Active Shooter

Thank you too to Steve Kunert who generously directed me to sources I needed to start this thesis. Thank you also to Ronda Clemenhagen, who is not only a good friend, but offered technical support at a vital time. Rebekah Schweitzer and Michael Sugihara deserve special thanks for being my writing/library pals. I am also grateful to Eva Payne who offered both proofreading and her perspective. I am also grateful for my many friends, including Clair Warnicke (thanks for always sharing your love of media and deep fried goodness), Linda Miller, Paul

Thank you too to Steve Kunert who generously directed me to sources I needed to start this thesis. Thank you also to Ronda Clemenhagen, who is not only a good friend, but offered technical support at a vital time. Rebekah Schweitzer and Michael Sugihara deserve special thanks for being my writing/library pals. I am also grateful to Eva Payne who offered both proofreading and her perspective. I am also grateful for my many friends, including Clair Warnicke (thanks for always sharing your love of media and deep fried goodness), Linda Miller, Paul

Since the country was first shocked by the Columbine school shootings on April 20, 1999, there have been 337 school shootings. One of the most recent examples was in Uvalde, Texas, where on May 24, 2022, a mass murderer entered Robb Elementary School with a Daniel Defense Armalite Rifle. He fired 140 rounds in total, killing 19 children and 2 teachers. The subsequent review of the actions taken by the independent school district (ISD), l l local and federal Law Enforcement, the media, and the parents have shown several missteps and lapses in judgment. The greatest threat to future mass murder events in schools is complacency. We explore lessons learned from Uvalde and other school shootings, with an emphasis on steps educators and law enforcement can take to ensure preparedness and reduce the likelihood that tragedies like Uvalde are not repeated. In particular, we explore how educators can combat a false sense of security, and emphasize the "five D's" (deny, deter, detect, delay, and destroy) of security.

Since the country was first shocked by the Columbine school shootings on April 20, 1999, there have been 337 school shootings. One of the most recent examples was in Uvalde, Texas, where on May 24, 2022, a mass murderer entered Robb Elementary School with a Daniel Defense Armalite Rifle. He fired 140 rounds in total, killing 19 children and 2 teachers. The subsequent review of the actions taken by the independent school district (ISD), l l local and federal Law Enforcement, the media, and the parents have shown several missteps and lapses in judgment. The greatest threat to future mass murder events in schools is complacency. We explore lessons learned from Uvalde and other school shootings, with an emphasis on steps educators and law enforcement can take to ensure preparedness and reduce the likelihood that tragedies like Uvalde are not repeated. In particular, we explore how educators can combat a false sense of security, and emphasize the "five D's" (deny, deter, detect, delay, and destroy) of security.

Since the country was first shocked by the Columbine school shootings on April 20, 1999, there have been 337 school shootings. One of the most recent examples was in Uvalde, Texas, where on May 24, 2022, a mass murderer entered Robb Elementary School with a Daniel Defense Armalite Rifle. He fired 140 rounds in total, killing 19 children and 2 teachers. The subsequent review of the actions taken by the independent school district (ISD), l l local and federal Law Enforcement, the media, and the parents have shown several missteps and lapses in judgment. The greatest threat to future mass murder events in schools is complacency. We explore lessons learned from Uvalde and other school shootings, with an emphasis on steps educators and law enforcement can take to ensure preparedness and reduce the likelihood that tragedies like Uvalde are not repeated. In particular, we explore how educators can combat a false sense of security, and emphasize the "five D's" (deny, deter, detect, delay, and destroy) of security.

Research is guided by the hypothesis that these facilities-due to their respective importance, locations, and attendance patterns are in harm's way; and that certain strategies of prevention, protection, and mitigation coupled with effective preparedness, response, and recovery can lessen risk, improve security and provide A THREAT ASSESSMENT AND SECURITY ANALYSIS 5 added resilience. Further, "harm's way" is considered to be either a natural disaster or a humanmade disaster, accident, active provocation, or act of terrorism. Methods of analysis include applied research; predominantly utilizing qualitative data with some quantitative investigation. Results of this assessment illustrate that these venues possess numerous vulnerabilities to both natural and human-made threats that if exposed, could result in serious consequences. The two most likely natural hazards identified include straight-line winds and tornadoes. Further, the most likely human threats to these facilities arise from a potential terrorist vehicle attack (TVA) and an active shooter. This project also identifies a specific need for additional planning to prevent an IED or VBIED attack on the Natatorium. Common themes from the attached three case studies reveal that given theses vulnerabilities, the following safety and security adjustments are recommended:  Surveillance equipment  Metal detectors  Security bollards or other temporary barriers  Evacuation routes and shelter in place plans  Special event security procedures  Weather related technology and protocols  Staff training for emergency situations

