History

To test the geophysical data from 2010, excavation commenced in new Sector S, which is on a plateau to the east of modern village and behind the dig-house. Two trenches were opened up. Trench 1 revealed the remains of a curving wall (tower) of the Late Roman-Early Byzantine period; Trench 2 yielded no architectural features but a large amount of pottery. Ground surveys were conducted in Tekören (on the slopes of Mt Çal) and in the Bağlar area. Here ground surveys were linked to geophysical prospection. Damage to the west bank of the dry River Gallos was recorded and brief surveys were undertaken at two sites within 3.5 km to the south-west of the modern village as well as rescue excavation of a Roman tomb on farmland at Gediközü (5 km west of the village). Geophysical investigations were undertaken at Pessinus itself (Sector R, south of the Imperial temple and Eastern Cemetery 2), in the Bağlar area, and at Tekören (Field C) and Hamamtepe. Epigraphical studies continued.

This article examines the connections between financing, reputation, and industrial development in Argentina. It analyzes five leading merchant finance groups through a newly created data set of 1,282 directors and shareholders of fifty-nine manufacturing companies across ten sectors from 1890 to 1930. Merchant finance groups formed to pool capital for manufacturing investment in the absence of developed domestic banking institutions and equity markets. The leading five groups under study secured access to diverse sources of capital by developing personal connections and by their reputations. Although these five groups successfully adapted to an environment that lacked efficient credit markets, most manufacturers' companies were capital-starved due to the lack of industrial credit. Insufficient industrial credit resulted in dominant firms owned by a few merchant finance groups controlling the noncompetitive manufacturing sector.

El presente artículo analiza los vínculos entre las fuentes de financiamiento y las conexiones personales en el desarrollo industrial en Argentina. Se examinan cinco de los principales grupos financieros mercantiles a partir de una base de datos que contiene 1,282 directores y accionistas de cincuenta y nueve empresas manufactureras en diez sectores durante el período 1890–1930. Los grupos financieros mercantiles se crearon con el objetivo de reunir capital para invertir en el sector manufacturero, esto a la falta de instituciones bancarias domésticas y mercados de valores lo suficientemente desarrollados. Estos cinco grupos aseguraron su acceso a diversas fuentes de capital mediante el establecimiento de conexiones personales basadas en la reputación. A pesar de que estos cinco grupos pudieron adaptarse exitosamente a la falta de mercados crediticios eficientes, la mayoría de las compañías manufactureras padecieron escasez de capital debido a la falta de crédito industrial. Esta carencia de capital industrial contribuyó al surgimiento de un sector manufacturero no competitivo dominado por unas pocas empresas propiedad de unos pocos grupos financieros mercantiles.

Why were high concentration and low investment levels common characteristics in Argentine industry from 1904-1930? This paper examines Argentine industry at the firm level to analyze how manufacturing developed under four macroeconomic conditions of volatile cycles, low levels of long-tern finance capital, expensive imported machinery, and limited market size. I argue that these four factors led Argentine manufacturers to develop survival and rent-seeking strategies to decrease their risk of bankruptcy, increase profits (ie. income), and increase their market shares. Although all fifty-nine firms under study attempted these strategies, not all are successful. The most successful firms enjoyed substantial tariff protection, grew larger by way of mergers and acquisitions, increased their equity capital, and attracted finance capital even during downturns. I use data from fifty-nine companies across ten manufacturing activities. Data collected came from firms' directorial and performance reports, income statements, and balance sheets from 1904 to 1930.

This paper examines the political and social conventions that restricted women’s economic independence and resulted in sex-based legislation. Second, it estimates the number of female workers and gauges their productivity levels in three female-dominated activities of matches, textiles, and tobacco.

On constate depuis longtemps que les célèbres Mémoires de Philippe de Commynes abordent de manière méfiante et novatrice le monde politique tardo-médiéval. Bien qu’on ait reconnu en Commynes une expertise unique issue d’une carrière diplomatique mouvementée, la face technique et précise de cette expertise, qu’il signale lui-même dans son œuvre, a souvent été négligée au profit d’une perspective plus générale. Cette dernière privilégie l’aspect global des conseils moraux et politiques que fournit Commynes à travers des récits soigneusement construits à partir de réalités quotidiennes de la vie princière d’une part, et d’autre part à travers des jugements laconiques qui relèveraient d’une pensée « moderne ». Cette communication entreprend de démontrer, à l’instar du traitement des Suisses dans les Mémoires, l’existence chez Commynes d’un souci de donner des conseils pratiques ancrés fermement dans les conditions spécifiques de l’Europe de la fin du quinzième siècle.

""In summer 1444 the Dauphin Louis, son of Charles VII of France, appeared on the Upper Rhine with a large army. The purpose of his expedition was to reconquer the territories of his future brother-in-law, Sigismund of Austria-Tyrol, from the Swiss Confederates and their allies. However, after achieving just one victory, on 26 August, the Dauphin suddenly agreed to a series of truces and then a peace treaty with the Confederates, even though this made it impossible for him to fulfil his original objective. This article reassesses the contradictory course of the Dauphin’s expedition in light of the geopolitical forces that shaped it in the political world of the Upper Rhine. It first analyses the political configuration of the region and the place of the ecclesiastical Council of Basel within this configuration, and then demonstrates that these circumstances combined to force the Dauphin radically to alter his plans in late August 1444. The article also points to the wider implications of the episode for our understanding of later-medieval European politics. Highlighting the inadequacy of national or state-oriented paradigms, it suggests that a new vocabulary is needed to make full
sense of the aspects of fifteenth-century political life manifested by the Dauphin’s expedition.""

