Seung-Kyu Kim

Irbid National University, Department of Marine Science, Faculty Member

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Contribution of diffuse inputs to the aqueous mass load of perfluoroalkyl acids in river and stream catchments in Korea

by Seung-Kyu Kim and Kyung-Duk Zoh

Editor: Jeong-Eun Oh Keywords: Emerging POPs Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) Non-point source Mass d... more

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Relationship of pyrogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contamination among environmental solid media

Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 2009

This study compared the contamination levels and compositional characteristics of PAHs in soil, S... more This study compared the contamination levels and compositional characteristics of PAHs in soil, SS and sediment to understand the cross media characteristics among the three solid media and ecological risk implications for the purpose to help manage in a more integrated manner the environmental quality objectives or the ecological risk in the media. The study area included urban (metropolis and industrial zone), suburban and rural sites. Seasonal samples were concurrently collected in surface soils, surface waters (dissolved and suspended solid (SS) phases separately) and sediments. The emission estimate and source characterizing PAH indices consistently indicated that PAHs were from pyrogenic sources. The level of total PAHs in soil declined along the wind direction from the urban areas to the rural areas. The sorption power of soil appeared distinctly different between the urban and rural areas. The contamination levels and PAH profiles in soil and sediment were closely related to each other while no such correlation was observed between SS and sediment or SS and soil. Comparisons of the observed partitioning coefficients with three different partitioning equilibrium models strongly suggested that PAHs in water appeared to undergo partitioning among the dissolved phase in water, dissolved organic matter, and organic and soot carbons in SS, which might account for the level and profile of PAHs in SS that were not correlated with those in soil or sediment. The observed results suggested that PAHs of pyrogenic origins entered into soil, sediment, and water by the atmospheric deposition and subsequent other cross-media transfers of PAHs. The results also evidenced that sediments were principally contaminated with PAHs delivered via surface run-off from soil although in the urban areas the run-off influence appeared less immediate than in the rural areas. Environmental quality objectives for PAHs in soil and sediment should be set in a coherent manner and the protection efforts for the sediment quality should be made with the consideration of the soil quality particularly where the river bottom sediment is renewed periodically with eroded soil due to heavy rain and/or large river regime coefficient. In spite of the difference in PAH profiles among the three solid media, BaP commonly appeared to present the greatest TEQ, suggesting that strict regulation of BaP is necessary to efficiently and substantially minimize the total risk of the environmental PAHs.

Quantitation of Gas-Phase Perfluoroalkyl Surfactants and Fluorotelomer Alcohols Released from Nonstick Cookware and Microwave Popcorn Bags

Environmental Science & Technology, 2007

Fluoropolymer dispersions are used for coating certain cookware products and food-contact packagi... more Fluoropolymer dispersions are used for coating certain cookware products and food-contact packaging to impart oil and water repellency. Since salts of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are used as a processing aid in the manufacture of many fluoropolymers, it is necessary to determine if these compounds are still present as residuals after the process used to coat nonstick cookware or packaging, and could be released during typical cooking conditions. In this study, we identified and measured perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs), particularly PFOA, and fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs; 6:2 FTOH and 8:2 FTOH), released from nonstick cookware into the gas phase under normal cooking temperatures (179 to 233 degrees C surface temperature). PFOA was released into the gas phase at 7-337 ng (11-503 pg/cm2) per pan from four brands of nonstick frying pans. 6:2 FTOH and 8:2 FTOH were found in the gas phase of four brands of frying pans, and the sources of FTOHs released from nonstick cookware are under investigation. We observed a significant decrease in gas-phase PFOA following repeated use of one brand of pan, whereas the other brand did not show a significant reduction in PFOA release following multiple uses. PFOA was found at &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;5 ng during the fourth use of both brands of pans. FTOHs were not found after the second use of either brand of pans. PFOA was found at 5-34 ng in the vapors produced from a prepacked microwave popcorn bag. PFOA was not found in the vapors produced from plain white corn kernels popped in a polypropylene container. 6:2 FTOH and 8:2 FTOH were measured in the vapors produced from one brand of prepacked microwave popcorn at 223 + 37 ng and 258 +/- 36 ng per bag, respectively, but not measured at &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;20 ng (LOQ) in the other two brands. On the packaging surface of one brand of microwave popcorn several PFCAs, including C5-C12, 6:2 FTOH, and 8:2 FTOH, were found at concentrations in the order of 0.5-6.0 ng/cm2. This study suggests that residual PFOA is not completely removed during the fabrication process of the nonstick coating for cookware. They remain as residuals on the surface and may be off-gassed when heated at normal cooking temperatures.

