Vestnik Burâtskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2021
Аннотация. В последние годы в научный оборот были введены письма калмыцкой знати XVIII-XIX вв., а... more Аннотация. В последние годы в научный оборот были введены письма калмыцкой знати XVIII-XIX вв., а вместе с ними и печати, оттиски которых стоят на этих письмах. В данном исследовании приводится прочтение легенды на печати Чимета, двоюродного дяди известного калмыцкого правителя Аюки-хана. Цель статьиввести в научный оборот сфрагистические данные о печати Чимета и выяснить ее происхождение. Материалом послужили недавно опубликованное письмо Чимета 1708 г., а также образцы печатей из Берлинской Турфанской коллекции Берлинско-Бранденбургской академии наук и гуманитарных наук и каталог оттисков печатей из Ладакха. В ходе исследования выяснено содержание надписи на печати Чимета и ее предположительное происхождение. Ключевые слова: Калмыкия, печать, сфрагистика, калмыцкая сфрагистика, Чимет, уйгурский язык, Тибет, Турфан, Ладакх, квадратное письмо. Митруев Б. Л. Печать нойона Чимета // Вестник Бурятского государственного университета. Гуманитарные исследования Внутренней Азии. 2021. Вып. 3. С. 47-54.
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Papers by Bem Mitruev
OF THE STATE HERMITAGE MUSEUM
This article examines Mongolian silver seals from the Treas
ure Gallery of the State Hermitage Museum. They bear in
scriptions that have not been translated yet, with some in
Mongolian, Manchu, Chinese and Oirat. A number of seals
come from the period of Mongolian autonomy (1912–1919),
while some date back to the rule of the Manchu-led Qing
dynasty (1644–1911). The inscriptions are clearly legible and
provide details on the production date, the system of Man
chu power in Mongolia, the structure and organisation of
government and Buddhist hierarchy. Many of the inscriptions start with toponyms revealing the geography of the
seals.
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This article investigates the presence of the Kalmyk Buddhist monk and pilgrim Baaza-Bagshi (Baaza Menkezhuev) in the Tibetan-language biography of the 13th Dalai Lama, Thubten Gyatso (Tib. thub bstan rgya mtsho;1876–1933), shedding new light on previously understudied aspects of Kalmyk-Tibetan religious relations. While Baaza-Bagshi’s own travel narrative – The Tale of the Journey to the Tibetan Land –has long served as a key source on his pilgrimage to Tibet from 1891 to 1893, until recently, no corroborating evidence had been found in Tibetan sources. Through a careful philological and historical examination of the Dalai Lama’s biography, A Necklace of Marvelous Jewels, authored by Phurbuchok Thubten Jampa Tsultrim Tendzin, this study identifies and analyzes detailed references to Baaza-Bagshi’s visits, his ritual interactions with the Dalai Lama, and the honors he received, including long-life initiations and official seals. The article offers a nuanced portrayal of Baaza-Bagshi as both a religious representative and cultural emissary of the Kalmyk people. It documents the significant support he received from Kalmyk nobility, particularly the noyon of the Maloderbetovskii ulus, and explores his embeddedness in a longstanding family lineage of Buddhist clerics linked to the Dundu Khurul monastery–one of the most prominent religious and artistic centers of Kalmykia at the time. The work also situates Baaza- Bagshi’s journey within the broader tradition of Buddhist pilgrimage and diplomacy, emphasizing the importance of first-person narrative in prerevolutionary Kalmyk literature and the role of Tibetan biographical texts (Tib. rnam thar) as rich sources for reconstructing interregional historical networks. By bringing Tibetan and Kalmyk sources into dialogue, the article contributes to the growing body of research on the mobility of Buddhist practitioners across Inner Asia and the cultural flows that shaped the religious and political landscape of the late Qing and Russian imperial frontiers. It also underscores the need for interdisciplinary methodologies combining historical, textual, and linguistic expertise, particularly in cases involving multilingual and cross-cultural documentation. Ultimately, this study deepens our understanding of the spiritual ties between Tibet and Kalmykia and highlights the role of pilgrimage as a vehicle for both personal religious fulfillment and transregional connectivity in the Buddhist world.
