Analog Signal Processing

We present the receiver in the first single-chip GSM/GPRS transceiver that incorporates full integration of quad-band receiver, transmitter, memory, power management, dedicated ARM processor and RF built-in self test in a 90-nm digital CMOS process. The architecture uses Nyquist rate direct RF sampling in the receiver and an all-digital phase-locked loop (PLL) for generating the local oscillator (LO). The receive chain uses discrete-time analog signal processing to down-convert, down-sample, filter and analog-to-digital convert the received signal. A feedback loop is provided at the mixer output and can be used to cancel DC-offsets as well to study linearization of the receive chain. The receiver meets a sensitivity of 110 dBm at 60 mA in a 1.4-V digital CMOS process in the presence of more than one million digital gates. Index Terms-All-digital phase-locked loop (ADPLL), built-in self-test (BIST), cellular, GPRS, GSM, low-area, low-cost, mobile phones, multi-tap direct sampling mixer (MTDSM), radio frequency (RF), sigma-delta, single-chip, system-on-chip (SoC), transceiver. L OW-COST wireless handsets are expected to find wide- spread use in the next few years in Asia and Africa. Investment in cellular infra-structure is now the preferred choice in developing and under-developed nations for improving the communication infrastructure and consequently, improving the standard of living of their people. Cost reduction is traditionally achieved by developing highly integrated solutions in addition to reducing the cost of individual components that make up the solution. A wide spectrum of choices exist ranging from highly integrated system in a package (SIP) to highly integrated system on a chip (SoC). The entire phone solution includes SAW filters, RF switches, power amplifiers, RF transceivers for several indoor and cellular standards, power management ICs, audio and video codecs, baseband processors, application processors, FLASH memory and several peripherals. Considering the diverse technologies needed to construct a mobile phone,

The paper presents Log and Antilog Amplifier using Current Differencing Transconductance Amplifier (CDTA).The proposed circuit configuration consists of a single CDTA. Owing to its current mode operation it consumes less power. Furthermore, the instability problem found in Op-Amp based log-antilog amplifiers due to the presence of an active element in the feedback loop is absent in the CDTA log-antilog amplifier. It provides the advantage of using switched capacitor instead of a resistor that is beneficial to IC implementation in terms of space consideration. The simulation results confirm the logarithmic and anti-logarithmic behavior with very low-error.

In this paper, a novel current mode CMOS four-quadrant analog multiplier circuit is presented. The multiplication is implemented by four translinear loops with MOS transistors operating in weak inversion. Information carrying signals are differential balanced currents. The multiplier circuit has been implemented in a test chip in a standard 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. The experimental measurements (dc bias current of 250 nA and a power supply of 2.0 V) show a bandwidth of 200 kHz and a THD figure value lower than 0.9 %. The multiplier features a wide signal dynamic range and linearity, low power consumption (the maximum power consumption is of 5.5/spl middot/10/sup -6/ W) and very low area (18.7 /spl middot/10/sup -3/ mm/sup 2/). The multiplier is suitable for a wide range of analog signal processing applications. Due to the low power and silicon area consumption, scalability and modularity can be also easily integrated in massive parallel systems.

In this paper, a novel current mode CMOS four-quadrant analog multiplier circuit is presented. The multiplication is implemented by four translinear loops with MOS transistors operating in weak inversion. Information carrying signals are differential balanced currents. The multiplier circuit has been implemented in a test chip in a standard 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. The experimental measurements (dc bias current of 250 nA and a power supply of 2.0 V) show a bandwidth of 200 kHz and a THD figure value lower than 0.9 %. The multiplier features a wide signal dynamic range and linearity, low power consumption (the maximum power consumption is of 5.5/spl middot/10/sup -6/ W) and very low area (18.7 /spl middot/10/sup -3/ mm/sup 2/). The multiplier is suitable for a wide range of analog signal processing applications. Due to the low power and silicon area consumption, scalability and modularity can be also easily integrated in massive parallel systems.

introduced a new active building block called a 'differential difference current conveyor' (DDCC) and demonstrated its application in realising squarer, square rooter and multiplier circuits, differential integrators, and voltage mode (VM) and current mode (CM) low-pass/band-pass (LP/BP) filters. CMOS integrable implementations for DDCC + and DDCC -(two separate circuits) were also proposed. This communication extends the domain of application of the DDCC to the realisation of CM all grounded passive elements (AGPE) SRCOs, not discussed in [1] or anywhere else so far. In particular, we show that, if instead of considering DDCC + and DDCC -as separate units we consider a single unit (incorporating both the outputs i z + and i z -

