Steven Hayes

University of Nevada, Reno, Psychology, Faculty Member

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Developing an item pool to assess processes of change in psychological interventions: The Process-Based Assessment Tool (PBAT

by Joseph Ciarrochi and Steven Hayes

Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 2022

Process-based therapy (PBT) focuses on treatment elements that target biopsychosocial processes o... more Process-based therapy (PBT) focuses on treatment elements that target biopsychosocial processes of relevance to individual treatment goals. This focus requires new, more integrative and idionomic models that identify key processes of change, using high temporal density measurement applied at the level of the person. Standard measurement validation approaches are inadequate to this challenge. The present study develops and provides a preliminary validation of a process-based assessment tool (PBAT) -- an item pool meant for intensive longitudinal clinical assessment. Developed using the Extended-Evolutionary Meta-Model of PBT and evaluated using a machine-learning algorithm appropriate for the evaluation of individual items, we administered the PBAT online to a sample of 598 participants (290 male; 302 female; 6 unidentified. Mage = 32.6). Analyses revealed that the PBAT distinguishes between positive and negative processes, links in theoretically coherent ways to need satisfaction and thwarting, and links to clinically relevant outcomes of sadness, anger, anxiety, stress, lack of social support, vitality, and health. The PBAT provides a beginning step towards developing a process-based tool that allows clinicians and researchers to select individual items or sets of items for individual-focused idionomic research and practice.

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A YAC-, P1-, and cosmid-based physical map of the BRCA1 region on …

Genomics

A familial early-onset breast cancer gene (BRCA1) has been localized to chromosome 17q21. To char... more

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A YAC-, P1-, and cosmid-based physical map of the BRCA1 region on …

Genomics

A familial early-onset breast cancer gene (BRCA1) has been localized to chromosome 17q21. To char... more

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Entendendo a espiritualidade

Perspectivas em Análise do Comportamento

Na linguagem comum, é feita uma distinção clara entre o mundo da matéria e o do espírito. Embor... more Na linguagem comum, é feita uma distinção clara entre o mundo da matéria e o do espírito. Embora o dualismo seja tipicamente pensado como incompatível com o behaviorismo, uma análise comportamental da autoconsiência sugere que existem boas razões para uma conversa dualista. Algumas qualidades bem conhecidas tanto de aspectos espirituais humanos quanto de um Deus metafísico parecem fluir naturalmente a partir dessa análise (comportamental). Discute-se brevemente a utilização de uma faceta espiritual de self em terapia.

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The (not so) strange death of stimulus equivalence

European Journal of Behavior Analysis

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A randomized controlled trial of distress tolerance treatment for smoking cessation

Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors, Jun 1, 2018

We previously developed a distress tolerance (DT)-based treatment that showed promising results f... more We previously developed a distress tolerance (DT)-based treatment that showed promising results for smokers with a history of early lapse. In the current study, we conducted a randomized controlled trial of this DT treatment for a general population of smokers not limited to those with a history of early lapse. We randomized 116 participants (41% female) to DT or standard treatment (ST). Both treatments included 1 individual session during Week 1 followed by 7 group sessions during Weeks 2-9 (quit date at Session 4), two 20-min phone sessions, and 8 weeks of transdermal nicotine patch. Results indicated no significant differences between conditions in the primary outcome of biochemically verified 7-day point prevalence smoking abstinence or in time to 1st lapse. Verified abstinence rates in DT were 38.7%, 38.7%, 46.77%, 40.32%, 20.9%, and 17.7% versus 40.7%, 37.0%, 53.7%, 44.4%, 33.3%, and 22.2% in ST at 1, 2, 4, 8, 13, and 26 weeks postquit, respectively. Additionally, we found no ...

The Influence of a Personal Values Intervention on Cold Pressor-Induced Distress Tolerance

Behavior modification, 2018

Research has demonstrated that values and acceptance interventions can increase distress toleranc... more Research has demonstrated that values and acceptance interventions can increase distress tolerance, but the individual contribution of each remains unclear. The current study examined the isolated effect of a values intervention on immersion time in a cold pressor. Participants randomized to Values ( n = 18) and Control ( n = 14) conditions completed two cold pressor tasks, separated by a 30-min values or control intervention. Immersion time increased 51.06 s for participants in the Values condition and decreased by 10.79 s for those in the Control condition. Increases in self-reported pain and distress predicted decreases in immersion time for Control, but not Values, participants. The best-fitting model accounted for 39% of the variance in immersion time change. Results suggest that a brief isolated values exercise can be used to improve distress tolerance despite increased perceptions of pain and distress, such that values alone may be sufficient to facilitate openness to difficu...

