Papers by Brandon D Stewart
Psychological Science, Feb 1, 2009
Older adults express greater prejudice than younger adults, but it is not clear why. In a communi... more Older adults express greater prejudice than younger adults, but it is not clear why. In a communitybased sample, we found that older White adults demonstrated more racial prejudice on an implicit measure, the race Implicit Association Test, than did younger adults. Process-dissociation procedures indicated that this difference in implicit prejudice was due to older adults having less control of their automatic prejudicial associations rather than stronger automatic prejudicial associations. Furthermore, this age difference in control was mediated by age-related deficits in inhibitory ability. White participants showed stronger automatic prejudicial associations than did Black participants.
Frontiers in Psychology
Moral foundations theory (MFT) has provided an account of the moral values that underscore differ... more Moral foundations theory (MFT) has provided an account of the moral values that underscore different cultural and political ideologies, and these moral values of harm, fairness, loyalty, authority, and purity can help to explain differences in political and cultural ideologies; however, the extent to which moral foundations relate to strong social ideologies, intergroup processes and threat perceptions is still underdeveloped. To explore this relationship, we conducted two studies. In Study 1 (N = 157), we considered how the moral foundations predicted strong social ideologies such as authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO) as well as attitudes toward immigrants. Here, we demonstrated that more endorsement of individualizing moral foundations (average of harm and fairness) was related to less negative intergroup attitudes, which was mediated by SDO, and that more endorsement of binding moral foundations (the average of loyalty, authority, and purity) was relate...
Age, Race, and Implicit Prejudice Process Dissociation to Separate the Underlying
Older adults express greater prejudice than younger adults, but it is not clear why. In a communi... more Older adults express greater prejudice than younger adults, but it is not clear why. In a community- based sample, we found that older White adults demon- strated more racial prejudice on an implicit measure, the race Implicit Association Test, than did younger adults.Process-dissociationproceduresindicatedthatthis difference in implicit prejudice was due to older adults having less control of their automatic prejudicial associ- ations rather than stronger automatic prejudicial associ- ations. Furthermore, this age difference in control was mediatedbyage-relateddeficitsininhibitoryability.White participants showed stronger automatic prejudicial asso- ciations than did Black participants.
Frontiers in Psychology, 2019
Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal General rights Unless a licence is specified... more Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal General rights Unless a licence is specified above, all rights (including copyright and moral rights) in this document are retained by the authors and/or the copyright holders. The express permission of the copyright holder must be obtained for any use of this material other than for purposes permitted by law. • Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. • Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research. • User may use extracts from the document in line with the concept of 'fair dealing' under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (?) • Users may not further distribute the material nor use it for the purposes of commercial gain. Where a licence is displayed above, please note the terms and conditions of the licence govern your use of this document. When citing, please reference the published version. Take down policy While the University of Birmingham exercises care and attention in making items available there are rare occasions when an item has been uploaded in error or has been deemed to be commercially or otherwise sensitive.
Frontiers in Psychology, 2021
Moral foundations research suggests that liberals care about moral values related to individual r... more Moral foundations research suggests that liberals care about moral values related to individual rights such as harm and fairness, while conservatives care about those foundations in addition to caring more about group rights such as loyalty, authority, and purity. However, the question remains about how conservatives and liberals differ in relation to group-level moral principles. We used two versions of the moral foundations questionnaire with the target group being either abstract or specific ingroups or outgroups. Across three studies, we observed that liberals showed more endorsement of Individualizing foundations (Harm and Fairness foundations) with an outgroup target, while conservatives showed more endorsement of Binding foundations (Loyalty, Authority, and Purity foundations) with an ingroup target. This general pattern was found when the framed, target-group was abstract (i.e., ‘ingroups’ and ‘outgroups’ in Study 1) and when target groups were specified about a general Brit...
Frontiers in Psychology, 2015
Recent research has demonstrated that the cognitive processes associated with goal pursuit can co... more Recent research has demonstrated that the cognitive processes associated with goal pursuit can continue to interfere with unrelated tasks when a goal is unfulfilled. Drawing from the self-regulation and goal-striving literatures, the present study explored the impact of goal failure on subsequent cognitive and physical task performance. Furthermore, we examined if the autonomous or controlled motivation underpinning goal striving moderates the responses to goal failure. Athletes (75 male, 59 female, Mage = 19.90 years, SDage = 3.50) completed a cycling trial with the goal of covering a given distance in 8 minutes. Prior to the trial, their motivation was primed using a video. During the trial they were provided with manipulated performance feedback, thus creating conditions of goal success or failure. No differences emerged in the responses to goal failure between the primed motivation or performance feedback conditions. We make recommendations for future research into how individuals can deal with failure in goal striving.
Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 2015
Where a licence is displayed above, please note the terms and conditions of the licence govern yo... more Where a licence is displayed above, please note the terms and conditions of the licence govern your use of this document. When citing, please reference the published version. Take down policy While the University of Birmingham exercises care and attention in making items available there are rare occasions when an item has been uploaded in error or has been deemed to be commercially or otherwise sensitive.
Sriram, N., Greenwald, A. G., & Nosek, B. A. (2006). Scale invariant contrasts ofresponse latency... more Sriram, N., Greenwald, A. G., & Nosek, B. A. (2006). Scale invariant contrasts ofresponse latency distributions. Unpublished manuscript. Steffens, M. C. .(2004). Is the Implicit Association Test immune to faking? Experimental Psychology, 51(3),165-179. Steffens,M.C., & Buchner,A. (2003).ImplicitAssociationTest:Separatingtranssituationally stables and variable components of attitudes toward gay men. Experimental Psychology, 50(1), 33-48. Steffens, M. C., & Plewe, I. (2001). Items' cross-category associations as a confounding factor in the Implicit Association Test. Zeitschrift fur Experimentelle Psychologie, 48, 123-134. Teachman, B. A., Gregg, A. P.,& Woody, S. R. (2001). Implicit associations for fear-relevant stimuli among individuals with snake and spider fears. Journal of Abnonnal Psychology, 110(2), 226-235. Teachman, B. A., & Woody, S. R. (2003). Automatic processing in spider phobia: Implicit fear associations over the course of treatment. Journal of Abnonnal Psychology, ...
Frontiers in Psychology, 2021
Moral foundations research suggests that liberals care about moral values related to individual r... more Moral foundations research suggests that liberals care about moral values related to individual rights such as harm and fairness, while conservatives care about those foundations in addition to caring more about group rights such as loyalty, authority, and purity. However, the question remains about how conservatives and liberals differ in relation to group-level moral principles. We used two versions of the moral foundations questionnaire with the target group being either abstract or specific ingroups or outgroups. Across three studies, we observed that liberals showed more endorsement of Individualizing foundations (Harm and Fairness foundations) with an outgroup target, while conservatives showed more endorsement of Binding foundations (Loyalty, Authority, and Purity foundations) with an ingroup target. This general pattern was found when the framed, target-group was abstract (i.e., 'ingroups' and 'outgroups' in Study 1) and when target groups were specified about a general British-ingroup and an immigrant-outgroup (Studies 2 and 3). In Studies 2 and 3, both Individualizing-Ingroup Preference and Binding-Ingroup Preference scores predicted more Attitude Bias and more Negative Attitude Bias toward immigrants (Studies 2 and 3), more Implicit Bias (Study 3), and more Perceived Threat from immigrants (Studies 2 and 3). We also demonstrated that increasing liberalism was associated with less Attitude Bias and less Negative Bias toward immigrants (Studies 2 and 3), less Implicit Bias (Study 3), and less Perceived Threat from immigrants (Studies 2 and 3). Outgroup-individualizing foundations and Ingroup-Binding foundations showed different patterns of mediation of these effects.
Affect Misattribution Procedure
PsycTESTS Dataset, 2000
A process dissociation approach to automaticity and control
Conscious thought plans reduce automatic stereotyping and generalize to new members of the stereotyped group
PsycEXTRA Dataset, 2000
When the Going Gets Tough: The “Why” of Goal Striving Matters
Journal of Personality, 2014
Frontiers in Psychology, 2019
The political divide between liberals and conservatives has become quite large and stable, and th... more The political divide between liberals and conservatives has become quite large and stable, and there appear to be many reasons for disagreements on a wide range of issues. The current research sought to explain these divides and to extend the Uncertainty-Threat Model to intergroup relations, which predicts that more dispositional, perceived-threat and uncertainty-avoidance will be related to more political conservatism. Given that conservatism is also often related to more negativity to low-status groups such as immigrants, the relationship between political ideology and negative attitudes toward immigrants may be mediated by more threat and uncertainty-avoidance. Study 1 tested this mediational hypothesis in a correlational design and showed that both uncertainty-avoidance and perceived realistic and symbolic threat significantly mediated the relationship between political ideology and attitudes toward immigrants, and that perceived threat was the more influential mediator. Study 2 extended threat management to perceived threats from unspecified outgroups, as opposed to the immigrant outgroup, and it replicated all significant mediations. Study 3 replicated the mediations observed in Studies 1 and 2 for political ideology to attitudes toward immigrants with uncertainty-avoidance and perceived threat from immigrants as mediators; it further replicated the mediations to the negative attitudes measure that had been used in Study 2 and it extended it to an objective and indirect bias measure [i.e., Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP)]. Overall, almost all of the results supported the idea that perceived threat and uncertainty-avoidance both mediate the relationship between political ideology and attitudes toward immigrants, and that threat management, as opposed to negativity bias, may be a central concern separating liberals and conservatives. Within all three studies, we also observed more evidence for the Uncertainty-Threat Model predictions than we did for the alternative Extremity Hypothesis, which predicted a quadratic relationship between political ideology and threat and uncertainty, and between political ideology and attitudes toward immigrants.