he tragedies in Aurora, Colo., Newtown, Conn., and most recently at the Navy Yard in Washington, D.C., add to the growing epidemic of mass killings in our society. Such events have brought to light the real risk-and absolute horror-of what law enforcement and Fire/EMS responders must be prepared to face. These events have spawned initiatives and opened conversations at high levels of government that used to be non-starters, and the prospect of change and progress in the legislation to control illegal access to lethal weapons and improve mental health resources has the most realistic chance of being enacted in several years. Yet among all the rhetoric for new regulations, there's only now dialogue regarding the operational medical response to these events about how and where improvements and progress can be made. Although the law enforcement tactical response paradigm changed after the Columbine High School massacre in 1999, fire/ rescue and EMS operations have been slow to change from the historical stage-and-wait for safe operations approach.

Introduction: Emergency Medical Services (EMS) routinely stage in a secure area in response to active shooter incidents until the scene is declared safe by law enforcement. Due to the time-sensitive nature of injuries at these incidents, some EMS systems have adopted response tactics utilizing law enforcement protection to expedite life-saving medical care. Objective: Describe EMS provider perceptions of preparedness, adequacy of training, and general attitudes toward active shooter incident response after completing a tactical awareness training program. Methods: An unmatched, anonymous, closed-format survey utilizing a five-point Likert scale was distributed to participating EMS providers before and after a focused training session on joint EMS/police active shooter rescue team response. Descriptive statistics were used to compare survey results. Secondary analysis of responses based on prior military or tactical medicine training was performed using a chi-squared analysis. Results: Two hundred fifty-six providers participated with 88% (225/256) pretraining and 88% (224/256) post-training surveys completed. Post-training, provider agreement that they felt adequately prepared to respond to an active shooter incident changed from 41% (92/225) to 89% (199/224), while agreement they felt adequately trained to provide medical care during an active shooter incident changed from 36% (82/225) to 87% (194/224). Post-training provider agreement that they should never enter a building with an active shooter changed from 73% (165/225) to 61% (137/224). Among the pretraining surveys, significantly more providers without prior military or tactical experience agreed they should never enter a building with an active shooter until the scene was declared safe (78% vs 50%, P 5 .002), while significantly more providers with prior experience felt both adequately trained to provide medical care in an active shooter environment (56% vs 31%, P 5 .007) and comfortable working jointly with law enforcement within a building if a shooter were still inside (76% vs 56%, P 5 .014). There was no difference in response to these questions in the post-training survey. Conclusions: Attitudes and perceptions regarding EMS active shooter incident response appear to change among providers after participation in a focused active shooter response training program. Further studies are needed to determine if these changes are significant and whether early EMS response during an active shooter incident improves patient outcomes.

This study was conducted to examine the effect of school level (i.e., elementary, middle, and high school) on written school safety plans in the areas of active shooter, hostage, and bomb threat scenarios. Inferential statistical analyses of nationwide survey data revealed the presence of statistically significant differences in the incidence of written plans for active shooter, hostage, and bomb threat scenarios by school level. Elementary schools were less likely to have written plans in active shooter, hostage, and bomb threat scenarios than were middle schools and high schools. In addition, written plans for active shooter and bomb threat scenarios were commonplace at each level compared to written hostage plans. Implications and recommendations for future research were discussed.