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Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Health Behavior Change: A Contextually-Driven Approach

Frontiers in psychology, 2017

Promoting health behavior change presents an important challenge to theory and research in the fi... more Promoting health behavior change presents an important challenge to theory and research in the field of health psychology. In this paper, we introduce a context-driven approach, the Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) model which is built on Relational Frame Theory. The ACT-based intervention aims to promote individuals' new health behavior patterns through the improvement of the key construct of psychological flexibility, which is defined as the ability to contact the present moment more fully with acceptance and mindfulness as a conscious human being. Building on the psychological flexibility model, implemented through the six core ACT processes, individuals improve maintenance of long term health behavior change through committed acts in service of chosen values while acknowledging and accepting the existence of contrary thoughts, rules, and emotions as part of themselves but not determinant of their behaviors. Taking advantage of this context-driven approach of health be...

format_quoteEffective health interventions maintain behavior changes long-term, highlighting the importance of sustained behavior beyond initial actions.format_quote

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Acceptance-based coping and the psychological adjustment of Asian and Caucasian Americans

International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy

Extending Equivalence Class Membership to Gustatory Stimuli

The Psychological Record

APA PsycNET Our Apologies! - The following features are not available with your current Browser c... more

A Relational Frame Training Intervention to Raise Intelligence Quotients: A Pilot Study

The Psychological Record

The current research consisted of 2 studies designed to test the effectiveness of automated multi... more The current research consisted of 2 studies designed to test the effectiveness of automated multiple-exemplar relational training in raising children's general intellectual skills. In Study 1, 4 participants were exposed to multiple exemplar training in stimulus equivalence and the relational frames of SAME, OPPOSITE, MORE THAN, and LESS THAN across several sessions and weeks. WISC (III-UK) measures were taken at baseline, following stimulus equivalence training, and again following relational frame training. Matched against a no-treatment control group, experimental participants showed significant improvements in full-scale IQ following stimulus equivalence training, and a further significant rise following relational frame training. Study 2 administered an improved multiple-exemplar-based relational frame training intervention to 8 children with a range of educational and behavioral difficulties. In 7 of the 8 cases, full-scale IQ as measured by the WISC (IV-UK) rose by at least 1 SD; the improvement was statistically significant at the group level. These data have important implications for the behavioral analysis of intellectual skills and suggest the basis of an intervention to improve general cognitive functioning.

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Establishing a Deictic Relational Repertoire in Young Children

The Psychological Record

Perspective-taking skills have been shown to be pivotal in a variety of social and interpersonal ... more Perspective-taking skills have been shown to be pivotal in a variety of social and interpersonal interactions. A better understanding of the process involved in building such a repertoire could be beneficial in a wide variety of language and social skills training programs. A relational frame theory approach to perspective taking involves a focus on deictic relations, such as I-You, Here-There, and Now-Then. The present study examined the effect of operant contingencies on deictic relational responding in 3 normally developing young (57 to 68 months old) children. In a multiple baseline across persons and tasks format, I-You, Here-There, and Now-Then deictic relational frames were successfully shaped as operant behavior. As the children acquired deictic relational frames at the Reversed and Double-Reversed levels, the children's performance on traditional perspective-taking measures generally increased.

format_quoteAladdin's aggregated baseline performance on deictic relations: Simple (66%), Reversed (50%), Double-Reversed (0%) highlights initial skill levels before training.format_quote

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Deictic Relational Responding, Empathy, and Experiential Avoidance as Predictors of Social Anhedonia: Further Contributions From Relational Frame Theory

The Psychological Record

Social anhedonia has been linked to the development and exacerbation of psychosis. The present st... more Social anhedonia has been linked to the development and exacerbation of psychosis. The present study explored the hypothesis that scores in social anhedonia are related to deictic relational responding, empathic concern, and experiential avoidance, as suggested by relational frame theory and acceptance and commitment therapy. College students (N = 110) from a Spanish university completed self-report measures of social anhedonia, empathy, and experiential avoidance. Deictic relational responding was measured by performance on a behavioral task. Sequential multiple regression indicated that deictic relational responding, empathy, and experiential avoidance have a large relationship size with social anhedonia, accounting for 26% of the total variance, and minimal overlap among each other. These data support the utility of these processes as predictors of social anhedonia, suggesting new psychological targets for its prevention and treatment. The implication of these processes for the development of psychosis should be explored.

