Ozan Yarman

Istanbul University, State Conservatory, Faculty Member

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For a greater coverage of my contributions, visit me at http://www.ozanyarman.com.

I am Prof. Dr. Ozan Yarman. I am professionally a Turkish composer, pianist and music theorist. Though educated in Classical Western music, I am intensely engaged in microtonality and maqam theories. I achieved the title of “Doctor of Musicology” in 2008 and “Associate Professor of Musicology and Music Theories” in 2011.

A keystone contribution in the field of musicology is my 79-tone Qanun tuning/temperament model which is capable of satisfactorily representing makamlar on any scale degree.

Aside from my regular commitment to microtonal polyphony and maqam theories, I also contribute extensively to the YARK (Yarman-Arik-Kholmetskii) gravitation theory and related "Yarman's Approach" works spearheaded by my father Prof. Dr. Tolga Yarman.

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Trigram Melodik Hat Analizi Temelli Yapay Öğrenme ile Modern Türkiye'de Makamsal Müziğe Dönük Tarihsel Dönemlendirme

by Ozan Yarman and Esra Berkman

ANADOLU ÜNİVERSİTESİ BİLİMSEL ARAŞTIRMA PROJELERİ KOORDİNASYON BİRİMİ Proje Nr: 2629, 2025

--- MENDELEY yüklemelerimize dair herkese açık hale getirdiğimiz çalışan link: https://data.mende... more --- MENDELEY yüklemelerimize dair herkese açık hale getirdiğimiz çalışan link: https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/jdvtcnyt9j/1 --- ZOTERO yüklemelerimize dair herkese açık hale getirdiğimiz çalışan link: https://www.zotero.org/groups/6036250/trigram-datelabels ---

Bu Projede, Makamsal Türk müziği çevreleri tarafından nota partitürlerine genellikle eserin ilk bestelenme veya derlenme yılı bilgisinin eklenmemesi türünden belirsizlikleri bilimsel yöntemlerle gidermek adına, şu işlemlere başvurulmuştur:

1) 19. Yüzyılın sonundan başlayarak 20. Yüzyılın tamamını içeren modern bir evrede eser vermiş bestecilerin yapıtlarının incelenmesi ve bunlara dair genel-geçer tarihsel belirlemeler yapılması;

2) yeni geliştirdiğimiz “trigram (üçerli üçerli) melodik hat analizi” yöntemi [Yarman ve Sethares vd. 2019] kullanılarak, eserlerin bağlamdan bağımsız dijital imzalarının çıkarılması;

3) yaklaşık iki bin esere elle atadığımız tarih etiketlerine ve mevzubahis dijital imzalara dayalı olarak, yapay öğrenme (machine learning) özellikli (örn. Lojistik Regresyon [Logistic Regression], IBk, Çok Katmanlı Algılayıcı [Multilayer Perceptron], Rastgele Orman [Random Forest] gibi) 27 farklı WEKA (University of Waikato – New Zealand Environment for Knowledge Analysis) algoritması aracılığıyla, tarihsel dönem tahminlerine dair sonuçların sunulması.

Eserlerle ilişkilendirilen tarih etiketleri “1880-1899”, “1900-1919”, “1920-1939”, “1940-1959”, “1960-1969”, “1970-1979”, “1980-1989” ve “1990-2000” olmaktadır. Elle koyduğumuz ve algoritmaların tahmin yürütmekte esas aldığı bu etiketler üzerinden eserlere ve bestecilerine yönelik dönemsel ve üslupsal çıkarsamalar yapılmıştır.

Dört farklı sistemde — yani A) 53 perdeden oluşan Eşit Aralıklı Düzen (53-tET: “-ton Eşit Taksimat”) komma değerleri, B) 53-tET’in oktava indirgenmiş komma değerleri, C) 24 perdeli Pithagoryen Arel-Ezgi-Uzdilek (AEU) alt-küme sesleri ve D) AEU’nun oktava indirgenmiş sesleri çerçevesinde — 27 algoritmanın her eser için tahminlerinin ortalaması alındığında, sonuçlar çarpıcı biçimde, örneğin 1880-1899 dönemine atanan bazı eserlerin, yüksek olasılıkla aslında 1940-1959 dönemine daha yakın denk düştüğünü göstermektedir.

