sina ahmadi

University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Social Welfare Management, Faculty Member

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Exploring the determinants of health service utilization among people living with HIV: a qualitative study in Iran

BMC Health Services Research, Dec 3, 2023

Background Health service utilization among people living with HIV is vital for their survival an... more Background Health service utilization among people living with HIV is vital for their survival and quality of life. This study aims to exploring the determinants influencing health service utilization among people living with HIV. Methods We conducted a qualitative study involving 16 men and women aged 18-64 living with HIV in Tehran. Data were collected between September and December 2021 through semi-structured interviews conducted via telephone and online platforms, utilizing the purposeful sampling method. Data were analyzed by MAXQDA-2018 software using conventional content analysis approaches and the Granheim and Landman method. Results Two main themes, seven categories, and 21 subcategories were obtained from the interviews. The main themes included facilitators of health service utilization (positive personality traits, social factors, and structuralbehavioral determinants) and inhibitors of health service utilization (personal conditions, insufficient knowledge and understanding of the disease, negative consequences of disease disclosure, and difficult access to services). Conclusion This study underscores the need to invest and expand specialized services for people living with HIV by policy makers, while simultaneously increasing public awareness to reduce the social stigma.

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Sociological analysis of the relationship between social capital and youth crime

Sociological Cultural Studies, Dec 21, 2016

Socioeconomic Inequality in Self-Medication in Iran: Cross-Sectional Analyses at the National and Subnational Levels

ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research

Background: Self-medication (SM) is a public health concern globally. This study aimed to measure... more Background: Self-medication (SM) is a public health concern globally. This study aimed to measure socioeconomic inequality in SM and identify its main determinants among Iranian households. Methods: A total of 38,859 households from the 2018 Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) were included in the study. Data on SM, household size, age, gender and education status of the head of household, monthly household's expenditures (as a proxy for socioeconomic status), health insurance coverage and living areas and provinces were obtained for the survey. The concentration curve and the normalized concentration index (C n) were used to quantify the magnitude of socioeconomic inequality in SM among Iranian households. The C n was decomposed to identify the main determinants of socioeconomic inequality in SM in Iran. Results: The results indicated that 18.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 17.7% to 18.5%) of households in Iran had SM practice in the past month. The results suggested a higher concentration of SM among the rich households (C n = 0.0466; 95% CI= 0.0321 to 0.0612) in Iran. The concentration of SM among high SES households was also found in urban (0.0311; 95% CI=0.0112 to 0.0510) and rural (= 0.0513; 95% CI=0.0301 to 0.0726) areas. SM was concentrated among the rich households in Tehran, Qom, Esfahan, Ardebil, Golestan, and Sistan and Baluchestan provinces. In contrast, a higher concentration of SM was found among the poor households in Semnan, North Khorasan, Kerman, Bushehr, and South Khorasan provinces. The decomposition revealed SES of household, itself, as the main contributing factor to the concentration of SM among the wealthy households. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that SM is more concentrated among socioeconomically advantaged households in Iran. Thus, effective evidence-based interventions should be implemented to improve awareness about SM and its negative consequences. Further studies are required to investigate the consequences of SM practice among people.

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Explaining the challenges and adaptation strategies of nurses in caring for patients with COVID-19: a qualitative study in Iran

BMC Nursing

BackgroundNurses, as the primary human resource in the fight against COVID-19, encounter several ... more BackgroundNurses, as the primary human resource in the fight against COVID-19, encounter several obstacles and concerns. As a result, the current study used a qualitative method to describe the problems and adaptation techniques of nurses caring for COVID-19 patients.MethodsThe current study used a qualitative conventional content analysis technique with 30 nurses working in COVID-19 wards in Tehran hospitals. Purposive sampling, snowball sampling, and semi-structured interviews were used to get access to participants and gather data. The data was examined using conventional qualitative content analysis and the MAXQDA-18 program. To assess the quality of study findings, Guba and Lincoln’s trustworthiness criteria were fulfilled.ResultsThe data analysis revealed two main categories and sixteen subcategories: (1) experiences and challenges (lack of protective equipment, high work pressure, marginalized physical health, problems related to the use of protective equipment, being exclude...

