Electrical Engineering

This paper presents the design and development of DC-DC bidirectional buck-boost converter topology along with energy storage system and DC-AC voltage source inverter (VSI) for the given system under study. The intention of designing this system is to meet the require AC load profile for the give source profile. Also energy storage system (ESS) has been designed to meet the critical load under all uncertainty. The proposed ESS utilizes the DC bus power and battery state of charge (SOC) for the charging and discharging of the battery with a bidirectional converter. The bidirectional converter includes fewer components and switches, has less switching losses with zero voltage switching, and has high gain buck-boost operations. The system was simulated using Power Electronics Simulation (PSIM 9.0) software. The components parameters and selections criteria are explained briefly. The simulation results are demonstrated to justify the study.

An integral transform of generalized functions. II ANIL KUMAR MAHATO D(I) will denote the standard union space (see [7, pp. 32, 33]) of countably multinormed spaces DK (I) of all complex-valued smooth functions defined on I = (0, c¢), which vanish on those points of I that are not in a compact subset K of I, with seminorms defined by ~k(¢) = suplDkC(t)l, ¢ ~ DK(I), tEI k c¢ and with the topology generated by the countable multinorms {7 }k=0 assigned to the corresponding linear space with usual pointwise operations of addition and multiplication of functions. E(I) denotes the space of smooth functions on I. Its dual E'(I) is the space of distributions with compact support on I.

В работе дается распр остранение на случай обобщенных функций обобщенного преоб-р азования Лапласа Оно называется преоб разованием Вебера. Вв одится понятие трансформир уемоети по Веберу обобщенных функций. Д оказывается формула полного обращения и соответс твующая теорема единственности. Полу чено структурное опи сание одного класса обобще нных функций, трансформируемых по Веберу.

Undergraduate student in Malaysia nowadays fear in undertaken of electrical power engineering subjects compare to control and electric circuit subjects. This is due to the complex theories and requires high mathematics applications. This paper is focused on integrating the control and the electric circuit subjects to solve an electrical power problem. One student has conducted this task by applying the voltage sag on the electrical power system and find how to solve this problem. As a part of the control subject a simple PID controller has been applied with a combination of single phase SVC as electrical power components. At the end of this paper, it shown that the SVC with PID controller will generate some amount of voltage to mitigate the voltage sag. Lastly the student has shown great experience and capable to adapt what there have learn on control and electric subjects to apply in electrical power application .

This paper is a brief information about the different processes for the refinement of Silicon for photovoltaic cells In the late 1950s, the American chemical company DuPont patented a method for the production of 99.99% pure silicon.  The best known technique is the so-called Siemens process. A more recent alternative for the production of polysilicon is the Fludized Bed Reactor (FBR) manufacturing technology. Compared to the traditional Siemens process, FBR has a number of advantages that lead to cheaper polysilicon demanded by the fast growing photovoltaic industry. Secondly it describes the principles involved for photovoltaic conversion of solar energy. Thirdly the light trapping design of solar cell by different methods surface of solar cell, usually the following methods were adopted. One is to corrode and texture the front surface, so that incident light can reflect back and forth between the inclined surfaces, which will increase the interaction between incident light and semiconductor surface. The second is coated with a single-layer or multi-layer antireflection film coating, these coatings are very thin, the optical thickness is nearly quarter or half of incident wavelength. Single-layer antireflection coating only has good anti-reflection effect for a single wavelength, so multi-layer antireflection coating is commonly used in high efficiency solar cells, for it has good anti-reflection effect within the wide spectrum of solar radiation. Third, surface plasmons offer a best way of light trapping by using metal nanoparticles to enhance absorption or light extraction in thin film solar cell structures. One of the benefits of this light trapping approach is that the surface area of silicon remain the same for a planar cell, so surface recombination losses are not expect to increase. The above light tapping methods can be used individually or in combination. This paper also it covers the different technologies involved for the manufacturing of solar cell.

— Finite amount of fossil fuels meant more reliance on energy produced by renewable sources. Solar energy is considered as a game changer all over the world due to its cleanliness and easiness to fetch; different methods are employed globally to increase solar consumption in way that would significantly reduce utility consumption without-of course-compromising on the continuous power supply to the grid. Synchronizing solar system with the grid is a concept that requires synchronization of AC bulk energy source with the limited DC energy source. Complete synchrony of both sources will ensure continuous power supply to the load with maximum power provided by solar energy, and only deficit power being contributed by utility; surplus power will also find its way to the grid ensuring no power is wasted. Phase angle between grid voltage and inverter voltage is changed which changes power share of both the sources accordingly. MPPT mechanism is incorporated to ensure maximum efficient utilization of solar source. Simple design with low-cost hardware paves way for its easier implementation without much hiccups.

— The interconnection of several small & large systems has increased the probability of large blackouts in the power grid. One of the leading reason behind these blackouts is low reporting rate of existing devices and unavailability of synchronized system wide data. Synchrophasor technology provides solution to the problem. Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) is the most front end device required to implement Synchrophasor Technology. The paper proposes a non-DFT based technique for development of PMU conformed to IEEE standards C37.118.1 and C37.118.2. The proposed technique aims to reduce the processing time & sampling rate which ultimately leads to reduced cost. The hardware of PMU is implemented using Raspberry pi Model B+, ADS1015 and GPS (Global Positioning System) model PA6H on MTK3339 chipset

Arc flash is a major cause for injuries and even death of working personnel around the globe. Arc flash hazard analysis is necessary to protect the personnel against damage or fatalities related to an arc flash event. If a worker is wearing a flash suit (adequately rated or not), it does not mean that the worker can work safely anytime and anywhere. PPE do not give a worker such freedom from hazards even if it is chosen appropriately. This paper explores different mitigation techniques which would help engineers and technicians to reduce incident energy levels at electrically energized equipment during an arc flash event.

— In this paper, the effect of addition of distributed generation into the conventional grid on protection coordination of directional over current relays is analyzed. The process of installation of distributed generators such as wind, solar is increasing at a high pace due to the incentives provided by the utility & government. This addition of DGs require re assessment of protection coordination of grid due to the modification in short circuit current levels and bi-directional power flow. The paper discusses the protection coordination of IEEE 30 bus system on Etap 12.6 with addition of distributed generators on some buses. The paper also suggests remedies to avoid mis-coordination of protective devices.

The penetration of renewable sources (particularly wind power) in to the power system network has been increasing in the recent years. As a result of this, there have been serious concerns over reliable and satisfactory operation of the power systems. One of the solutions being proposed to improve the reliability and performance of these systems is to integrate energy storage devices into the power system network. Further, in the present deregulated markets these storage devices could also be used to increase the profit margins of wind farm owners and even provide arbitrage. This paper discusses the present status of battery energy storage technology and methods of assessing their economic viability and impact on power system operation. Further, a discussion on the role of battery storage systems of electric hybrid vehicles in power system storage technologies had been made. Finally, the paper suggests a likely future outlook for the battery technologies and the electric hybrid vehicles in the context of power system applications.