Bu noktada, bir 19. Yüzyıl sonu bestecisinin döneminin çok ilerisinde bir üsluba sahip olma ihtimalinin oldukça düşük olduğu değerlendirildiğinde, iki makul olasılık öne çıkmaktadır:

● Pek mümkün ki, önceki yüzyıldan kalma orijinal bir varyant, 20. Yüzyılın ortasında varsayılan türden bir “klasik formata” zorla uyarlandı, ya da
● söz konusu eser, 20. Yüzyıl ortalarında yaşandığını varsaydığımız (ve burada “Arelizasyon” ya da “Arelleştirme” olarak adlandırılan) etnosantrik revizyonizm süreci çerçevesinde [Yarman 2016, s. 15-24], “klasik” olduğu ileri sürülen bir kalıpta muhtemelen yoktan üretildi ve böylelikle tanınmış bir figüre kasdi olarak yanlış şekilde atfedildi.

Bulgularımız, ‘klasik’ Türk müziği mirası olarak kabul edilegelmiş pek çok unsurun aslında 20. Yüzyıl ortalarında inşa edilmiş olabileceğini, bunun da kültürel özgünlük tartışmaları açısından derin sonuçlar doğuracağını göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Hesaplamalı Müzikoloji, Yapay Öğrenme, Trigram (üçerli üçerli) Melodik Hat Analizi, Türk Müziği Dönemlendirmesi.

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Vanishing Accelerated Cosmic Expansion Had Already Been Predicted by Yarman’s Rest-Mass Dynamics (RMD)

by Tolga Yarman and Ozan Yarman

Recent stringent observations of the declining accelerated expansion of the universe (DES Collabo... more Recent stringent observations of the declining accelerated expansion of the universe (DES Collaboration 2025, arXiv:2503.06712) now challenge even more authoritatively the concordance ΛCDM paradigm with its ad hoc cosmological constant. Yet, this phenomenon had already been quantitatively predicted by T. Yarman via his Rest-Mass Dynamics (RMD) decades ago (Ann. Fond. de Broglie 2004, 29, 45; Eur. Phys. J. Plus 2013, 128, 8; Ann. Phys. 2023, 454, 16934). The framework spearheaded by the first co-author is grounded in strict energy conservation and is fully compliant with both Quantum Mechanics (QM) and Special Theory of Relativity (STR). RMD thus naturally explains i) the observed acceleration magnitude (~10^-10 m/s^2), ii) its 1/r^2 decay behavior, and iii) key cosmological data such as Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) anisotropies, the so-called Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO), and the securely established Hubble tension without invoking Dark Energy. Yarman et al.’s theoretical enterprise replaces spacetime curvature with a dynamic rest-mass scaling formalism that leads to the centennially verified results, such as gravitational redshift and bound muon decay-rate retardation (Int. J. Theor. Phys. 2011, 50, 1407). Besides these, it accounts for discoveries that Einstein’s metric formalism cannot cope with, such as concerning those of Mössbauer rotor experiments (Phys. Scr. 2008, 78, 035302). The theory’s predictive and explanatory power, coupled with its falsifiability claims (e.g., rotation-induced CMB signatures, density gradients at cosmological scales, etc.), positions RMD as a viable alternative to the ΛCDM model.

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“WHICH-SLIT” DISCLOSURE WITHOUT DECOHERENCE VIA QUANTAL THEORY OF GRAVITY (QTG)