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Explaining Experiences, Challenges and Adaptation Strategies in COVID-19 Patients: A Qualitative Study in Iran

Frontiers in Public Health

ObjectiveGetting COVID-19 makes a person confront numerous individual, physical, psychological, f... more ObjectiveGetting COVID-19 makes a person confront numerous individual, physical, psychological, family and social challenges. Therefore, the present study was conducted to explain the experiences, challenges and adaptation strategies in patients with COVID-19 in Tehran, Iran.MethodsThe present study was performed with a qualitative approach and phenomenological method among 33 patients with COVID-19. From July 20 to September 21, access to participants and data collection were done in person (15 people) and by phone (18 people) through targeted sampling and snowball and semi-structured interviews. Data management was carried out using MAXQDA-2018 software and its analysis was done by the Colaizzi analysis method. Guba and Lincoln's criteria were also observed to improve the quality of results.ResultsAfter analyzing the data, two main categories and 17 subcategories were obtained, including (1) experiences and challenges (ignoring the disease, blaming, physical health disorders, ...

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HIV testing and its associated factors among street-based female sex workers in Iran: results of a national rapid assessment and response survey

Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 2021

Background Female sex workers (FSWs) are at a disproportionate risk of sexually transmitted infec... more Background Female sex workers (FSWs) are at a disproportionate risk of sexually transmitted infections and they may face significant barriers to HIV testing. This study aimed to examine HIV testing prevalence and its associated factors among street-based FSWs in Iran. Method A total of 898 FSWs were recruited from 414 venues across 19 major cities in Iran between October 2016 and March 2017. Eligible FSWs were women aged 18 years of age who had at least one commercial sexual intercourse in the previous year. HIV testing was defined as having tested for HIV in the lifetime. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression were used to examine the correlates of HIV testing. We report adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI). Result Overall, 57.8% (95%CI: 20.0, 88.0) of participants reported having tested for HIV, and HIV prevalence among FSWs who tested for HIV was 10.3% (95%CI: 7.5, 13.0). The multivariable model showed that unstable housing (aOR: 8.86, 95%C...

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The Influence of Providing and Receiving Social Support on Older Adults' Well-being

Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health, 2022

Introduction:Social support is a leading contributing factor for older adults' well-being. Th... more Introduction:Social support is a leading contributing factor for older adults' well-being. The present study aimed to compare the impact of two-way (providing and receiving) social support on the well-being of Iranian older adults.Methods:The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 1280 community-dwelling older adults in Tehran, Iran, 2020. The researcher used the clustered sampling method and the 2-way Social Support Scale (SSS) to collect samples and measure social support, respectively. The well-being was measured by the self-reported World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5). Bivariate and hierarchical linear regression analyses were performed to compare the effects of social support aspects on well-being. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0. A significance level of p≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results:The mean age of the respondents was 70.90 (SD=8.07), and about 70% of the sample was married. The mean scores of taking and providing so...

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Lifetime and past-month substance use and injection among street-based female sex workers in Iran

Harm Reduction Journal, 2021

Background Street-based female sex workers (FSWs) are highly at risk of HIV and other harms assoc... more Background Street-based female sex workers (FSWs) are highly at risk of HIV and other harms associated with sex work. We assessed the prevalence of non-injection and injection drug use and their associated factors among street-based FSWs in Iran. Methods We recruited 898 FSWs from 414 venues across 19 major cities in Iran between October 2016 and March 2017. Correlates of lifetime and past-month non-injection and injection drug use were assessed through multivariable logistic regression models. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported. Results Lifetime and past-month non-injection drug use were reported by 60.3% (95% CI 51, 84) and 47.2% (95% CI 38, 67) of FSWs, respectively. The prevalence of lifetime and past-month injection drug use were 8.6% (95% CI 6.9, 10.7) and 3.7% (95% CI 2.6, 5.2), respectively. Recent non-injection drug use was associated with divorced marital status (AOR 2.00, 95% CI 1.07, 3.74), temporary marriage (AOR 4.31 [1.79, 10.40...