Pedestrian behavior models have successfully reproduced human movement in many situations. However, few studies focus on modeling human behavior in the context of terrorist attacks. Terrorist attacks commonly occur in crowded public areas and result in a large number of casualties. This paper proposes a three-stage model to reproduce a series of complex behaviors and decision-making processes at the onset of an attack, when pedestrians generally do not have clear targets and have to deal with fuzzy information from the attack. The first stage of the model builds a Bayesian belief network to represent the pedestrians' initial judgment of the threat and their evacuation decisions. The second stage focuses on pedestrians' global assessment of the situation through an analogy with diffusion processes. The third stage uses a cost function to reproduce the trade-offs of distance, safety, and emotional impact when considering a path to take. The model is validated using a video from the November 2015 Paris attack. The behavioral characteristics and trajectories of three pedestrians extracted from the video are reproduced by the simulation results based on the model. The research can be used to set rules when performing risk analysis and strategic defensive resource allocation of terrorist attacks using agent-based simulation methods.

Crime Scene Behaviors of Rampage School Shooters: Developing Strategies for Planning, Response, and Investigation of Multiple-Victim Shooting Incidents on School Campuses. Michael Knox, 2018: Dissertation, Nova Southeastern University, College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Justice and Human Services. Descriptors: policing, mass shootings, rampage shootings, school violence. Despite their almost aberrational rarity, rampage school shootings have gained national attention to an extent that would make it seem that such events are a common occurrence. Many schools—along with hospitals, businesses, and other institutions—have adopted policies, implemented training, and conducted drills for responding to such incidents. In some cases, concern over school rampage shootings has led to bad policy implementations, particularly adoption of “zero tolerance” policies that punish the slightest infractions in hopes of thwarting potential attackers, but, rather than achievi...

On April 20, 1999, two active shooters attacked Columbine High School. This attack became a catalyst that changed the manner in which law enforcement prepared for similar attacks at schools and other locations. Departments across the United States developed and adopted active shooter response training protocols. To assist law enforcement with this work, training centers were created including the Advanced Law Enforcement Rapid Response Training (ALERRT) Center. ALERRT was formed in 2002 and was named the national standard in active shooter training by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in 2013. To date, ALERRT has trained more than 130,000 first responders from over 9,000 agencies in active shooter response. This commentary leverages our extensive expertise as directors of ALERRT. Specifically, we discuss how training protocols have evolved over the last two decades to include active shooter response teams, solo officer response, medical intervention training, integrated resp...

On April 20, 1999, two active shooters attacked Columbine High School. This attack became a catalyst that changed the manner in which law enforcement prepared for similar attacks at schools and other locations. Departments across the United States developed and adopted active shooter response training protocols. To assist law enforcement with this work, training centers were created including the Advanced Law Enforcement Rapid Response Training (ALERRT) Center. ALERRT was formed in 2002 and was named the national standard in active shooter training by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in 2013. To date, ALERRT has trained more than 130,000 first responders from over 9,000 agencies in active shooter response. This commentary leverages our extensive expertise as directors of ALERRT. Specifically, we discuss how training protocols have evolved over the last two decades to include active shooter response teams, solo officer response, medical intervention training, integrated resp...

: This research examines the risk to schoolchildren posed by hostile intruders and the implementation of a national school security standard designed to mitigate this vulnerability and evaluates the utility of innovative perimeter security strategies modeled to reduce risk while preserving the requisite academic environment. This project originated after the mass murder of 20 defenseless first-graders and six heroic faculty members at the Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut. A methodological analysis of existing school security policy was utilized to define the problem, to evaluate the variance between school communities, and to construct plausible alternative strategies. This project sought to enhance the understanding of risk management, offer strategic insight to decision makers and key stakeholders, and provide meaningful options for future school security planners. The literature on this subject demonstrates that traditional school security guidance is provided...

We conducted a scoping review of literature indexed in the National Library of Medicine's journal citation database, MEDLINE, and Scopus to identify articles in which the rapid response of hospital staff, emergency medical services personnel, the police, and the public to mass shootings is covered. Sixty-five articles were included, and critical themes related to reducing the harm from a mass shooting were summarized. Policy Implications: According to our findings, when mass shootings occur in the United States, several evidenceinformed steps can be taken from the moment the first bullet is fired until the last injured individual is transported to the hospital to promote a rapid response that can reduce death and disability. Ten recommendations are made ranging from recognition of the need for rapid response and bystander training to triage and transport training of police and avoidance of over-response. K E Y W O R D S firearms, mass casualty incidents, mass shootings, rapid response, review On October 17, 2017, just after 10 PM, the highest causality mass shooting event in U.S. history occurred at a music concert in Las Vegas, Nevada. From a 32nd floor window of the building across from the concert venue, a single individual shot more than 1,000 bullets into the crowd on the ground below. After performing retrospective evaluation, the devastating human toll of this shooting was confirmed; more than 800 people were injured, more than 500 required medical care, and 58 people died (Lake, 2018). Arguably, the response to this mass shooting was also one of the most profound tests of