by Tolga Yarman and Ozan Yarman

This contribution reconsiders, under the two-entity formalism of our Quantal Theory of Gravity (Q... more This contribution reconsiders, under the two-entity formalism of our Quantal Theory of Gravity (QTG) (Ann. Phys. 454, 2023, 169346), foundational interference experiments such as those with double-slit and delayed-choice quantum eraser setups. QTG posits that real overlapping relativistic wavefronts of energy hf each guide associated cores (or, in the case of photons, kernels) made up of the rest mass γm0∞ (unless a wavefront happens to be “bare”, i.e., not coupled with a core/kernel). In this regard, QTG’s root integral energy conservation postulate allows for two equations of motion, both conforming to a Newtonian procedure, the second of which straightly leads to the usual full quantum mechanical deployment. Any wave-like scenario can thus be handled either through a derivational path compatible with standard Quantum Mechanics (QM) or, alternatively, via a projectile-like description by making use of de Broglie’s archetypal equation hf=γm0∞c^2 (written with the familiar notation). We argue that, even in coherent quantum mechanical interference contexts, the core or kernel passes through just one slit at a time, while the wavefront that is associated with it traverses all available paths diffractively to create the expected fringe pattern downstream. To discover the true nature of wave-particle duality, a novel tiltable tabletop arrangement using entangled photons is proposed, which introduces gravitational delay between the wavefront and the photon kernel as predicted by QTG, thereby allowing the extraction of “which-slit” information without destroying the observed fringes. This approach resolves persisting paradoxes with respect to Bohr’s complementarity and harmonizes QM with gravity in a physically consistent manner.

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Systematization of β+–Decaying Atomic Nuclei: Interrelation Between Half-Life, Mass, Energy and Size

International Journal of Modern Physics E, Jul 10, 2024

We propose a novel systematization of positron-decaying atomic nuclei, for which we first focus o... more We propose a novel systematization of positron-decaying atomic nuclei, for which we first focus on determining the kinetic energy of the most energetic positron at the moment it is emitted from the nucleus. We find that this energy is inversely proportional to the number of nucleons A making up the nucleus. Further on, for A>60, we figure out that the measured kinetic energy of positrons detected in the laboratory turns out to be substantially less than what one would classically expect based on the electrical interaction between the nucleus and the positron, starting from the moment the latter gets emitted. We particularly disclose that the initial kinetic energy of the positron escaping from the nucleus can be formally negative at A>60, which indicates that the positron in question is not released from the classically conceived nuclear surface, but from much above the said surface. This requires the need to involve the quantum mechanical properties of the system composed of “the nucleus and the positron”. Finally, we show how the half-life, mass, kinetic energy and size involved in positron-decay are interrelated in a way already established through Yarman’s approach (YA) for polyatomic molecules and α-decaying nuclei.

A SUITABLE WAY OF NORMALIZING NEW SI TO MAKE c AND h UNITIES (UNABRIDGED SCRIPT)

Concise version published in TWMS J. App. Eng. Math. V.14, N.3, 2024, pp. 898-912., 2024

Yarman's Approach, which serves as the basis of YARK gravitation theory (as abbreviated from "Yar... more Yarman's Approach, which serves as the basis of YARK gravitation theory (as abbreviated from "Yarman-Arık-Kholmetskii"), together with its recently developed extension QTG (Quantal Theory of Gravity), motivated us to question the suitability of Natural Units commonly used in Quantum Field Theory (QFT) and other areas of physics. That and the consensus of the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) towards the establishment of "New SI" inspired us to explore an appropriate way of normalizing the metric system in order to make the utmost theoretical speed limit of light c and the Planck Constant h unities, as well as universal constants, respectively. Our metrological approach herein reveals that the correction factor˛kffl introduced to the retired definition of vacuum permeability µ 0-as extracted from an indiscriminate Fine-Structure Constant α value-does not suffice to align the computed α with the latest experimental measurements of α. One may therefore require a rectified value for the elementary charge e along with the need to restore its uncertainty digits. All this is especially relevant within the context of the 20 May 2019 international decision to fix the Planck Constant to a definite value while letting the kilogram vary instead. One thus remarkably ends up with the necessity to either restore the uncertainty parts of the elementary charge in contrast to the SI redefinition, or to recalculate the correction factor kffl that latterly appears in vacuum permeability, or both. Another far-reaching option is the idea of restituting the uncertainties for the Planck Constant and/or lightspeed too when SI is normalized and then re-normalized without disturbing the meaningfulness of the related physical dimensions.

