development in each destination. Further development and testing of tourism use history is recommended.
국문초록 대도시 휴스턴과 인접해 있는 Sam Houston forest region은 해당 지역과 주변 지역의 도시 개발로 인해 중요한 생태환경 또는 자연자원 (natural... more 국문초록 대도시 휴스턴과 인접해 있는 Sam Houston forest region은 해당 지역과 주변 지역의 도시 개발로 인해 중요한 생태환경 또는 자연자원 (natural resources)으로서의 역할을 상실해 가고 있 다. 이러한 환경위기를 극복하기 위해서 그 생태 환경을 활용하면서 지속가능한 개발을 위한 환 경계획으로 적응 관리 시스템 (adaptive management system)의 적용이 요구된다. 이 시스템은 해당 자연자원을 포함하는 지역에 있는 다양한 의사결정자들 (decision-makers and stakeholders) 과 참여자들 (participants)간의 공통된 목적 달성을 필요로 한다. 더구나 이를 위해 정보 교류 (sharing information)와 협력, 지속적인 생태환경 보존을 위한 주민들의 감시 (monitoring), 인접 지역 주민과의 의사소통을 통한 공감대 형성 등이 중요시 된다. 이 시스템을 바탕으로 Sam Houston forest region을 건강하고 지속가능한 생태환경으로 유지하고, 주변 지역개발을 위해서는 적절한 도시성장 개발 규제 (urban growth boundary)와 토지이용 규제 (transfer of development rights) 등의 환경계획 방법이 필요하다. 키 워 드 ▪ 환경계획, 적응관리 시스템, 자연자원, 도시성장 개발규제, 토지이용 규제, 의견 합의
This study is the first of its kind to examine residents' and tourists' degree of emotional solid... more This study is the first of its kind to examine residents' and tourists' degree of emotional solidarity experienced with one another in a destination—Galveston County, Texas. Two main purposes for this study are (1) to confirm the factor structure of the emotional solidarity scale for both residents and tourists while assessing psychometric properties of reliability and validity and (2) to compare residents' and tourists' emotional solidarity (based on resulting factors from confirmatory factor analysis) with one another. Ultimately, the scale produced the same factors (i.e., welcoming nature, emotional closeness, and sympathetic understanding) as in previous studies while exhibiting sound psychometric properties. Significant differences in mean factor scores were found for the factors welcoming nature and emotional closeness across residents and tourists. Implications, limitations , and future research directions are provided.
Festivals provide some of the best unscripted encounters between residents and visitors in a dest... more Festivals provide some of the best unscripted encounters between residents and visitors in a destination. Within this article, the theoretical framework of emotional solidarity is applied and expanded in an effort to explain the complex relationship that exists between community residents of and festival visitors to Caldwell, Texas. Results confirm the factor structure of the emotional solidarity scale (ESS), exhibiting sound psychometric properties in the way of numerous reliability and validity measures. Length of residence and number of years attending the festival were considered in explaining the variance in the three factors (i.e., welcoming nature, emotional closeness, and sympathetic understanding) of the ESS. Three of the six regression models were significant. Implications, limitations, and future research opportunities are discussed.
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