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Social determinants of adherence to COVID-19 preventive guidelines: a comprehensive review

Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives, 2021

Adherence to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) preventive guidelines (ACPG) is an important str... more Adherence to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) preventive guidelines (ACPG) is an important strategy to control the COVID-19 pandemic effectively. The present study aimed to identify and summarize the social determinants of ACPG among the general population. A comprehensive review was performed from December 2019 to February 2021 through searching electronic databases. Two independent reviewers assessed and selected relevant studies. Next, the characteristics and main findings of the included studies were summarized. Finally, the World Health Organization’s conceptual framework of social determinants of health was used to synthesize the identified social determinants of ACPG. Forty-one of 453 retrieved articles met the inclusion criteria. The study results showed different patterns of ACPG among various communities. Furthermore, 84 social determinants were identified and categorized into structural and intermediary determinants. ACPG is a set of complex behaviors associated with d...

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Explaining the experiences, challenges and adaptation strategies of nurses in caring for patients with COVID-19: A qualitative study in Iran

Background: Nurses as the main human resource in coping with COVID-19 face many challenges and pr... more Background: Nurses as the main human resource in coping with COVID-19 face many challenges and problems. Therefore, the present study aimed to explain the experiences, challenges, and adaptation strategies of nurses in taking care of patients with COVID-19 with a qualitative approach.Methods: The present study was conducted with a qualitative conventional content analysis approach among 30 nurses working in wards for COVID-19 patients, in Tehran hospitals. Access to participants and data collection was done through purposive sampling, snowball sampling and semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis (conventional) and MAXQDA-18 software. Guba and Lincoln criteria were observed to evaluate the quality of research results.Results: From data analysis, 2 main categories and 16 subcategories were obtained, including (1) experiences and challenges (lack of protective equipment, high work pressure, marginalized physical health, problems related to the ...

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Drug injection and associated factors among the elderly living with HIV/AIDS in Tehran, Iran

Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 2021

Background: Injection of drugs is one of the most serious health problems among Iranian living wi... more Background: Injection of drugs is one of the most serious health problems among Iranian living with HIV/AIDS. The injection of drugs, accounting for the transmission of more than two-thirds of HIV infections. HIV remains a major concern around the world and is expected to be the third leading cause of mortality worldwide. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore the predictors of injection drug use in the elderly patients living with HIV/AIDS. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study executed in Tehran City, Iran, in 2018. A total of 160 individuals aged 60 years and older with HIV from different counseling centers were selected by convenience sampling. Data were collected using questionnaires including a positive state of mind, coping, social support, and a checklist of demographical variables. Bivariate analysis and multiple logistic regression using SPSS software version 21.0 were employed to determine factors associated with drug injection. The statistical tests were performe...

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Background: Breast self-examination is one of the primitive methods to diagnosis of breast cancer... more Background: Breast self-examination is one of the primitive methods to diagnosis of breast cancer as one of the health problems in the world. Breast self-examination as a low costs and simple method that can be performed without the need for health personnel, can increase patient’s survival chance through primitive diagnose of disease with more accurate diagnostic follow up. Considering the importance of breast self-examination, this study was conducted to determine an effective factor on breast self-examination among Tehranian women in 2018. Methods: In this Cross-sectional Study We surveyed a total of 859 women from Tehran that were participated in the study during the autumn 2018 about factors associated with Breast self-examination. Participant ages ranged from 30 to 65 years. Binary Logistic regression model was used to examine the relationship between Breast self-examination and a set of predictive variables. Result: Study result showed that 42.1% of participant performed brea...

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Explaining the problems faced by Iranian housewives during the COVID-19 quarantine period, and their adaption strategies: A qualitative study

Women's Health, 2021

Background: Housewives have several problems during the quarantine phase; so, the current study w... more Background: Housewives have several problems during the quarantine phase; so, the current study was designed to describe the challenges faced by Iranian housewives during the quarantine period in relation to COVID-19 and compatibility measures for it. Methods: The current research employed a qualitative methodology and a traditional content analysis method on 34 quarantined women in Tehran. Purposive sampling and snowballing were used to find participants, and semi-structured interviews were used to gather data. The Guba and Lincoln criteria were also employed to assess the quality of the study findings. Results: After analyzing the data, 4 main categories and 18 subcategories were extracted, including (1) individual problems (personal health problems, life with fear and anxiety, low mental health, lifestyle imbalance, Internet addiction); (2) family problems (violence and conflict in the family, tension in managing family members, disruption of the educational and economic situatio...