Perfluorinated Acids in Air, Rain, Snow, Surface Runoff, and Lakes: Relative Importance of Pathways to Contamination of Urban Lakes

Environmental Science & Technology, 2007

Concentrations of perfluorinated acids (PFAs) were measured in various environmental matrices (ai... more Concentrations of perfluorinated acids (PFAs) were measured in various environmental matrices (air, rain, snow, surface runoff water, and lake water) in an urban area, to enable identification of sources and pathways of PFAs to urban water bodies. Total PFA concentrations ranged from 8.28 to 16.0 pg/ m 3 (mean 11.3) in bulk air (sum of vapor and particulate phases), 0.91 to 13.2 ng/L (6.19) in rainwater, 0.91 to 23.9 ng/L (7.98) in snow, 1.11-81.8 ng/L (15.1 ng/L) in surface runoff water (SRW), and 9.49 to 35.9 ng/L (21.8) in lake water. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was the predominant compound, accounting for >35% of the total PFA concentrations, in all environmental matrices analyzed. Concentrations and relative compositions of PFAs in SRW were similar to those found for urban lakes. SRW contributes to contamination by PFOA in urban lakes. The measured concentration ratios of FTOH to PFOA in air were 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than the ratios calculated based on an assumption of exclusive atmospheric oxidation of FTOHs. Nevertheless, the mass balance analysis suggested the presence of an unknown input pathway that could contribute to a significant amount of total PFOA loadings to the lake. Flux estimates of PFOA at the air-water interface in the urban lake suggest net volatilization from water.

format_quotePFOA concentrations in urban lakes (4.83-15.8 ng/L) significantly exceeded those in rural lakes (1.24-3.87 ng/L) (p < 0.05).format_quote

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Interrelationship of Pyrogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Contamination in Different Environmental Media

Sensors, 2009

Interrelationships between pyrogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were assessed in air... more Interrelationships between pyrogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were assessed in air, soil, water, sediment, and tree leaves by using multi-media monitoring data. Concurrent concentration measurements were taken bimonthly for a year for the multi-media at urban and suburban sites. PAH level correlations between air and other media were observed at the urban site but were less clear at the suburban site. Considering a closer PAHs distribution/fate characteristics to soil than suspended solids, contamination in sediment seemed to be governed primarily by that in soil. The partitioning of PAHs in waters could be better accounted for by sorption onto black carbon and dissolved organic carbon.

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Imposex in the rock shell, Thais clavigera, as evidence of organotin contamination in the marine environment of Korea

Marine Environmental Research, 2000

Imposex was measured in the rock shell, Thais clavigera, from the coast of the Korean peninsula. ... more Imposex was measured in the rock shell, Thais clavigera, from the coast of the Korean peninsula. Frequency of imposex was 0% at two reference sites, but at 47 out of 61 sites, frequency of imposex was recorded as 100%. The degree of imposex was relatively high at the sites near a harbor and a shipyard. Tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT) concentrations in T. clavigera ranged from 5 to 508 ng/g and from 3 to 2460 ng/g, respectively. A significant positive relationship was found between degree of imposex and organotin concentration, whereas a significant negative relationship was obtained between female-to-male sex ratio and the degree of imposex. During a field transplantation of T. clavigera from a pristine area to a port, TBT and TPT were accumulated in T. clavigera, and imposex was induced. T. clavigera shows considerable potential as a bioindicator species of the adverse effects of TBT and TPT contamination.

