Papers by Gilbert Kelling
The Alikayasi Canyon Member of the Tekir Formation occurs in a thick sequence of deep-water slope... more The Alikayasi Canyon Member of the Tekir Formation occurs in a thick sequence of deep-water slope deposits on the northern margin and center of the lower–middle Miocene Maras foreland basin in eastern Turkey. The canyon was one of at least four majör sediment-bypass systems that sourced from a narrow shelf otherwise occupied by thick, coeval carbonate reefs. What remains of the source hinterland indicates that thick fan deltas propagated directly into the heads of the deep-water canyons that characterize these bypass systems. The Alikayasi Canyon is exposed as an almost completely exhumed sediment body in an area of sparse vegetation, where the contemporaneous shelf margin is still largely intact, and it represents the youngest of these four systems. It forms a 7-km (4-mi)-long, up to 300-m (984-ft)-high, and up to 1-km (0.6-mi)-wide sediment body, dissected once by a river, which is now drowned by an artificial lake behind the Menzelet Dam. The exposure is complete apart from a 1.5...
Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences
This review is concerned with some key features observed within grouped samples of ancient cerami... more This review is concerned with some key features observed within grouped samples of ancient ceramics that provide important evidence concerning the selection of appropriate raw materials and the evolution of the firing technologies employed in their production. It also demonstrates the importance of distinguishing and accounting for the mineralogical and microstructural attributes and identifying the processes responsible for the microstructural evolution of these ancient ceramics. The mineralogy largely reflects both the nature of the raw materials used and the maximum temperatures achieved during firing, deduced from the presence of specific high temperature minerals (HTMs). The microstructural evolution processes, deduced by the micromorphology of these ancient ceramics and displayed in specific features, observed in both the matrix and the slip of these ceramics, are largely controlled by the firing methods used in manufacturing. Thus, we conclude that the application of micromorphological principles, methods, and observations derived from the broad sphere of "pedology" to the study of ancient ceramics, provides valuable insights into the independent evolution of ceramic production methods in ancient societies. Thus, most of the observations recorded here concern identification of the raw materials used to make ancient ceramics and the firing processes used in their manufacture. Our data demonstrate that these ancient potters made use of a variety of temper materials (quartz and chaff, together with fragments of locally available rocks and minerals) that are now preserved in the matrix. Furthermore, analyses of the micromorphological attributes displayed by these ancient ceramics are helpful in determining and explaining the shrinkage features (stress coatings or poro-striated b-fabrics) and the preferred orientation of the elongated pores that have developed after firing in poorly controlled and slow-fired furnaces. In this regard, we finally seek to develop a useful data library ultimately targeting the enhancement of simulated ancient ceramic/pottery production, with an overall objective to apply the mineralogical and pedological properties of Anatolian ceramics researched in this work to globally selected shard specimens. Postburial processes, such as the illuviation-deposition of clay minerals to form the observed clay coatings, probably operated during the wet-dry cycles associated with mid-late Holocene climatic fluctuations. Accompanying calcification-decalcification processes, which may result from an intra cramic leaching-deposition of carbonate present in the source material of the pottery, are also consistent with the known wet-dry cycles of the mid to late Holocene pedogenesis (soil formation) episode and is reflected in the clay coatings and further attested by coeval changes in the soil-faunal activity.
Documentary and Archaeological Background
Eckweek, Peasedown St John, Somerset, 2020
Marmara Denizi geç kuvaterner çökelme ortamlarının incelenmesi: İzotopik, biyojeokimyasal, ağır metal, organik, mineralojik ve tarihlendirme çalışmaları
Marmara Denizi'nin Holosen jeolojisini arastirmak ve onceki verilerle karsilastirmak amaci il... more Marmara Denizi'nin Holosen jeolojisini arastirmak ve onceki verilerle karsilastirmak amaci ile gerceklestirilen bu calisma cercevesinde toplam 167 istasyonda kepce ile yuzey sediment ornegi alinmis ve sedimenter petrografik, jeokimyasal ve mineralojik analizlere tabi tutulmustur. Sedimentlerin tane boyu analizleri degisen miktarlarda kil,silt,kum ve cakil tane boyu malzemeler gostermektedir. Bu dagilim genelde incelenen bolgenin hidrografik, jeomorfolojik ve biyojenik kosullarini ortaya koymaktadir. Nitekim, mikroskobik incelemeler, bilhassa cakil ve kum boyutu malzemelerin yer yer onemli miktarlarda biyojenik kokenli kavki, kabuk ve iskelet icerdigini gostermektedir. Bu litojenik ve biyojenik kokenli tane boyu dagilimi, sedimentlerde degisen oranlarda karbonat miktarlari vermektedir. Genelde %10-15 $CaCO_3$ iceren sedimentlerde biyojenik katkiya bagli olarak karbonat degerleri %50'nin uzerine cikmaktadir. Sedimentlerin organik karbon miktarlari genelde %0,5-0,6 civarinda ol...