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Food Insecurity among Elderly in Tehran: Prevalence, Risk and Protective Factors

Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 2020

Background and purpose: Food insecurity is a major public health problem, especially among older ... more Background and purpose: Food insecurity is a major public health problem, especially among older adults living in developing countries. The present study aimed at examining the prevalence, and risk and protective factors for severe food insecurity among elderly in Tehran, Iran. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, 384 elderly people aged 60 years and older were selected from five different socioeconomic zones in Tehran, 2019, using multi-stage sampling. Food security status was assessed by the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS). Data were analyzed using simple and multiple logistic regression models in SPSS. Results: Among the people investigated, 37.8% were completely food secure, 24.1% were found with mild food insecurity, 22.7% reported moderate food insecurity, and 15.2% were severely food insecure. Low levels of physical activity (OR=8.7, CI 95%: 2.96-25.57), low educational levels (OR=6.15, CI 95%: 1.54-24.64), low monthly income (OR=5.63, CI 95%: ...

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Ecological Study of Violence against Children in Provinces of Iran: A Cluster Analysis

Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 2015

Background and purpose: Petroleum hydrocarbons are one of the most common persistent organic poll... more Background and purpose: Petroleum hydrocarbons are one of the most common persistent organic pollutants in the environment. Phytoremediation is a new technology in which the resistant plants are used to remove or reduce organic and mineral contamination and hazardous environmental substances. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Vetiveria Zizanioides plants on total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) removal in soil contaminated by oil in different concentrations of oil pollution in Khuzestan industrial area. Materials and methods: The soil samples were collected from the areas around Ahvaz oil field and were contaminated by oil in different concentrations (5%, 7%, and 10 % w/w). TPH measurement was done (and repeated twice) during four months in five retention time. Determination of TPH concentration in GC was performed using FID detector. Results: According to the results, the best efficiency of Vetiveria Zizanioides in removal of TPH was found in treatment with 5% oi...

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Psychosocial challenges and concerns of COVID-19: A qualitative study in Iran

Health: An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health, Illness and Medicine, 2020

As the world struggles to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic, it is critical that the psychosocial a... more As the world struggles to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic, it is critical that the psychosocial aspects related to health are attended to in addition to biological aspects. To this end, the present study aimed to explore the challenges and concerns facing people affected by COVID-19. This qualitative study was conducted using the content analysis method. A total of 25 people affected by COVID-19 were selected purposefully and administered semi-structured interviews. The sampling continued until data saturation. Coding and analysis of data were performed simultaneously using the Granheim method. After reviewing codes, checking the consistency and comparing categories, 5 categories, and 15 subcategories were explored. The most important psychosocial challenges of COVID-19 included the lack of accurate and timely dissemination of information, the intensification of economic problems, psychological instability, weakness in social prevention, and the suspension of social rituals. Identif...

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Decomposing socioeconomic inequality in dental caries in Iran: cross-sectional results from the PERSIAN cohort study

Archives of Public Health, 2020

Background The current study aimed to measure and decompose socioeconomic-related inequalities in... more Background The current study aimed to measure and decompose socioeconomic-related inequalities in DMFT (decayed, missing, and filled teeth) index among adults in Iran. Methods The study data were extracted from the adult component of Prospective Epidemiological Research Studies in IrAN (PERSIAN) from 17 centers in 14 different provinces of Iran. DMFT score was used as a measure of dental caries among adults in Iran. The concentration curve and relative concentration index (RC) was used to quantify and decompose socioeconomic-related inequalities in DMFT. Results A total of 128,813 adults aged 35 and older were included in the study. The mean (Standard Deviation [SD]) score of D, M, F and DMFT of the adults was 3.3 (4.6), 12.6 (10.5), 2.1 (3.4) and 18.0 (9.5), respectively. The findings suggested that DMFT was mainly concentrated among the socioeconomically disadvantaged adults (RC = − 0.064; 95% confidence interval [CI), − 0.066 to − 0.063). Socioeconomic status, being male, older a...