Введение. В последние годы вышли в свет издания, в которых опубликованы письма калмыцких ханов и высшей знати, включающие оттиски их печатей, что несомненно привлекает внимание исследователей. Данные печати, как и другие печати, оттиски которых сохранились на архивных документах, интересны как памятники политической истории калмыцкого народа. До последнего времени неизвестным оставался факт существования подделок печатей калмыцкого хана Аюки, его наследника Чагдорджаба и нойона Лубжи. Цель статьи — ввести в научный оборот сфрагистические данные о подделках печатей Аюки, Чагдорджаба и Лубжи. Материалом для исследования послужила деловая переписка Аюки-хана, Чагдорджаба и нойона Лубжи, датированная XVIII в. Результаты. В ходе исследования представлены данные о трех подделках печатей представителей калмыцкой знати. Все три подделки, видимо, использованы были по какой-то причине в условиях отсутствия доступа к оригинальной печати. И если первая подделка явно выдает себя иной техникой, то вторая и третья являются как зеркальные отражения оригиналов. Все три подделки печатей были использованы представителями высшей знати: женами хана Аюки и его наследника Чагдорджаба, а также внуком Дорджи Назарова (претендента на престол в Калмыцком ханстве после смерти хана Аюки в 1724 г.). Неясна причина использования подделок, наиболее вероятен вариант того, что отсутствовала возможность использования оригинальной печати.
Abstract. Introduction. In recent years, there have been publications in which letters of the Kalmyk khans and the highest nobility, including prints of their seals, have been published, which undoubtedly attracts the attention of researchers. These seals, as well as other seals, the impressions of which have been preserved on archival documents, are interesting as monuments of the political history of the Kalmyk people. Until re- cently, the fact of the existence of forged seals of the Kalmyk Khan Ayuka, his heir Chagdordzhab and the owner of Lubzha remained unknown. The purpose of the article is to introduce into scientific circulation sphragistic data on forgeries of seals of Ayuka, Chagdordzhab and Lubji. The material for the study was the business correspondence of Ayuka Khan, Chakdordzhab and the owner of the Puddle, dated the 18th century. Results. The study presents data on three forgeries of the seals of the representatives of the Kalmyk nobility. All three forgeries were apparently used for some reason due to the absence of the access to the original seal. And if the first fake clearly gives itself away with a different technique, then the second and third are like mirror images of the originals. All three forgeries of the seals were used by representatives of the highest nobility: the wives of Khan Ayuka and his heir Chagdordzhab, as well as the grandson of Dorzhi Nazarov (a pretender to the throne in the Kalmyk Khanate after the death of Khan Ayuka in 1724). The reason for the use of fakes is unclear, the most likely option is that there was no possibility of using the original seal.
Among the documents deposited in the National Archives of the Republic of Kalmykia, there are letters from the namestnik Chagdorjab, the son of Ayuka Khan. From Chagdorjab’s correspondence we see that he mainly used two seals: with the Kalachakra monogram and with the Chinese legend. Sometimes the seal with the Kalachakra monogram was used by Ayuka Khan himself, Chagdorjab’s wife Jal and other relatives. From the Kalmyk namestnik Chagdorjab this seal passed to his son Dasang (Tib. zla bzang), and from him to his wife Soloma. The second seal with the legend in Chinese was given by Chagdorjab to his other son Donduk Dashi, who later became a khan. Then this seal was inherited by the son of Donduk Dashi, another Kalmyk governor Ubashi (1742/1744 1775). In addition, Ubashi had another seal, presumably of Tibetan origin. The purpose of the article is to introduce into scientific circulation sphragistic data about the seals of the Kalmyk governors Chagdorjab and Ubashi and to draw parallels with other similar seals created in the same period of time. The material for the study was the letters of Chagdorjab and Ubashi, preserved in the funds of the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia. The study revealed the content of the legends on these seals and their supposed origin.