A new coherence test procedure of environmental quality objectives based on multi-media monitoring data and its application to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Korea

Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2012

The goal of the present study was to determine if coherence was maintained among the maximum perm... more The goal of the present study was to determine if coherence was maintained among the maximum permissible concentrations (MPCs) of 15 PAHs in air, soil, water, and sediment proposed in Korea. Coherence was tested for each of the five medium pairs (soil/air, water/air, water/soil, sediment/soil, and water/sediment) using concurrently measured data of PAHs levels in those media. The coherence test was possible in the present study under the condition that the PAHs emission occurs only in air. The sources of uncertainty for assessing coherence using the monitoring data included the strength of evidence to support the assumption of near-steady state or steady state, the choice of the confidence interval, and the monitoring data set used for the test. While subject to the uncertainties, a number of the proposed MPCs of PAHs were determined not to be coherent. This work is the first one presenting a coherence test procedure based on multimedia monitoring data and the test results of coherence among the MPCs of PAHs. The results suggest that future development of methodology is warranted to ensure the coherence among the environmental quality objectives while fulfilling the desired level of protection.

Characteristics of trophic transfer of polychlorinated biphenyls in marine organisms in Incheon North Harbor, Korea

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2002

The trophic transfer of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was characterized for zooplankton (prima... more The trophic transfer of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was characterized for zooplankton (primarily Paracalanus spp. and Acartia spp.), pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), shore crab (Hemigrapsus penicillatus), and goby (Acanthogobius hasta) in the aquatic system of Incheon North Harbor, Korea. The congener pattern in the species was clearly divided by the main PCB uptake route. Compared with zooplankton and oyster, the fraction of heavier homologues increased in crab and goby that take PCBs from food. Linear relationships were observed between log (fugacity in lipid/fugacity in seawater) and log K ow for all the species. For zooplankton and oyster, such an observation should not be regarded as a true absence of superhydrophobicity, because establishment of equilibrium with seawater was not evident. For crab and goby, the absence of superhydrophobicity was evidenced by the trophic transfer factor that continuously increased with K ow up to 10 7.8 . These results suggest that superhydrophobicity might be species specific. The trophic transfer factors and the fugacity levels in the lipid phase indicated that bioaccumulation in crab and goby advanced beyond the level in equilibrium with seawater in the harbor basin.

format_quoteSpatial distribution patterns indicated PCB concentrations in the harbor varied significantly from B1 to B12, painting a clear gradient.format_quote

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Use of the Relative Concentration To Evaluate a Multimedia Model for PAHs in the Absence of Emission Estimates

Environmental Science & Technology, 2004

format_quoteModels underpredicted measured values for most chemicals, with discrepancies up to several orders of magnitude.format_quote

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Optimization of carbamazepine removal in O 3/UV/H 2O 2 system using a response surface methodology with central composite design

Desalination, 2000

This study used an ozone/ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide (O3/UV/H2O2) system to remove carbamazepin... more This study used an ozone/ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide (O3/UV/H2O2) system to remove carbamazepine (CBZ) from water using a second-order response surface methodology (RSM) experiment with a five-level full-factorial central composite design (CCD) for optimization. The effects of both the primary and secondary interactions of the photocatalytic reaction variables, including O3 concentration (X1), H2O2 concentration (X2), and UV intensity (X3), were examined. The O3 concentration significantly influenced CBZ and total organic carbon (TOC) removal as well as total inorganic nitrogen ion production (T-N) (p < 0.001). However, CBZ, TOC removal, and T-N production were enhanced with increasing O3 and H2O2 concentrations up to certain levels, and further increases in O3 and H2O2 resulted in adverse effects due to hydroxyl radical scavenging by higher oxidant and catalyst concentrations. UV intensity had the most significant effect on T-N production (p < 0.001). Complete removal of CBZ was achieved after 5 min. However, only 34.04% of the TOC and 36.99% of T-N were removed under optimal concentrations, indicating formation of intermediate products during CBZ degradation. The optimal ratio of O3 (mg L− 1): H2O2 (mg L− 1): UV (mW cm− 2) were 0.91:5.52:2.98 for CBZ removal, 0.7:18.93:12.67 for TOC removal, and 0.94: 4.85:9.03 for T-N production, respectively.► Response surface method to optimize carbamazepine removal in O3/UV/H2O2 reaction. ► O3 concentration significantly influenced CBZ and TOC removals. ► UV intensity had the most significant effect on T-N production. ► CBZ removal was enhanced up to certain levels of O3 and H2O2 concentrations. ► Central composite design was used to determine the optimal removal efficiency of CBZ.