format_quoteProposed normalization suggests a different value for the elementary charge compared to existing standards, challenging the SI system.format_quote

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Derivation of the Uncertainty Relation from the fine structure constant: A derivation which just as well holds at the macroscopic level, wherefore uncertainties can be taken as finite differences of the given quantities

by Ozan Yarman and Tolga Yarman

Derivation of the Uncertainty Relation from the fine structure constant, 2024

A straightforward derivation of Heisenberg's Uncertainty Relation is presented starting from the ... more A straightforward derivation of Heisenberg's Uncertainty Relation is presented starting from the established expression of the fine structure constant. Newfound link between these two universal relationships enriches the physical interpretation of reality as subject to a quantum mechanical regime at all levels. Macroscopic manifestation of the Uncertainty Principle is therefore shown to arise in the form of a discrete character for any electrical current driven by a flux of elementary charges. A new inequality governing the Uncertainty Principle for electricity at the macro-scale is hence proposed, and the results obtained are discussed. We furthermore demonstrate, in line with our undertaking, that "given finite difference quantities" are identical to, and thus interchangeable with, "well-defined uncertainty values". Accordingly, possessed values acquired by finite difference quantities shall under no circumstances abolish related uncertainty characteristics. Our derivation of Heisenberg's Uncertainty Relation from Sommerfeld's original definition of the fine structure constant also evokes that the former too can well be stated as a definition, or vice versa. From such a perspective, The Uncertainty Relation can well be considered as simply a capstone re-formulation of the Planck constant-just like (Pressure x Volume / Temperature) happens to be the expression of the gas constant when written for gases. It is vital to recall that Yarman et al. have shown elsewhere how the macroscopic behaviour of a complex system, such as a gas enclosed in a container, is tethered to the Planck constant. In this sense, the current enterprise makes strictly no divisive distinction between the micro and the macro worlds.

format_quoteDemonstrates the interchangeability of uncertainties and finite differences in quantum mechanics, confirming their equivalence.format_quote

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Quantal Theory of Gravity (Qtg): Essential Points and Implications

by Tolga Yarman and Ozan Yarman

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2023

“Quantal Theory of Gravity” (QTG) is a novel approach that describes interactions between masses ... more “Quantal Theory of Gravity” (QTG) is a novel approach that describes interactions between masses based on the law of energy conservation. It remains in full symbiosis with Quantum Mechanics (QM) and has the capacity of dealing with bodies behaving both corpuscle-like and wave-like, regardless of whether it is a question of a photon or ordinary matter. Despite being built on a foundation fundamentally different from the mainstream metric worldview, QTG is able to yield results that are indistinguishable from the classical tests which were historically considered to validate the General Theory of Relativity (GTR) of Einstein (C. Marchal et al., 2023, Ann. Phys. 454, 169346). All the same, the conformance between GTR and QTG tran-spires only in the latter’s quantal case. This is where a wave-like behaving object in the gravitational field must get torn apart into i) an accelerating wavepacket of energy hf=γm0∞c2, whose modus operandi is ipso facto local, and ii) an a fortiori recoiling corpuscular constituent of instantaneous rest mass m0∞e-, which we dub the core. The splitting occurs via a rest mass exchange in-between the wavepacket and the core in accordance with the law of momentum conservation. We thus derive equations of motion for both the wavepacket and the core with regards to respectively the local observer and the remote observer, to the extent that the artificiality of the metric formalism of the past century is brought into question. Besides this, our approach is capable of dealing with the measured correction brought to account for the anoma-lous precession of the perihelion of the orbit of Saturn (L. Iorio, 2009, AJ 137 3615). We would further like to recall that QTG correctly explains the propagation of corpuscle-like objects such as high-energy γ-quanta; in which case, it predicts the nullification of gravitational bending. Such a finding can be ex-plained under neither GTR nor other purely metric theories of gravity, and delineates an important aspect regarding the experimental re-confirmation of QTG. It should also be noted that our approach has the ca-pacity to provide an answer to even the elusive quest for dark energy. QTG’s framework is further appli-cable to any non-radiative field the test object might interact with, insofar as meeting the keystone re-quirement for establishing the building blocks of a unified theory for all particles and interactions.