Recent research has demonstrated that the cognitive processes associated with goal pursuit can co... more Recent research has demonstrated that the cognitive processes associated with goal pursuit can continue to interfere with unrelated tasks when a goal is unfulfilled. Drawing from the self-regulation and goal-striving literatures, the present study explored the impact of goal failure on subsequent cognitive and physical task performance. Furthermore, we examined if the autonomous or controlled motivation underpinning goal striving moderates the responses to goal failure. Athletes (75 male, 59 female, Mage = 19.90 years, SDage = 3.50) completed a cycling trial with the goal of covering a given distance in 8 min. Prior to the trial, their motivation was primed using a video. During the trial they were provided with manipulated performance feedback, thus creating conditions of goal success or failure. No differences emerged in the responses to goal failure between the primed motivation or performance feedback conditions. We make recommendations for future research into how individuals can deal with failure in goal striving.
Ntoumanis, N., Healy, L. C., Sedikides, C., Duda, J., Stewart, B.D., Smith, A., & Bond, J. (2013). When the going gets tough: The “why” of goal striving matters. No prior research has examined how motivation for goal striving influences persistence in the fac... more No prior research has examined how motivation for goal striving influences persistence in the face of increasing goal difficulty. This research examined the role of self-reported (Study 1) and primed (Study 2) autonomous and controlled motives in predicting objectively assessed persistence during the pursuit of an increasingly difficult goal. In Study 1, 100 British athletes (64 males;Mage = 19.89 years, SDage = 2.43) pursued a goal of increasing difficulty on a cycle ergometer. In Study 2, 90 British athletes (43 males;Mage = 19.63 years,SDage = 1.14) engaged in the same task, but their motivation was primed by asking them to observe a video of an actor describing her or his involvement in an unrelated study. In Study 1, self-reported autonomous goal motives predicted goal persistence via challenge appraisals and task-based coping. In contrast, controlled goal motives predicted threat appraisals and disengagement coping, which, in turn, was a negative predictor of persistence. In Study 2, primed autonomous (compared to controlled) goal motives predicted greater persistence, positive affect,and future interest for task engagement. The findings underscore the importance of autonomous motivation for behavioral investment in the face of increased goal difficulty.
Athletes’ sport experiences are often influenced by the
interpersonal styles of communication ... more Athletes’ sport experiences are often influenced by the
interpersonal styles of communication used by their
coaches. Research on personality antecedents of such
styles is scarce. We examined the link between a well-
researched personality trait, namely narcissism, and two
types of coaching interpersonal style, namely autonomy-
supportive and controlling styles. We also tested the
mediating roles of dominance and empathic concern in
explaining the relations between narcissism and the two
coaching interpersonal styles. United Kingdom-based
coaches (
N
=
211) from various sports completed a multi-
section questionnaire assessing the study variables.
Regression analyses revealed a positive direct relation
between narcissism and controlling coach behaviors.
Furthermore, empathy (but not dominance) mediated the
positive and negative indirect effects of narcissism on
controlling and autonomy-supported interpersonal styles,
respectively. We discuss these findings in terms of their
implications for coaching and the quality of athletes’ sport
experiences.
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2006
This research examined the conditions under which people who have more chronic doubt about their ... more This research examined the conditions under which people who have more chronic doubt about their ability to make sense of social behavior (i.e., are causally uncertain; are more likely to adjust their dispositional inferences for a target's behaviors. Using a cognitive busyness manipulation within the attitude attribution paradigm, we found in Study 1 that higher causal uncertainty predicted increased correction of dispositional inferences, but only when participants had suYcient attentional resources to devote to the task. In Study 2, we found that higher causal uncertainty predicted greater inferential correction, but only when the additional information provided a more compelling alternative explanation for the observed behavior. Results of this research are discussed in terms of their relevance to the Causal Uncertainty and dispositional inference models.
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Papers by Brandon D Stewart
interpersonal styles of communication used by their
coaches. Research on personality antecedents of such
styles is scarce. We examined the link between a well-
researched personality trait, namely narcissism, and two
types of coaching interpersonal style, namely autonomy-
supportive and controlling styles. We also tested the
mediating roles of dominance and empathic concern in
explaining the relations between narcissism and the two
coaching interpersonal styles. United Kingdom-based
coaches (
N
=
211) from various sports completed a multi-
section questionnaire assessing the study variables.
Regression analyses revealed a positive direct relation
between narcissism and controlling coach behaviors.
Furthermore, empathy (but not dominance) mediated the
positive and negative indirect effects of narcissism on
controlling and autonomy-supported interpersonal styles,
respectively. We discuss these findings in terms of their
implications for coaching and the quality of athletes’ sport
experiences.