Discussion on a laminated hemipelagic facies from the Wenlock and Ludlow of the Welsh Basin
Journal of the Geological Society, 1991
Abdul Salpm Khan & Gilbert Kelling write: In their interesting recent paper, Dimberline et al... more Abdul Salpm Khan & Gilbert Kelling write: In their interesting recent paper, Dimberline et al. 1990 have drawn attention to the prevalence of a finely laminated silt and mud lithology within the Silurian sequences of north and central Wales, and in the Lake District. They conclude that this lithofacies is the product of predominantly hemipelagic ‘background’ deposition in the anoxic bottom waters of a stratified oceanic water-mass. They argue that the lamination represents seasonal-to-annual alternations of sediment supplied respectively by vertical fallout from planktonic sea-surface blooms (for the organic-rich laminae), and by extremely dilute density flows augmented by vertical fallout of faecal pellets, largely produced in the water column (creating the silt laminae). While we are in broad accord with the ascription of this delicately laminated facies to hemipelagic processes, our detailed examination of these sediments and possible modern analogues leads us to place a somewhat different emphasis on the various factors involved in the complex sedimentological scenario necessary for the formation of this unusual lithofacies. These differences rest mainly on: (i) the homogeneity or heterogeneity of the silt–clay fractions in the laminated hemipelagic units and the interleaved mud-turbidites: (ii) the origin of the aggregate structures that make up the bulk of the silt laminae in the laminated hemipelagic facies; (iii) the origin of the organic-rich laminae: (iv) the duration and causes of the periodicity implied by the lamination. Dimberline et al. correctly have pointed out that the laminated hemipelagic units commonly occur independently of authentic sand, silt or
The University of Edinburgh, 1958
Lastly, he remarked upon the fact that over much of the coast vihlch he surveyed, the bottoms or ... more Lastly, he remarked upon the fact that over much of the coast vihlch he surveyed, the bottoms or the beds E.1veys fceu south, and explained this by saying that "the northern limbs of the isoclinal structures are completely suppressed'.
Sedimentation in a Synorogenic Basin Complex: The Upper Carboniferous of Northwest Europe
Academic Journals, Jun 1, 2009
Probable source materials and production technologies of neolithic pottery from Çatalhöyük were s... more Probable source materials and production technologies of neolithic pottery from Çatalhöyük were studied with micromorphological and archaeometrical methods, seeking to shed light on the established techniques and appropriate source material mixtures used by the inhabitants of the epoch (7500 yr BP) in contrast to the reputed idea of primitiveness of the neolithic pottery. The results revealed the use of reed chaff along with mud brick (sun-dried) fragments that may have been derived from brick-making. The application of the 'slip' represents a novel observation and the intention of the use of a dye that needs further confirmation. The presence of gehlenite and aluminum diopside are considered to be the evidence of reached temperatures of about 800°C and not over with short durations manifested by the presence of calcite. Stress phenomena along with the bent weed fragments may also manifest the practice in shaping of pottery, where the former may also reflect fluctuating firing temperatures. Thus, analytical and micromorphological data obtained herein can provide some guidelines on designating prehistoric Anatolian pottery to the archaeologist and potters working on the subject matter.
Chapter 148: Controlling Factors on the Character of Feeder Systems to a Deep-water Fan, Cingöz Formation, Turkey
There are many controls on the character of deep-water systems; they are to some degree interdepe... more There are many controls on the character of deep-water systems; they are to some degree interdependent and can vary from basin to basin and through time. Understanding the effects of these controlling factors on the geometry and internal stacking of units within a submarine fan will help with the prediction of reservoir geometry in areas of poor or limited data, especially in the subsurface environment. The Cingoz Formation comprises two coeval and separately sourced areas within the Adana Basin, called the western and eastern areas. The reservoir character of these two areas display significant differences in bed geometry, size of feeder channels, and the architecture and stacking pattern within the feeder channels and depositional sandstone units. Four controlling factors are identified as the primary reasons for the observed differences within the Cingoz Formation across the basin: local tectonics, basin-margin and basin geometry, sediment-entry-point distribution, and basin bath...