Research is guided by the hypothesis that these facilities-due to their respective importance, locations, and attendance patterns are in harm's way; and that certain strategies of prevention, protection, and mitigation coupled with effective preparedness, response, and recovery can lessen risk, improve security and provide A THREAT ASSESSMENT AND SECURITY ANALYSIS 5 added resilience. Further, "harm's way" is considered to be either a natural disaster or a humanmade disaster, accident, active provocation, or act of terrorism. Methods of analysis include applied research; predominantly utilizing qualitative data with some quantitative investigation. Results of this assessment illustrate that these venues possess numerous vulnerabilities to both natural and human-made threats that if exposed, could result in serious consequences. The two most likely natural hazards identified include straight-line winds and tornadoes. Further, the most likely human threats to these facilities arise from a potential terrorist vehicle attack (TVA) and an active shooter. This project also identifies a specific need for additional planning to prevent an IED or VBIED attack on the Natatorium. Common themes from the attached three case studies reveal that given theses vulnerabilities, the following safety and security adjustments are recommended:  Surveillance equipment  Metal detectors  Security bollards or other temporary barriers  Evacuation routes and shelter in place plans  Special event security procedures  Weather related technology and protocols  Staff training for emergency situations

As empresas, em busca de reducao de custo e melhoria da eficiencia, tornam as suas cadeias de suprimentos mais globalizadas e complexas. Com isso, um evento que ocorre em uma parte do mundo pode afetar uma empresa situada do outro lado. Como consequencia, o grau de exposicao ao risco aumenta na mesma proporcao da globalizacao. Assim, o gerenciamento de risco tornou-se um instrumento para as empresas identificarem, avaliarem e tratarem os riscos, permitindo tomar acoes para mitiga-los. O setor farmaceutico brasileiro foi selecionado por ser um setor com uma forte cultura de qualidade e preocupacao com a seguranca dos seus produtos. Pois sabe das graves consequencias das falhas de seus produtos. Esse trabalho tem como objetivo principal identificar a percepcao da probabilidade de ocorrencia de uma relacao de eventos de risco e a percepcao de risco na cadeia de suprimentos da industria farmaceutica, na visao dos gestores de logistica. Tambem identificar qual e o proposito do gerenciame...

The cycle of violence invading our nation's schools has necessitated the training of law enforcement agencies. A breakdown in communications could mean an incident spirals out of control and results in catastrophic unnecessary loss of lives. Active communication can be accomplished between officers and their superiors, so that decisions are made in a manner that best pursues a rapid end to the threat posed by the perpetrator, and a rapid extraction of the injured. Authors have developed an effective nine-step response model for law enforcement agencies after examination of the real-time cases, infamous school-shooting incidents, in the United States.

Los asesinatos ocurridos en agosto de 2019 en un Walmart de El Paso que dejó un saldo de 20 muertos, adquieren mayor impacto cuando los analizamos como un tipo de conducta delictiva que se repite en forma de patrón y que opera como válvula de escape a traumas producidos en la niñez en un contexto de violencia y maltrato.

The problem with a major security failure is people die and/or are injured as a result. That occurred about two weeks ago as we watched and heard the horror come to life as the news broke that killer Stephen Paddock (the killer) had opened fire from the Mandalay Bay Resort and Casino on a crowd of concertgoers attending the Route 91 Country Music Festival in Las Vegas. When the shooting was over, the killer was found dead by police in his room on the 32nd floor from an apparent self-inflicted gunshot wound.