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Distribution of Organochlorine Pesticides in Intertidal and Subtidal Sediments in Coastal Wetland with High Tidal Ranges

Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2010

The present study aimed to understand the distribution characteristics of organochlorine pesticid... more The present study aimed to understand the distribution characteristics of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in wetlands experiencing high tides and the manner in which these characteristics are affected by various factors, in particular, two distinct physical and topographical features (i.e., sub- and intertidal zones). For all OCPs except HCHs, the distribution levels were higher in the intertidal zone than in the subtidal zone. The spatial heterogeneity in the isomer compositional pattern, distribution levels, and correlation among individual OCPs were pronounced in the intertidal zone. Spatial homogeneity was observed within the subtidal zone, indicating that the effect of flushing and mixing was strong enough to diminish the potential local concentration peaks and unique composition pattern. It was evident that input paths and their strength impact the horizontal and transversal distribution of OCPs. The OCP group-specific discrepancy in spatial distribution suggested that (1) chlordane and chlorobenzenes were from a single dominant innermost terrestrial input path, (2) DDTs were from multiple terrestrial input paths, and (3) HCH was likely to be from the outer sea. The observations in this study imply that (1) benthic organisms could experience greater exposure in the intertidal basin than in the subtidal zone and (2) management measures of OCPs should be set after considering the tidal effect and the OCP-specific input paths.

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Seasonal Variation of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) on Anmyeon Island

Ocean and Polar Research, 2009

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Overview of the findings from measurements of halogenated compounds at Gosan (Jeju Island, Korea) quantifying emissions in East Asia

Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences, 2012

With increased economic growth in East Asia, regional emissions of many anthropogenic halogenated... more With increased economic growth in East Asia, regional emissions of many anthropogenic halogenated compounds now constitute a substantial fraction of the global totals. Here, we summarize recently reported findings from measurements of a wide range of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), and other halogenated compounds at Gosan (Jeju Island, Korea) within the advanced global atmospheric gases experiment (AGAGE). General wind patterns at Gosan bring air masses from the surrounding areas, allowing the monitoring of both clean baseline and polluted air masses. We have analyzed our measurements since November 2007 both with an interspecies correlation method and with an inversion method based on the FLEXPART Lagrangian particle dispersion model to estimate these regional emissions. The results show that emissions of halogenated compounds in East Asia account for over 20% of global emissions, both in terms of ozone depletion potential (ODP) and global warming potential (GWP), and emphasize the importance of atmospheric measurements for quantifying emissions of these compounds in this region.

Occurrence of perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctanesulfonate in the Korean water system: Implication to water intake exposure

Environmental Pollution, 2011

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) measured in surface running waters indicated the existence of dif... more Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) measured in surface running waters indicated the existence of different emission sources in eight main city basins. The tap water reflected the contamination pattern and levels in their corresponding source water basins. The daily intakes through tap water consumption ranged from <0.01 to 0.73 ng kg−1 d−1 for perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and <0.01 to 0.08 ng kg−1 d−1 for perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS). Tap water intake-derived exposure accounted for 8.6%–101% (for PFOA) and while <10% (for PFOS) of total daily exposure, which was estimated from Korean serum concentrations using a pharmacokinetic model. Our findings indicate that tap water intake could be an important contributor to PFOA exposure in Korean populations; accordingly, additional efforts are necessary to improve the removal efficiency of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in the water purification process. However, more fundamentally the aim would be to reduce the discharge of PFCs from potential sources within the basin.► Tap waters reflected the source-water contamination caused by local emission source. ► Tap water intake-derived exposure was significant for PFOA while not for PFOS. ► For PFOA, human exposure was strongly associated with ambient water contamination. ► Efforts are necessary to improve PFOA removal efficiency and reduce its discharge.

