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Welcome to Creative Commons' annual celebration of the global commons movement—our State of the Commons report.

SOTC explores the wide array of creativity and knowledge that is freely available to the world under CC licenses. Throughout the report, we’ll show how the body of work in the commons has grown and developed this year, and explore the impact the commons is making on our culture.

In previous editions of SOTC, we've focused our efforts on measuring and reporting quantitative data—for instance, the total number of openly-licensed works online, the percentage of CC licenses used across various fields, and the volume of CC-licensed works that are available to the public through the many online sharing platforms where our legal tools are prevalent. That data is still here, but this year we’ve gone further: CC's new organizational strategy is focused on increasing the vibrancy and usability of the commons (not just its breadth and volume), so we’re focusing on the stories and people behind the creativity in the commons as well.

This year, we’re highlighting “impact stories” — the human impacts of the global projects that benefit from CC. Quantitative data still matters (this is an annual report, after all!) but the commons is more than the numbers. We will demonstrate how the resources, culture, and openness of the commons make everyone’s lives better. This year’s State of the Commons shows how collaboration and gratitude drive the commons and its communities, and explores the creative possibilities of sharing and the personal connections between creators around the world as they invite each other into a shared community.

The commons is a collective act on a global scale, in a world where increasingly the things we built together are being dismantled. Never has the need for access to knowledge and culture felt so urgent, so valuable, and so vital. We need the commons, its ethos, and its contributors more than ever, and we’re grateful to those who are helping us build it.

In partnership with our global community, we identified some of the most interesting, impactful, and invigorating people and projects to profile. We’re thrilled to share these profiles, and we hope that you’ll find some inspiration to approach the work you’re doing in a way that is more open, collaborative, and driven by gratitude. Thank you, as ever, for your contributions to the commons.

With gratitude,

Ryan Merkley
CEO, Creative Commons
@ryanmerkley

Show More About Our Focus and Process

1.2 Billion

Creative Commons licensed works

2016
1,204,935,537
0
2015
1,118,900,000
0
2014
882,000,000
0
2010
400,000,000
0
2006
140,000,000
0
65

of Creative Commons works are shared under “Free Culture” licenses

Breakdown by license type:

 CC0: 6%

 Other Public Domain Tools: 2%

CC BY: 20%

CC BY-SA: 37%

CC BY-NC-ND: 14%

CC BY-NC-SA: 13%

CC BY-NC: 6%

CC BY-ND: 2%

New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art releases 375,000 digital works into the public domain via CC0

Total public domain works marked with CC tools

pd
Background photo: “Southern Gardens” by Paul Klee (German (born Switzerland), Münchenbuchsee 1879–1940 Muralto-Locarno) via The Metropolitan Museum of Art is public domain via CC0

Around the World

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Africa

African Storybook Initiative

On a continent where conventional publishing produces relatively few titles in African languages, the African Storybook initiative provides open access to thousands of picture storybooks for children's literacy, enjoyment, and imagination.

Image by Wiehan de Jager, African Storybook Initiative licensed CC BY 3.0

The African Storybook initiative works with organizations and individuals to facilitate access to storybooks and create website tools for users to create, translate, and adapt them. So far, the initiative has created storybooks in 94 African languages with the support of 30 partner organizations across Africa.

Multiple projects in multiple countries use the website and/or storybooks with the intervention of the African Storybook project team: schools or community libraries serve as pilot sites; governments use the content on their platforms to print and distribute; and partners add to and use content in their literacy development programmes. In addition, the project serves educators who integrate the website tools and storybooks into their pre-service training programs, as well as lecturers in higher education institutions stimulating their postgraduate students to experiment with and research use of the African Storybook. The remixable content also inspired the Global African Storybook Project, which translates the stories into other languages with few resources for childhood learning.

As of September 2016 the initiative contained 730 storybooks and 2,754 translations/adaptations. In only two years, 636,803 storybooks were downloaded with an average of 4800 visitors per month, of which 2,800 are new visitors. Further, the Global African Storybook Project has produced 460 translations in 26 languages. Between 30 and 400 African Storybook titles have been republished on a variety of academic and commercial sites.

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Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Netherlands, France

Coutinho Collection

Professor Roel Coutinho’s collection of 752 photographs contains a variety of scenes of life during wartime, including dances, hospitals, and the PAIGC resistance movement.

Background photo: Wedding party of Francisco Mendes by Roel Coutinho via Wikimedia Commons is licensed CC BY-SA 4.0

Professor Roel Coutinho donated 752 photographs of his medical work from 1973-1974 to the commons, shot during the final years of the struggle for independence in Senegal and Guinea-Bissau against Portuguese colonial rule.

These photographs, originally housed in the Library of the African Studies Center in Leiden, the Netherlands, are a captivating glance into an important piece of rarely discussed African history, one that is vital to the history of the African continent.