Homeland Security), define al Tirador Activo (Active Shooter) como "un individuo involucrado activamente en la tarea de matar o intentar matar a otras personas que se encuentran en un área restringida y llena de gente; en la mayoría de los casos, los tiradores activos usan armas de fuego y no tienen un patrón o método para seleccionar a las víctimas". Dicho Departamento indicó que las tres opciones frente a este tipo de incidentes son: correr, esconderse o luchar. Estos hechos son cada vez más frecuentes y las ocurrencias de masacres en manos de Tiradores Activos siguen en aumento, por tal razón y con la intensión de edificar sobre el tema y ver los conocimientos previos que tienen los dominicanos se realizó una encuesta rápida no asistida de 14 preguntas que fueron puesta en circulación a través de medios electrónicos por más de una semana, dicha encuesta arrojó datos muy preocupantes, ya que a pesar de que la mayoría de la población dice saber que es un Tirador Activo, una muestra muy baja considera estar preparada para enfrentar este tipo de incidentes. Palabras Claves: Tirador Activo, tirador.

Risk constantly plagues construction industry compared with other sectors due to its characteristics of complexity, dynamism and time consumption. As risk management is predicting the unpredictable, it is one of the most vital management tools used to cope with project risks and also for achieving the project objectives in terms of time, cost, quality, safety and environmental sustainability. However, until now most research have focused on some aspects of construction risk management and have disregarded the examination of risk management practices in the execution of construction projects in Nigeria. The objective of this research is to evaluate risk management's practice in Nigeria and also to identify and analyse the risks militating against successful execution of construction projects in Nigeria. Risks affecting project execution and delivery were investigated using field survey method. The survey adopted closed form structured questionnaires distributed to the project owners/clients, consultants and contractors. Another questionnaire was designed to determine the stage of work that is more prone to risk. 75% of the questionnaires returned from field were analysed and tested using non-parametric statistics method of frequency, percentage and ranking. The study found that the client often bears the cost of unsuccessful projects as his dreams are often not realised. Risks such as variation, poor documentation and planning were found to have much impact on project execution in Nigeria. Poor numbers of construction stakeholders practise risk management despite their awareness. It is concluded that for a successful execution of construction projects in Nigeria, stakeholders must factor effects of risks into work programme at every work stage. Relevant professionals should be involved from project inception and more awareness should be encouraged on risk management in the industry.

This paper explores the events of April 20, 1999 at Columbine High School in Columbine, Colorado. This paper will discuss fire, police, and EMS response, the usage of ICS, and ways to prevent/mitigate future events like these from occurring.

Most risk management activity in the healthcare sector is retrospective, based on learning from experience. This is feasible where the risks are routine, but emergency operations plans (EOP) guide the response to events that are both high risk and rare. Under these circumstances, it is important to get the response right the first time, but learning from experience is usually not an option. This case study presents the rationale for taking a proactive approach to improving healthcare organizations' EOP. It demonstrates how the Prospective Hazard Analysis (PHA) Toolkit can drive organizational learning and argues that this toolkit may lead to more efficient improvement than drills and exercises.

The El Paso County sheriff’s office defines an active shooter as “An active shooter is an armed person who has used deadly physical force another persons and continues to do so while having unrestricted access to additional victims.” The strange this is that the usual procedure of cordon and waiting for backup does not work real well due to the shooter at times due to that they have no desire to escape, and will continue injuring and killing innocents the longer they are allowed. At times the shooter is even better equipped that the police, making them an even more dangerous foe.

AbstractOne of the major concerns contractors are aware of when pricing a bid for a project is allocating an appropriate allowance for risk. During the tendering stage preparation, risk assessment frameworks with the aim of measuring construction projects risks have proliferated in recent years. This issue was triggered by the fact that some contractors have been facing major financial problems in their projects, while others have lost bids in which they had a competitive advantage. The purpose of this research is to study the risk management practices and to investigate the main risk parameters encountered by contractors operating in the Greater Beirut Area (GBA). A survey was conducted with project managers and estimators from different contracting companies in order to investigate their risk assessment methods vis-à-vis the projects' objectives: time, cost and quality. The results showcase a major variation between estimators and project managers in their evaluation of risk. This paper demonstrates a need for the improvement of the process that contractors follow to quantify their exposure to risks. Therefore, discussing the impact of main risks for contractors would be beneficial in order to properly manage the construction of any project throughout its different phases.