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Verbal Establishing Stimuli: Testing the Motivative Effect of Stimuli in a Derived Relation with Consequences

The Psychological Record

The present study examined whether the presentation of stimuli in equivalence relations with cons... more The present study examined whether the presentation of stimuli in equivalence relations with consequences increases the operant behavior that produces these consequences. in Experiment 1, both normal words and experimentally trained equivalence stimuli did so with young children. in Experiment 2, results were similar with college students. here, a computer-based task was used, pitting discriminative control established within the experiment against the possible motivative effect of stimuli in equivalence relations with consequences of known impact. Results suggest that such stimuli function as verbal establishing stimuli.

$Figure 1. \llustration of Experiment 1 room arrangement and operant response apparatus. ry SE A RR SAAR EN. Re Me Re EO EY A EA Ve Operant response training ona choice task. Upon entering the experimental etting for the first time, each participant saw, on a table before him or her, everal age-typical children’s toys (e.g., coloring book, crayons, dolls, games) ind an operant response apparatus (Figure 1) consisting of two colored boxes one blue and one yellow), each with two latchable doors. Each box contained _ different one of the two most preferred items determined by the preference juestionnaire. Although positions of the blue and yellow boxes varied from ne training session to the next, the items contained within each colored box emained consistent.$

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The third wave of cognitive behavioral therapy and the rise of process-based care

World Psychiatry

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The Impact of Acceptance Versus Control Rationales on Pain Tolerance

The Psychological Record

Acceptance approaches , which have been receiving increased attention within behavior therapy, se... more Acceptance approaches , which have been receiving increased attention within behavior therapy, seek to undermine the linkage between private events and overt behavior, rather than attempting to control the form or frequency of private events per se. Research comparing control versus acceptance strategies is limited. The present study examined the behavioral and subjective impact of a control-based versus acceptance rationale, using a cold pressor task. Subjects in the acceptance group demonstrated greater tolerance of pain compared to the controlbased and placebo groups. Only the control-based rationale targeted the subjective experience of pain but it did not differ across rationales. Results confirmed that acceptance was effective in manipulating the believability of reason giving, a key process measure. By encouraging individuals to distance themselves from their private events, acceptance methods may help reduce the use of emotional reasons to explain behavior and hence shift concern from moderating thoughts and fee lings to experiencing the consequences of one's action. Acceptance is a promising new technique. Its effect is all the more surprising given that it teaches principles (e.g., "thoughts do not cause behavior") that run counter both to the popular culture and to the dominant approaches within empirical clinical intervention.

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TEMPORARY REMOVAL: Departing from the essential features of a high quality systematic review of psychotherapy: A response to Öst (2014) and recommendations for improvement

Behaviour research and therapy, Jan 29, 2017

Please note that this is not a retraction, but a temporary take down. It will be published once D... more Please note that this is not a retraction, but a temporary take down. It will be published once Dr Ost's response has been received (it is expected sometime in approximately the next couple of months).The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal.

Get out of your mind & into your life: the new acceptance & commitment therapy

Journal de Thérapie Comportementale et Cognitive, 2007

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Can functional analysis provide a substitute for syndromal classification?

Behavioral Assessment, 1992

ABSTRACT Argues that functional analysis has failed to progress as a system of case formulation a... more ABSTRACT Argues that functional analysis has failed to progress as a system of case formulation and treatment guidance primarily due to the lack of replicability of functional analysis as classically conceived and the resultant difficulty in studying it scientifically. Several alternatives are offered: the development of expert systems, logical functional analytic systems, and functional diagnostic categories. Progress in any of these key areas would provide conceptual and practical support for classic functional analysis as a method of diagnosis and classification and as an alternative to the syndromal medical model. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Reducing residential electrical energy use: payments, information, and feedback

Monetary payments, energy information, and daily feedback on consumption were employed to reduce ... more Monetary payments, energy information, and daily feedback on consumption were employed to reduce electricity use in four units of a university student housing complex. A combined multiple-baseline and withdrawal design permitted both within- and between-unit comparisons. Payments produced immediate and substantial reductions in consumption in all units, even when the magnitude of the payments was reduced considerably. Feedback also produced reductions, but information about ways to conserve and about the cost of using various appliances did not. It was also found that, in general, payments combined with either information or feedback produced no greater effect than payments alone.

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