The project is newly uploaded to Wikipedia after a successful exposition in Avignon, France in 2013. Its associated metadata can be found on Wikimedia Commons and is shared under a CC BY-SA license.

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Indonesia

Horison

Indonesian literary magazine Horison and CC Indonesia digitize 264 historic back issues from 1960-1990 to be incorporated into school literature curriculum.

Horison Magazine by Horison Magazine is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0

Wikimedia Indonesia has been working since 2013 to digitize and provide free access to cultural documents in Indonesia, but this year’s agreement with Horison is a landmark in their ability to work with cultural institutions and creators to upload their content and preserve modern Indonesian history using Wikimedia and other cultural content aggregators. The CC Indonesia team worked directly with the editorial board and Wikimedia Indonesia in order to teach them how to upload their materials to Wikimedia as well as educated them about the meaning of CC BY-SA, a permissive license that allows a variety of uses, including remix and commercial use of the archive. Going forward, the team will continue working with Horison to preserve their content.

CC Indonesia’s work proves that ongoing relationships with cultural institutions are vital to the growth of the commons, and that a small group of committed volunteers can do their part to preserve a rich history.

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United States

Dr. Amin Azzam

As part of university course work, Dr. Amin Azzam’s medical students edit and improve CC-licensed Wikipedia articles that are viewed more than 22 million times over the year.

Dr Amin Azzam by Kathleen Krushas is licensed CC BY 4.0
Background photo: Editing Wikipedia for medical school credit – 2016 poster by Amin Azzam, Lane Rasberry, James Heilman, Kingsley Otoide, Jack McCue is licensed CC BY SA 4.0

Supported by the Wiki Education Foundation, Azzam created a course for the UC Berkeley-UCSF Joint Medical Program that encourages and supports medical students in their efforts to edit Wikipedia articles on health-related topics. The impact of these students’ work is described in a research article entitled, “Why Medical Schools Should Embrace Wikipedia: Final-Year Medical Student Contributions to Wikipedia Articles for Academic Credit at One School,” which was published in Academic Medicine, a top academic medical journal.

Medical and health-related articles on Wikipedia are among the top articles viewed by the general public. The articles edited and improved by the medical students in Dr. Azzam’s course were viewed 1.1 million times during the two months that the students were actively editing the articles. The 42 articles have been collectively viewed over 22 million times over the past year.

Azzam’s work established a course based solely on open educational practice, which resulted in new works being added to the commons and existing works being adapted via Wikipedia.

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Lebanon

Maya Zankoul

Popular Lebanese illustrator, webcomic author, and blogger Maya Zankoul spreads the message of the commons through her art, design studio, and video company wezank.

Cover of Amalgam Vol. 2 by Maya Zankoul is licensed CC BY-NC 3.0

Zankoul’s first book, Amalgam, was published in 2009 under a CC BY-NC license. The book sprung from her popular web comic exploring life, work, and art in Beirut and beyond.

Zankoul’s work touches on the connections between cultures with illustrations shaped by her rich, artistic world. Her newest book, Beirut – New York, was published this autumn.

“I find that my illustrations allow people to see things differently. It allows them to step outside the status quo.” – Maya Zankoul

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New Zealand

Geonet

In New Zealand, earthquakes and other natural disasters are easier to track and understand thanks to open data provided by GeoNet, New Zealand’s official geological hazard site.

Background photo: Inland and Seaward Kaikouras and Clarence River mouth, Marlborough, New Zealand, 28 Oct. 2009 by Phillip Capper is licensed CC BY 2.0

GeoNet adopted a CC BY license in order to provide crucial, open information and quick response to earthquakes, volcanic activity, and tsunamis. Its real-time CC BY-licensed and open format data is now reused every day for emergency management, research, industry use, and by the public. GeoNet has become a core tool for global positioning systems, measuring instruments, geotechnical consultancies, local and central government, as well as for national and international universities and research organizations. In 2016, It recorded over 32,000 earthquakes and has changed the way that the public learns about and understands earthquakes through its open format.

On 14 November 2016, the day of the Kaikoura 7.8 magnitude earthquake, there were 250 million hits to the site by third party apps – people around the world wanted to know the strength of the earthquake and what that meant for them. Geonet sent out 206 million advisories that day through its app, website, and social media sites.

Due to the reach of Geonet, there is increasing information on a variety of safety protocols like where one must move to avoid tsunamis and advice about what size after-shock to expect. Worldwide, new knowledge and research has been developed through legal reuse of this licensed data.

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Uruguay

Colibri

The Universidad de la República’s Colibri repository rapidly spreads open access to academic research through Uruguay while increasing awareness of the importance of open licenses.