The four terminal Current feedback op-amps (CFOA) with an external compensation pin, such as AD844, have received prominent attention during the past decade as alternative building blocks for analog circuit design because of their significant advantages over the traditional voltage-mode op-amp (VOA). A popular application of CFOAs has been in realizing voltage-mode (VM) and current-mode (CM) biquad filters. Previously known universal CM biquads (i.e. those capable of realizing all the five generic filter functions namely, low-pass, band-pass, high-pass, notch and all-pass) realizable with CFOAs require two to nine CFOAs. Although a few dual-function/three-function single-CFOA-based CM circuits have appeared in literature, no single-CFOA-based canonic universal CM biquad with explicit CM output has been reported in the literature up until now. This paper fills this void by presenting a set of eight minimal universal CM biquads all of which are realizable with only a single CFOA. The non-ideal analysis of the proposed circuits has been presented, their comparative features, advantages and limitations have been brought out. The workability of all the proposed circuits has been confirmed by PSPICE simulations and experimental results based upon AD844 type CFOAs.

Unity-gain voltage followers and unity-gain current followers have attracted attention in the recent literature in the context of analog signal processing as well as signal generation because of the advantages of wider bandwidth and low power consumption of these active elements as compared to other more complex building blocks. Motivated by these advantages, followers have been used as alternatives to other more complex building blocks in the realisation of filters, oscillators and more recently, in impedance converters. Although some configurations for realizing sinusoidal oscillators using unity-gain voltage/current followers have been described in the earlier literature, only one of them is a second-order single-resistance-controlled oscillator but requires as many as eight followers. This paper derives, through a state-variable synthesis approach, a number of new follower-based single-resistancecontrolled oscillators requiring a much smaller number (only two to four) of followers. The new circuits are shown to possess a number of other interesting features. The workability of the new structures has been confirmed by SPICE simulation results using CMOS-based followers.

Water level control is an important application in automation systems for maintaining water levels in tanks automatically. This research aims to design a water level control system using an electrode sensor as the level detector, an OMRON 61F-GP-N floatless relay as the signal processor, and a water pump as the actuator. The system works by detecting the resistance signal from the electrodes, which is then processed by the relay into an ON/OFF control signal to regulate the water pump. The test results show that the system can maintain the water level within the specified range with good accuracy. This system illustrates the application of analog signal processing and conversion to digital signals in a real-world control application.

Water level control is an important application in automation systems for maintaining water levels in tanks automatically. This research aims to design a water level control system using an electrode sensor as the level detector, an OMRON 61F-GP-N floatless relay as the signal processor, and a water pump as the actuator. The system works by detecting the resistance signal from the electrodes, which is then processed by the relay into an ON/OFF control signal to regulate the water pump. The test results show that the system can maintain the water level within the specified range with good accuracy. This system illustrates the application of analog signal processing and conversion to digital signals in a real-world control application.

Penelitian ini membahas sistem pemrosesan sinyal yang diterapkan pada alat pengukur jarak menggunakan sensor ultrasonik HC-SR04 berbasis mikrokontroler Arduino. Fokus penelitian dititikberatkan pada alur pemrosesan sinyal, mulai dari pembangkitan sinyal pemicu (trigger), penerimaan sinyal pantulan (echo), hingga konversi durasi sinyal menjadi data jarak yang dapat ditampilkan pada LCD 16x2. Metode penelitian meliputi perancangan sistem, pemrograman mikrokontroler, serta pengujian respons sinyal sensor terhadap perubahan jarak objek. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa sistem pemrosesan sinyal mampu bekerja secara stabil dan menghasilkan pengukuran jarak yang cukup akurat sesuai dengan karakteristik sensor. Sistem ini diharapkan dapat menjadi referensi dalam pembelajaran pemrosesan sinyal pada sistem embedded sederhana.

Puji syukur penulis panjatkan ke hadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa karena berkat rahmat dan karunia-Nya, penulis dapat menyelesaikan laporan yang berjudul "Pemrosesan sinyal dengan pengukur jarak benda menggunakan sensor ultrasonik" ini dengan baik dan tepat waktu. Laporan ini disusun sebagai bagian dari pemenuhan tugas praktikum/proyek dalam bidang mikrokontroler dan instrumentasi. Adapun tujuan dari penyusunan laporan ini adalah untuk mendokumentasikan proses perancangan, pembuatan, serta pengujian alat pengukur jarak yang memanfaatkan mikrokontroler Arduino sebagai unit kendali, sensor ultrasonik sebagai pendeteksi jarak, dan LCD 16x2 sebagai perangkat penampil data. Melalui proyek ini, diharapkan pembaca dapat memperoleh pemahaman mengenai implementasi dasar sistem embedded, pemrosesan sinyal sensor, serta integrasi perangkat keras sederhana. Dalam penyusunan laporan ini, penulis menyadari bahwa hasil yang dicapai tidak lepas dari dukungan, bantuan, serta bimbingan dari berbagai pihak. Oleh karena itu, penulis mengucapkan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada : 1. Ibu pembimbing yang telah memberikan arahan dan masukan selama proses penyusunan. 2. Teman-teman yang turut memberikan dukungan dan kerja sama dalam proses pengujian dan dokumentasi sistem. 3. Serta semua pihak yang tidak dapat disebutkan satu per satu yang telah membantu secara langsung maupun tidak langsung. Penulis menyadari bahwa laporan ini masih jauh dari sempurna. Oleh karena itu, kritik dan saran yang membangun sangat penulis harapkan demi perbaikan di masa mendatang. Akhir kata, semoga laporan ini dapat memberikan manfaat bagi pembaca dan menjadi referensi bagi pengembangan teknologi serupa di masa depan.