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Regional atmospheric emissions determined from measurements at Jeju Island, Korea: Halogenated compounds from China

Geophysical Research Letters, 2010

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Human Exposure to Dioxin-Like Compounds in Fish and Shellfish Consumed in South Korea

Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 2007

Dietary intake is the most important source of exposure to dioxins for the general population. Th... more Dietary intake is the most important source of exposure to dioxins for the general population. This pathway contributes more than 90% of the daily intake for the general population of Korea. The objective of this study was to assess current exposure to dioxin-like compounds in fish and shellfish consumed by the general population in Korea. Residues of polychlorinated dibenzo-p -dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and dioxin-like, non-, and mono-substituted polychlorinated biphenyls (co-planar PCBs) were quantified in 32 fish and shellfish collected from domestic fisheries markets. The contributions of individual DL-PCB congeners to the total 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p -dioxin (TCDD) equivalents (TEQ) were greater than 50%. Concentrations of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p -dioxin equivalents based on the TCDD equivalency factors (TEFs) developed by the World Health Organization (TEQ WHO ) were compared to guidelines suggested for the protection of human health by the World Health Organization (WHO). The greatest TEQ concentration was observed in herring, followed by that in dried anchovy and Sailfin sandfish. The exposure to dioxin-like compounds from current fish consumption patterns was estimated to be 72 pg TEQ WHO /day, which is equal to 1.2 pg TEQ WHO /kg, bw/d, a value that is less than the current tolerable daily intake (TDI) guideline in Korea, which is 4 pg TEQ WHO /kg, bw/d. The relatively great exposure was determined to be due to greater fish consumption rate in Korea, rather than greater concentrations of residues in food.

format_quoteAverage dioxin exposure from fish consumption in Korea is 72 pg TEQ WHO/day, below the tolerable daily intake guideline of 4 pg TEQ WHO/kg bw/day.format_quote

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Unusual Perirenal Location of a Tailgut Cyst

Korean Journal of Radiology, 2002

The authors describe a case in which a tailgut cyst occurred at an unusual location in a 22-year-... more The authors describe a case in which a tailgut cyst occurred at an unusual location in a 22-year-old woman referred for abdominal discomfort and urinary frequency. The left abdomen contained a palpable mass, found at imaging studies to be a homogeneous, unilocular and cystic, and anterior to the left kidney. After surgical excision, it was shown to be a tailgut cyst.

Risk factors for developing hyponatremia in thyroid cancer patients undergoing radioactive iodine therapy

PloS one, 2014

Background: Due to the alarming increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer worldwide, more patie... more Background: Due to the alarming increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer worldwide, more patients are receiving postoperative radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy and these patients are given a low-iodine diet along with levothyroxine withdrawal to induce a hypothyroid state to maximize the uptake of RAI by thyroid tissues. Recently, the reported cases of patients suffering from life-threatening severe hyponatremia following postoperative RAI therapy have increased. This study aimed to systematically assess risk factors for developing hyponatremia following RAI therapy in post-thyroidectomy patients.

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Contribution of diffuse inputs to the aqueous mass load of perfluoroalkyl acids in river and stream catchments in Korea

Science of The Total Environment, 2014

Editor: Jeong-Eun Oh Keywords: Emerging POPs Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) Non-point source Mass d... more

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PERFLUORINATED COMPOUNDS IN STREAMS OF THE SHIHWA INDUSTRIAL ZONE AND LAKE SHIHWA, SOUTH KOREA

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2006

Concentrations of perfluorinated alkyl compounds (PFAs), including perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFO... more Concentrations of perfluorinated alkyl compounds (PFAs), including perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexanesulfonate, perfluorobutanesulfonate, perfluorooctanesulfonamide, perfluorodecanoate, perfluorononanoic acid, perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluoroheptanoate, and perfluorohexanoate, were measured in the streams of the Shihwa and Banweol industrial areas on the west coast of South Korea as well as the adjacent Lake Shihwa (an artificial lake) and Gyeonggi Bay. Perfluorinated alkyl compounds were concentrated from water using solid-phase extraction and were identified and quantified by liquid chromatography/triple-quadrapole tandem mass spectrometry. Of the PFAs measured, PFOS and PFOA occurred at the greatest concentrations. Concentrations of PFOS ranged from 2.24 to 651 ng/L, and concentrations of PFOA ranged from 0.9 to 62 ng/L. The concentrations of PFOS observed in Lake Shihwa were among the greatest ever measured in the environment. These results suggest local industrial sources of PFOS and PFOA as well as other PFAs. Because of dilution, the greatest concentrations occur in a rather restricted area, near the points of discharge of the streams that empty into the lake. The greatest measured concentration of PFOS exceeded the threshold for effects predicted for predatory birds consuming aquatic organisms continuously exposed to this level.

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