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Reply to "Unscientific behavior of the YARK theory of gravitation" by C. Corda

by Tolga Yarman and Ozan Yarman

We respond to one more attempt by Corda (vixra: 1709.0190v1) in criticizing the Yarman-Arik-Kholm... more We respond to one more attempt by Corda (vixra: 1709.0190v1) in criticizing the Yarman-Arik-Kholmetskii (YARK) gravitation theory, and show the fallacious character of his aggression. 1 Naming our collaboration as a "club", Corda obviously wants to give offense to the YARK team. But really, this induces only our smiles in the context of the entire discussion.

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The Energy probability distribution of quantum levels of a particle imprisoned in a three dimensional box

by Tolga Yarman and Ozan Yarman

Journal of physics, Mar 1, 2022

This work was trigerred by the earlier achivements of Yarman et al, aiming to bridge themordynami... more This work was trigerred by the earlier achivements of Yarman et al, aiming to bridge themordynamics and quantum mechanics, whence, Planck constant came to replace Boltzmann constant, and “average quantum level number” came to replace “temperature”. This evoked that the classical Maxwell energy probability distribution p(E) with respect to energy E of gas molecules might be taken care of, by the “energy probability distribution of the quantum levels” of a particle imprisoned in a given volume, assuming that in the case we have many particles, following Pauli exclusion principle, no pair of particles can sit at the same level. Thereby, the energy probability distribution of the quantum levels of a particle imprisoned in three dimensions, will be the subject of this essay. Such an outlook becomes interesting from several angles: i) It looks indeed very much like a classical Maxwellian distribution. ii) In the case we have as many free particles in the box as the number of levels depicted by the number of quantum levels in between the predetermined lower bound energy level and the upperbound energy level, all the while assuming that the Pauli principle holds, the distribution we disclose becomes the energy probability distribution of the ensemble of particles imprisoned in the given box. iii) It can even be guessed that, if elastic collisions between the free particles were allowed, and still assuming quantization and the Pauli principle, the outcome we disclose should be about the same as that of the energy probability distribution, molecules in a room would display in equilibrium. iv) The quantized energy being proportional to the sum of three squared integers associated with respectively, each of the spatial dimensions; the property we reveal certainly becomes remarkable from the point of view of mathematics of integer numbers. All the more, we further disclose that, to the probability distribution outlook remains the same, be this qualitatively for higher dimensions than 3.

Assignment of Makam Labels by Hand versus Auto-Classification by Machine Learning for 325 'Hicaz Family' Pieces (FINAL REPORT OF AN INCONCLUSIVE PROJECT)

Assignment of Makam Labels by Hand versus Auto-Classification by Machine Learning for 325 'Hicaz Family' Pieces, 2024

An earlier study by our team involved the exploitation of "unique melodic contour features" to ch... more An earlier study by our team involved the exploitation of "unique melodic contour features" to check whether a selection of 4 Turkish art music pieces and 4 Turkish folk music pieces from the 'Hicaz family' were indeed categorized correctly makam-wise [Yarman et al., 2020, "An Investigation of the Role of Diatonic Functions in the Seyir Phenomenon of Turkish Makam Music: Case of 'Hicaz Family'", DYUMM conference proceedings, 292-340]. We now deliver an overview of both TRT repertory labellings and tagging efforts by 6 anonymized experts versus several machine learning classifications with regards to 325 pieces pertaining to makams falling under the so-called 'Hicaz family' denomination. Our analysis is once again based on our novel "trigram melodic contour information extraction procedure", where all of the pieces operated on were transcribed according to the "SymbTR" symbolic representation database. The findings gathered with respect to this area of research seem to point to the fact that, say, Hicaz frequently blurs into kindred makams such as Uzzal and Hümayun, and the success rate in correctly determining a piece's makam never exceeds the level of about 75 percent whatever the methodology used. It is suspected that something similar must also be the case for makams of the 'Uşşak-Hüseyni family', and this field awaits further investigation. We hence suggest a new theoretical insight for identifying a piece of the repertory that is said to be in a given makam but has characteristics of other makams as well, particularly seeing as our extensive and prolonged enquiry turned out to be inconclusive and the project died out as a result.