Kebakaran merupakan salah satu bencana yang dapat menimbulkan kerugian harta benda serta mengancam keselamatan jiwa apabila tidak ditangani dengan cepat dan tepat. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan suatu sistem pendeteksian dan pemadaman api yang mampu bekerja secara otomatis serta memiliki respons yang cepat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang dan menganalisis sistem pemadam api otomatis berbasis sensor flame infrared dengan fokus pada penerapan pemrosesan sinyal. Sensor flame infrared dimanfaatkan untuk mendeteksi radiasi inframerah yang dipancarkan oleh nyala api, kemudian sinyal yang dihasilkan diproses melalui tahapan pengkondisian dan konversi menjadi sinyal digital sebagai masukan untuk mengendalikan relay yang berfungsi sebagai penggerak akhir pompa air. Metode penelitian meliputi tahap perancangan rangkaian, perakitan prototipe, serta pengujian kinerja sistem berdasarkan parameter jarak deteksi, waktu respons, dan efektivitas pemadaman. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa sistem mampu mendeteksi keberadaan api secara andal dengan waktu respons kurang dari satu detik dan secara otomatis mengaktifkan pompa air untuk memadamkan api skala kecil. Sistem yang dikembangkan memiliki struktur yang sederhana, biaya yang relatif rendah, serta berpotensi untuk dikembangkan lebih lanjut sebagai solusi pemadam api otomatis dan sebagai media pembelajaran pada bidang sistem instrumentasi dan kontrol.

Puji dan syukur penulis panjatkan ke hadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa karena atas rahmat dan karunia-Nya, laporan praktikum yang berjudul "Pemrosesan sinyal pada sistem pemadam api otomatis menggunakan sensor flame infrared" ini dapat disusun dan diselesaikan dengan baik. Laporan ini disusun sebagai salah satu bentuk pemenuhan tugas praktikum dan nilai UAS, sekaligus sebagai sarana bagi mahasiswa untuk mengaplikasikan teori yang telah dipelajari pada mata kuliah terkait ke dalam bentuk perancangan dan pengujian sebuah sistem nyata. Melalui kegiatan praktikum ini, mahasiswa memperoleh pemahaman yang lebih mendalam mengenai prinsip kerja sensor flame infrared, penggunaan relay sebagai saklar elektronik, serta pengendalian pompa air sebagai aktuator dalam sistem pemadam api otomatis skala prototype. Penulis menyampaikan ucapan terima kasih kepada dosen pengampu mata kuliah yang telah memberikan arahan, bimbingan, dan motivasi selama proses pelaksanaan praktikum hingga penyusunan laporan ini. Bimbingan tersebut sangat membantu mahasiswa dalam memahami konsep, metode perancangan, serta proses analisis hasil pengujian yang dilakukan. Penulis menyadari bahwa laporan praktikum ini masih memiliki keterbatasan dan kekurangan, baik dari segi isi maupun penyajian. Oleh karena itu, penulis mengharapkan saran dan masukan yang membangun dari dosen pengampu demi penyempurnaan laporan ini di masa mendatang. Semoga laporan ini dapat memberikan manfaat bagi mahasiswa sebagai bahan pembelajaran serta sebagai referensi dalam pengembangan sistem pemadam api otomatis berbasis elektronika sederhana Serang, 17 Desember 2025 Tim Penulis

Kebakaran merupakan peristiwa yang dapat terjadi secara tiba-tiba dan berpotensi menyebabkan kerugian besar. Keterlambatan dalam mendeteksi api sering kali menjadi penyebab utama meluasnya kebakaran. Oleh sebab itu, sistem pendeteksi api yang sederhana dan ekonomis sangat dibutuhkan, khususnya untuk lingkungan rumah tangga, laboratorium, dan fasilitas pendidikan.