Colibri: Communities by the Universidad de la República is licensed CC BY-NC-ND

The Universidad de la República is the main university in Uruguay and is public, free, and open to all students. The Colibri project’s leaders hope that the experience of the benefits of open access will convince the university to move from more restrictive licenses, like CC BY-NC-ND, to more open licenses, like CC BY-SA.

In 2016 alone, the university’s collections have added 6,132 new works, 60 new collections, 3,012,107 searches, and 954,475 downloads.

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United Kingdom

The British Museum and Sketchfab

The British Museum releases 128 models to Sketchfab, providing greater access and interaction with the museum’s 3D collection than ever before.

Screen capture from 3d model: Granite head of Amenemhat III by The British Museum via Sketchfab is licensed CC BY-NC 4.0
Background photo: ‘Black’ Pyramid of Amenemhet III by Vincent Brown is licensed CC BY 2.0

In addition to offering CC licensing, 3D content publishing platform Sketchfab makes it easy for the museum to share posts on social media and WordPress with an embeddable widget. The British Museum’s sculpture collection, which ranges from the iconic statue of Ramses II to a model of the museum itself, leads to wider interaction with cultural heritage and 3D modeling and printing. Because the CC BY-NC license enables downloading of the files, the works can be shared in a variety of manners as well.

The museum has uploaded or remixed over 100 discrete works and models to its collection, which has had more than 200,000 views and 20,000 downloads since its inception.

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Spain

UNIR Open Educators Factory

The Universidad Internacional de la Rioja launches the Open Educators Factory platform for university professors to learn and connect about open education practices.

Image provided by Fabio Nascimbeni, UNIR is licensed CC BY 4.0

The UNIR is a global, 100% open online university founded in Logroño, Spain in 2009. The Open Educators Factory platform, a new project by the Vice-chancellorship for Knowledge Transfer & Technology, aims at improving the capacity of university educators to use open approaches in their daily teaching work. By filling out a questionnaire, university professors and lecturers can self-assess their “openness capacity” in terms of open design, open content, open pedagogies, and open evaluation practices. They can also receive personalized guidelines (readings, videos, courses) to further adopt openness in all dimensions of their activities. At the same time, university leaders who want to improve the openness capacity of their teaching staff can evaluate how their staff “position” with respect to different openness dimensions, identifying open education champions who can inspire others to adopt open approaches.

In only a few years, UNIR has graduated over 38,900 students from 79 countries and provided over 1,350 hours of online classes. It employs over 1,000 lecturers around the world and 500 administrative and support experts. The university’s success in its mission, which links education to business, is helping global education embrace openness and innovate openly.

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Pakistan

IQRA University

At IQRA University in Karachi, Pakistan, the South Asian Journal of Management Sciences is named one of the leading journals in the world by ScholarOne of Thomson Reuters.

Background photo: IQRA University Main Campus by Hassan Dar is licensed CC BY-SA 3.0

Using Creative Commons has allowed the biannual peer-reviewed journal to adopt a more diverse perspective in regards to language, religion, culture, politics, technology, and economics. It has been CC BY-SA-licensed since 2014 and cited 95 times since 2012.

The adoption of the license has made it easier for researchers to collaborate on interdisciplinary projects, including remix. This year, the journal received a top honor in higher education from the government of Pakistan and took steps to join OASPA, the prestigious Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association.

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El Salvador

Datos El Salvador

El Salvador’s first open data portal, DatosElSalvador.org, is created by citizens and completely licensed with Creative Commons.

Since 2014, DatosElSalvador.org has published more than 500 sources of data that have been reused by entrepreneurs, journalists, and researchers, among others. A project of CC El Salvador and Open Knowledge International El Salvador, DatosElSalvador.org has participated in many conferences and events for co-creation such as Open Knowledge Day in 2014 and 2017 while using open data and open licenses. This year, the project was shortlisted for the Open Data Institute’s Open Data social impact award. In 2016, team members translated the Sunlight Foundation’s documents, presented at PeaceTechLab in Costa Rica, and created a series of visualizations for the City of Xalapa and the OAS virtual campus.

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United States

OpenStax Physics

The OpenStax College Physics textbook is used by hundreds of thousands of students worldwide, and adapted by educators into videos and other educational materials.

Screen capture from College Physics iBook by OpenStax is licensed CC BY 3.0
Background photo: Seminar on differential equations and integration theory by Milan Tvrdy is public domain via Public Domain Mark

OpenStax Physics image by Rice University is licensed CC BY 4.0

The textbook and videos of OpenStax Physics not only create a valuable resource for physics courses, they’re available for everyone. Any student using the resources – and of course, anyone at all, no matter what textbook they use – can use the videos as a supplementary resource. In addition, instructors can utilize the College Physics text to create their own educational materials like the video lectures created by Barbara Gilbert at Central New Mexico Community College. In these lectures, freely available on YouTube, Professor Gilbert outlines the physics concepts described in the text, works out sample pro