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A Suitable Way of Normalizing New Si to Make C and H Unities

Quantal Theory of Gravity (Qtg): Essential Points and Implications

SSRN Electronic Journal

Nişabureyn makamı ve Devr-i Aryan usulu

Search for an optimal tonal-system for an authentic Turkish soundscape

Generalized Lorentz Group of Space-Time Transformations

TWMS (Turkic World Mathematical Society) Journal of Applied and Engineering Mathematics, 2020

We examine how Lorentz Symmetry (LS) breaks down in Yarman-Arik-Kholmetskii (YARK) theory of grav... more We examine how Lorentz Symmetry (LS) breaks down in Yarman-Arik-Kholmetskii (YARK) theory of gravitation through an entirely different mechanism than that under metric theories of gravity. Said mechanism can be right away extended to all other fields of interaction under Yarman's Approach that forms the basis of YARK theory. The result is the disclosure of a new "Generalized Lorentz Group" of space-time transformations which contains an additional parameter denoting the interactional energy per unit mass. Hence, the core finding herein is that the Minkowskian metric for an empty space-time should, when one is in the presence of gravity or any other force field, be replaced by general equalities involving a novel coupling parameter for either attraction or repulsion..

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24-tone HTML5 Makam Piano for Turkish Art music

Latest HTML5 with JavaScript developments have stimulated a profusion of musical web-applications... more Latest HTML5 with JavaScript developments have stimulated a profusion of musical web-applications to emerge on the scene in the past couple of years. Firefox and Chrome browser support for them too has currently reached a comparatively stable level. Yet, these are mainly fashioned to appeal to a Western(ized) audience accustomed to the &quot;12 semitones to the octave&quot; methodology of common-practice music. We, on the other hand, present herein a microtonal HTML5 Piano design for Turkish Art music drawing from the extensively revamped open source code named &quot;JS Dynamic Audio Synth (© 2013)&quot;. Two tunings are directly implemented at the moment: The first is the conventional 24-tone Arel-Ezgi-Uzdilek system officially in force across Turkey; the second is a custom tone-system of identical resolution dubbed Yarman-24c and devised by the corresponding author as a substitute. Our design features highlighted hover &amp; play, dynamic perde labeling, incremental transposition, maximal keystroke constrained polyphonic playback, and custom frequency data paste/apply capabilities. Subsequent implementations by developers might enhance our design with a glissando &amp; vibrato effect, organ sound sustain, external synth patch load, and melody recording. Additionally, a test process to gather online statistics from visitors on their perceived success of how well the tunings render an assortment of well-known makam pieces could perhaps be considered in the future. We envision that our 24-tone Makam Piano (v1.2) will be quite useful as a music theory web resource and possibly inspire similar upcoming microtonal HTML5 designs.

Generalized Lorentz Group of Space-Time Transformations

Işık University Press, 2020

Gravitational interaction between particles must break Lorentz Symmetry (LS), as well as per Yarm... more Gravitational interaction between particles must break Lorentz Symmetry (LS), as well as per Yarman's Approach that forms the basis of YARK (Yarman-Arik-Kholmetskii) theory of gravity. This approach, being general, just as at the atomistic level, so too in gravitation will LS always break down under Yarman's Approach. All the while, General Theory of Relativity (GTR) is known to already break LS; still, its violation in gravitation according to YARK points to a different mechanism than it does under GTR. Said mechanism can be right away extended to all other interactional fields. The core finding herein is that the customary Lorentz transformations, and the proper Minkowskian metric resulting from them, should be replaced by general equalities involving a novel interactional coupling parameter emerging out of Yarman's Approach.

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Türk Sanat müziğinin genel bir anlatımı

Sajital" ve "Mandalatura" Notasyonlarıyla 79-perdeli Kanun

Türk Musıkisinin Bir Tarihçesi

Ozan Yarman

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