Time-domain analysis of slewing period of settling time is presented in this paper for three-stage CMOS Operational Amplifier (opamp) with Nested Miller Compensation (NMC). It is shown that small signal model is not suitable for slewing period analysis of three-stage CMOS opamp. Large signal analysis has been done for positive slew period. In the earlier developed simple slew rate model effect of biasing current of first stage was considered. In this work effect of biasing currents of all three stages are considered on slewing period of the three-stage CMOS opamp. In the proposed model dead time period is analyzed and methods are found out to minimize this period. Effects of the load capacitance and device sizes are also considered in this new model. An improved formula is developed to calculate the effective slew rate. Analytical expression for response of three-stage CMOS opamp during nonlinear period of settling time is derived. Proposed model will be useful for accurate power estimation in case of fast settling three-stage opamp. This model is suitable for most design parameters and can be simplified to the conventional model with proper selection of device sizes. Validity of the proposed model has been checked by simulation using Tanner tool in 0.35 m μ CMOS technology. The model is in good agreement with simulation results. Simulation results obtained are Slew rate (SR) = 6V/μs, Unity-gain frequency = 7 MHz, Phase margin = 70° and DC gain = 110 db.

Penelitian ini merupakan tugas praktikum yang disusun untuk memenuhi Ujian Akhir Semester (UAS) pada mata kuliah Pemrosesan Sinyal. Praktikum ini membahas perancangan dan implementasi sistem deteksi getaran berbasis Arduino Uno dengan menerapkan konsep pemrosesan sinyal analog dan digital. Sensor getaran digunakan sebagai sumber sinyal analog yang merepresentasikan besaran fisis berupa getaran, kemudian sinyal tersebut dikonversi menjadi data digital melalui modul Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) pada Arduino Uno. Data digital selanjutnya diproses menggunakan metode penentuan ambang batas (threshold) untuk mendeteksi keberadaan getaran. Hasil pemrosesan ditampilkan melalui LCD 16×2 serta indikator LED dan buzzer sebagai sistem peringatan. Melalui praktikum ini, mahasiswa diharapkan mampu memahami proses akuisisi sinyal, konversi sinyal analog ke digital, serta penerapan pemrosesan sinyal digital pada sistem berbasis mikrokontroler secara sederhana dan aplikatif.

Analog signals are usually digitized and further processed using various algorithms and procedures for digital data analysis. In digital signal processing (DSP), digital filtering is a crucial signal processing task that is used to enhance signal quality and increase the signal-to-noise ratio of a processed stream. This paper presents an original, intuitive, and easy-to-implement approach to the design of integratorbased closed-loop infinite-impulse-response filters, namely active digital filters. The approach is based on the feedback control theory and uses digital integrators to build stable negative feedback DSP systems that allow easy implementation of various filtering functions: low-pass, high-pass, etc. The filter cutoff frequency can be controlled using a single coefficient and adapted to the application needs. The presented active filters offer the simplest possible architecture and are well-suited for many DSP applications.

An operational amplifier (op-amp) is a type of electronic direct-coupled amplifier (also, an analog-linear integrated circuit or IC) that amplifies the difference between two input voltages. It is a high-gain voltage amplifier with a differential input, level shifter and a single-ended output. Initially, these amplifiers were used in mathematical operations, thus the term 'operational' is used.

This paper presents two simple topologies of novel grounded lossy series and parallel RL circuit employing VDVTA. Inductor and resistor are simulated employing one VDVTA and one passive component. Both the proposed topologies for the immittance simulation have been realized using a simple circuit. There is little deviation in the values of theoretically calculated and practically simulated series and parallel RL circuit. To study the performance of the realized grounded lossy series and parallel RL circuit, a second order high pass filter has been constructed using one of the circuits. To verify the presented theoretical analysis, the PSPICE simulation results are given using CMOS technology.

This paper presents two simple topologies of novel grounded lossy series and parallel RL circuit employing VDVTA. Inductor and resistor are simulated employing one VDVTA and one passive component. Both the proposed topologies for the immittance simulation have been realized using a simple circuit. There is little deviation in the values of theoretically calculated and practically simulated series and parallel RL circuit. To study the performance of the realized grounded lossy series and parallel RL circuit, a second order high pass filter has been constructed using one of the circuits. To verify the presented theoretical analysis, the PSPICE simulation results are given using CMOS technology.

A broadband, Mach-Zehnder-interferometer based silicon optical modulator is demonstrated, with an electrical bandwidth of 26 GHz and V π L of 4 V•cm. The design of this modulator does not require epitaxial overgrowth and is therefore simpler to fabricate than previous devices with similar performance.

A new multiplier-divider circuit using a single Current Differencing Buffered Amplifier (CDBA) and only six MOSFETs has been presented. The proposed circuit has the advantage of simultaneously realizing a multiplier and divider without changing the circuit topology. The basic functions of the proposed circuit have been verified through PSPICE simulations using a CMOS CDBA and NMOS transistors with process parameters of 0.35 µm CMOS technology and some application results of the proposed cell in various modes of operation have been included.