Spanish Florida led his men through a hurricane to defeat the French at Fort Caroline, killed two groups of shipwrecked Frenchmen at the infamous Matanzas Inlet, and established St. Augustine, the first permanent European settlement in what would become the United States. One place he failed, however, was his relationship with the Florida Indians (cf. Arnade 1960). In the mid-sixteenth century, the Spanish presence was too weak and the south Florida Indians too strong for Menendez to effectively pursue his dual Florida enterprise of colonization and missionization. Despite several short period of peace, violence was the predominant Indian-Spanish interaction in this region. The situation deteriorated until Menendez called for the enslavement of south Florida's Indians in 1573. To bolster his petition for, as he called it, "a war of fire and blood," with "those taken alive…sold as slaves…to the neighboring islands, Cuba, Santo Domingo, Puerto Rico (Connor 1925: 35)," Menendez's submission to the Spanish Council of the Indies included nine additional witness testimonies. These testimonies were full of stories that lauded the actions of the Spanish, especially Menendez, and demonized the Indians as violent and heathens (Connor 1925).

The jurisdictional experience of the south-western German-speaking lands of the Holy Roman Empire in the later middle ages was a fragmented one. The Hohenstaufen-era duchy of Swabia dissolved into a kaleidoscopic patchwork of quasi-autonomous political entities – duchies, counties, margraviates, prince-bishoprics, monastic lordships, free and Imperial cities, and even land communities – each possessing several different kinds of overlapping jurisdictional powers and privileges. The political history of the region has often been judged negatively as a time of anarchic political disunity exacerbated by a weak and distant Imperial monarchy, but contemporaries found ways of structuring and navigating the atomised jurisdictional map. One means, which has received a great deal of attention, was Territorialisierung: ‘state-formation’ and the concentration of jurisdictions on a local scale, accomplished by a few more powerful and fortunate political entities. However, this process was neither linear nor well-advanced in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, and another  solution was employed which has largely escaped scholarly attention: the creation of a variety of more-or-less formalised associations (Landfrieden, military alliances, knightly societies, and so on) which entailed multilateral commitments to measures aimed at overcoming or attenuating the problems raised by jurisdictional fragmentation. This paper will demonstrate how they achieved this, by reference to surviving treaties and correspondence, and to the way in which courts and other legal forums operated. It will discuss practices such as the policing of shared territories, the confining of subjects seeking legal redress to appropriate courts, and recourse to agreed mediators or restricted channels of judicial feuding in times of dispute. In doing so, it aims to highlight the importance of associations within the complex late medieval jurisdictional landscape.

In 1890, Argentina was a wealthy nation on the brink of industrialization. Industrial Development in a Frontier Economy examines Argentina's failure over the next forty years to develop an efficient manufacturing sector, even as countries in similar circumstances successfully modernized their economies. Yovanna Pineda conducts a pioneering microanalysis of 59 domestic corporations, spanning ten manufacturing sectors, to show that Argentina's macroeconomic conditions led domestic manufacturers to concentrate on survival at the expense of innovation and growth. Her analysis reveals that the resulting risk-averse, monopolistic business practices, more than any collective action or governmental policy, forestalled the country's industrialization.

I address the history of the coinage of Pessinus and the meaning of the images on coinage in terms of civic identity. Although Pessinus had issued coins under the Galatian tetrarchs between the 60s and 30s BC, coinage issued under Rome changed dramatically after annexation and the creation of the Imperial temple and Koinon of Galatia. Pessinus was famous for its cult of Cybele and issued a number of coins depicting her (based on Roman models) over the next two centuries. The reigns of Tiberius and Claudius saw the beginning of the direct influence of the provincial governor and the Koinon of Galatia on the production and iconography of the coins that would last through the reign of Trajan. Very few coins were issued in Pessinus’s name at this time. Under the Antonines, however, there was a resurgence of localism shaped by interest in the past and renewal of cults and rites. The city issued coins highlighting Gallic identity first under Antoninus Pius and later during the joint reign of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus the city honoured its Augustan foundations as well as its ethnic identity. Also, a wide variety of coin types were issued that aligned thematically with dynastic politics and foreign affairs. Under the Severans, there was a redefining of the relationship between the city and emperor (or Imperial family). A large number of unique issues were produced that highlighted the favourite cults/deities of the Imperial family and Greek mythological tradition in general. Thus, the coinage reveals that the city underwent Romanisation before a type of Hellenisation defined by literary culture, all the while maintaining its Gallic identity. Each series of coins produced serves as useful evidence for the strategic nature of identity through the evolving relationship between Pessinus and self-representation and Roman power and cultural traditions.