Won Cho

This study examines the distribution and consumption of herbal medicines (xiangyao 香藥) in the Yua... more This study examines the distribution and consumption of herbal medicines (xiangyao 香藥) in the Yuan empire, which constituted a major commodity of international trade in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. It focuses on the aromatic drugs produced in the Southern maritime regionranging from Southeast Asia to Indiathat flowed into the Yuan. The research confirms that the rare herbal medicines

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Diplomatic Negotiations with Annam during the Reign of Khubilai -Focused on the Annam Policy of the Yuan and the Response of Annam

Journal of Asian Historical Studies 154, 2021

Although Annam maintained its independence through a tributary relationship with the Song dynasty... more Although Annam maintained its independence through a tributary relationship with the Song dynasty, the Mongols subjugated Annam in 1258 in the course of Uriyangkhadai's campaign during the reign of Möngke. With the accession of Khubilai, the diplomatic relationship between the Mongols and Annam did not follow the typical Mongol pattern of a dichotomy between the submissive (il irgen) and the resistant (bulgha irgen); instead, Khubilai's diplomacy assumed a more flexible character. This flexibility formed

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