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Socioeconomic-related inequalities in self-rated health status in Kermanshah city, Islamic Republic of Iran: a decomposition analysis

Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 2020

Background: Socioeconomic-related inequalities in health are a major public health challenge in b... more Background: Socioeconomic-related inequalities in health are a major public health challenge in both developed and developing countries. Little evidence is available on socioeconomic-related inequalities in health in different regions of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Aims: This study aimed to determine socioeconomic-related inequality in poor self-rated health in adults in Kermanshah city, western Islamic Republic of Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study with stratified sampling obtained data on socioeconomic status, demographic characteristics, behavioural risk factors and self-rated health of 2040 adults (≥ 18 years) in Kermanshah city. A self-administrated questionnaire was used to collect data from the participants. The concentration (C) index and C curve were used to determine the socioeconomic-related inequality in poor self-rated health. A decomposition analysis of the C index was done to identify the factors explaining socioeconomic-related inequality in poor self-rated health. Results: The crude and age-adjusted prevalence of poor self-rated health was 13.8% and 18.1%, respectively. The estimated C for the whole sample was-0.295, indicating that poor SRH was concentrated in the poor. The decomposition results suggested that socioeconomic status (45.5%), having a chronic health condition (11.9%) and smoking (7.3%) were the main factors contributing to the concentration of poor self-rated health among those of lower socioeconomic status. Conclusion: The concentration of poor self-rated health among the poor in Kermanshah city warrants policy attention. Policies aimed at reducing inequality in wealth distribution and risky health behaviour and preventing chronic health conditions among the poor may mitigate socioeconomic-related inequalities in poor self-rated health in Kermanshah.

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Does Socioeconomic Status Affect Oral Health? Results from the PERSIAN Cohort Study

Background: The current study aimed to measure and decomposes socioeconomic-related inequalities ... more Background: The current study aimed to measure and decomposes socioeconomic-related inequalities in DMFT (decayed, missing, and filled teeth) index among adults in Iran. Methods: The study data was drawn from the adult component of Perspective Epidemiological research studies in IrAN (PERSIAN) from 17 centers in 14 different provinces of Iran. DMFT score was used as a measure of oral health among adults in Iran. The relative and generalized (absolute) concentration index (RC and GC, respectively) was used to quantify and decompose socioeconomic-related inequalities in DMFT among Iranian adults (35 years and older). Results: A total of 128813 adults aged 35 and older, who are enrolled in the Prospective Epidemiological Research Studies in IrAN (PERSIAN), were included in the study. The mean score of DMFT of the adults was 6.01 (SD=3.17). The findings suggested that DMFT was mainly concentrated among the poor in the 14 provinces included in the study (RC = -0.064; 95% confidence inter...

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Qualitative Study of Typology of Lifestyles:Study of youth in Mahabad City

Journal of Applied Sociology University of Isfahan, May 15, 2014

Introduction Lifestyle is one of the modern concepts to which particular attention has been paid ... more Introduction Lifestyle is one of the modern concepts to which particular attention has been paid in the last century, especially after World War II. This term is the product of the modern world in which hobby choices and behaviors are considered to be based on individual choices and behaviors due to the weakening of structural variables such as social class. Young people could be considered important to study and analyze their lifestyles. They determine their social identity using a variety of factors (such as &amp;quot; a lot of culture consumption, much production of culture and reproduction of cultural activities&amp;quot; (Wyn and White, 1997: 86). On this basis, &amp;quot;lifestyle, consumer behaviors and choices and so on are of very high importance in life, and are considered as the basis and foundation of social identity formation&amp;quot; (Bourdieu, 1984 Lash &amp;amp; Urry, 1987 Featherstone, 1991 Giddens, 2008). Therefore, it is greatly important to study the status of social identity of youth and how to shape and redefine it in the current situation. On this basis, the present study aims at reviewing various theories about lifestyle, providing a conceptual framework, and extracting core concepts of lifestyle based on the opinions of scholars and empirical research related to the subject, and finally suggesting a typology of current lifestyles among youth in the city of Mahabad. Materials &amp;amp; Methods The method used in this research is qualitative. Qualitative method is appropriate to examine the issues in which in-depth understanding of complexities, details and context of the phenomenon under study are emphasized. Lifestyle is also a complex, multi-dimensional and diverse phenomenon, which means that it has many obscure and unknown aspects, and there are many components and elements consisting of the lifestyle, which may vary among individuals. Among the various methods that can be used for qualitative research, we picked grounded theory method, which means discovery of theory from the data that are produced as a posterior on the basis of soc [...]

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