CATENA, 1997
A time-serial analysis of atmospheric particles collected since 1990 at a coastal site bordering ... more A time-serial analysis of atmospheric particles collected since 1990 at a coastal site bordering the northeastern Mediterranean Sea shows that the collected samples display seasonal patterns in both concentration and color. The 1990-91 and 1992 collections yield an annualised average of around 0.5 g/day dust loading reducing to around 0.3 g/day when the sea-salt contribution is excluded. The highest concentrations of atmospheric particles of continental origin for both natural (e.g. Fe, Mn) and anthropogenic (e.g. Cd, Pb) materials are observed between April and October and this variability is inversely related to the frequency and the amount of rainfall. Sea-salt aerosol (Na) contents do not follow this pattern but are related to local wind speeds. Trace elements in the dusts also display seasonal variations in enrichment factors (EF), with respect to average elemental abundances in crustal rocks. The non-enriched (crustal) elements appear to be indicators of long-distance supply while the strongly enriched (anthropogenic) and moderately enriched suites of elements represent inputs from local or "anomalous" sources. The similar morphology of quartz and calcite grains and the uniformity of the clay mineral assemblages in samples collected over a two-year period strongly indicate a common source for the bulk of the atmospheric particles. The dominant clay types (palygorskite and smectite) document a desertic source areas.
Microfaunal biostratigraphy of Cenozoic sequences from the Misis-Andırın area, Southern Turkey
Newsletters on Stratigraphy, 1991
Artefacts and Environmental Evidence
Provenance of the materials used to make some Late Hittite Monuments at the Karatepe-Aslantaş and Domuztepe sites, Cilicia (southern Turkey)
Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 2020
The provenance of the basaltic raw material source(s) used by Hittite sculptors to create the mon... more The provenance of the basaltic raw material source(s) used by Hittite sculptors to create the monuments at Karatepe-Aslantaş, Turkey, has been investigated by means of polarising and scanning electron microscopy and image analysis to determine their mineralogy, textural properties and geochemical composition. Information concerning the weathering history of these chemically co-genetic basaltic lavas has been gained using the kaolinisation/plagioclase ratios versus TL values. In total, the results reveal that raw material sources (RMS) in the Domuztepe source area were used by Late Hittite craftsmen for the production of the Karatepe-Aslantaş artefacts, whereas the nearby massive and nonporous Sabunsuyu RMS were not exploited, most probably due to their petrographic properties. The distance of Domuztepe to the Karatepe-Aslantaş site reflects the great physical effort exerted in regard to the transportation of the raw materials from Domuztepe. This in turn provides information on the ...
CATENA, 1997
A time-serial analysis of atmospheric particles collected since 1990 at a coastal site bordering ... more A time-serial analysis of atmospheric particles collected since 1990 at a coastal site bordering the northeastern Mediterranean Sea shows that the collected samples display seasonal patterns in both concentration and color. The 1990-91 and 1992 collections yield an annualised average of around 0.5 g/day dust loading reducing to around 0.3 g/day when the sea-salt contribution is excluded. The highest concentrations of atmospheric particles of continental origin for both natural (e.g. Fe, Mn) and anthropogenic (e.g. Cd, Pb) materials are observed between April and October and this variability is inversely related to the frequency and the amount of rainfall. Sea-salt aerosol (Na) contents do not follow this pattern but are related to local wind speeds.
Probable source materials and production technologies of neolithic pottery from Çatalhöyük were s... more Probable source materials and production technologies of neolithic pottery from Çatalhöyük were studied with micromorphological and archaeometrical methods, seeking to shed light on the established techniques and appropriate source material mixtures used by the inhabitants of the epoch (7500 yr BP) in contrast to the reputed idea of primitiveness of the neolithic pottery. The results revealed the use of reed chaff along with mud brick (sun-dried) fragments that may have been derived from brick-making. The application of the 'slip' represents a novel observation and the intention of the use of a dye that needs further confirmation. The presence of gehlenite and aluminum diopside are considered to be the evidence of reached temperatures of about 800°C and not over with short durations manifested by the presence of calcite. Stress phenomena along with the bent weed fragments may also manifest the practice in shaping of pottery, where the former may also reflect fluctuating firing temperatures. Thus, analytical and micromorphological data obtained herein can provide some guidelines on designating prehistoric Anatolian pottery to the archaeologist and potters working on the subject matter.
Phanerozoic paleocontinental World maps By A. G. Smith, A. M. Hurley and J. C. Briden. Pp. 102. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 1981. Hard cover E15.00, Paperback E6.95
Endeavour, 1982
VI.—The Petrology and Sedimentation of Upper Ordovician Rocks in the Rhinns of Galloway, South-west Scotland
Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1962
Paleocurrents and Basin Analysis
Miner Mag, 1966
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Papers by Gilbert Kelling