Animal domestication

Captive environments induce plastic and adaptive phenotypic changes to the inner and outer anatomy of vertebrate bones. However, the respective effects of these changes are not well documented. This study examines the impact of captivity on the microanatomy of the talus, an ankle bone that lacks muscular attachment but is involved in supporting the body weight during locomotion. This study focuses on the wild boar (Sus scrofa) as a wild ungulate model and on an experimental setting through which these wild boars experienced different mobility patterns during their growth: 20 lived in their natural habitat, while 21 were born in the wild but raised in captivity,
either in a large enclosure (10) or in a stable (11). We quantitatively investigated the microanatomical structure of their talus using 3D cartographies of compact bone thickness and five microanatomical parameters, while describing the distribution of compact bone and the trabecular network from the cartographies and virtual sections.
While the absolute thickness of compact bone remains similar regardless of the mobility context, specimens that have been raised in captivity have tali with greater bone density and a tighter network of bone trabeculae but a lower relative maximum thickness of compact bone. Our results show that captivity induces a plastic response in the bone microanatomy, which could therefore serve as a valuable indicator of the early process of domestication of wild boars and, more generally, wild ungulates in the bioarchaeological records.

The Kura-Araxes Culture (3500-2500 BCE) is often depicted as a homogeneous pastoralist horizon, yet its internal economic and mobility strategies remain poorly understood. This study for the first time introduces an integrative framework for reconstructing site-specific pastoral practices through a detailed case study of Maxta I (Nakhchivan). It represents the first study in the Kura-Araxes context and more broadly in the Caucasus to combine zooarchaeology, Zooarchaeology by Mass Spectrometry (ZooMS), stable isotope analysis, and settlement data. This multimethod approach offers a comprehensive view of livestock management, seasonal movement, and socio-economic organisation. The results reveal a seasonally flexible agro-pastoral system that blends permanent settlement features with structured herd mobility, birthing seasons, and possible targeted secondary product exploitation strategies for fleece. Rather than adhering to a binary model of nomadic versus sedentary lifeways, Maxta I demonstrates how Kura-Araxes communities dynamically adapted to diverse ecological and social landscapes. This research challenges assumptions of cultural uniformity and establishes a new comparative model for understanding the diversity of pastoral strategies across Southwest Asia.

On a theoretical level, the presented article analyses the possible existence
and hypothetical methods of cargo transportation in the Upper Palaeolithic
(Gravettian, Magdalenian). Using ethnological observations and further
studies concerning Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene finds originating
from Arctic regions, the author describes the character of potential finds and
the possibilities of their differentiation. In this context, she draws attention
to three specific finds from the Moravian Gravettian of unclear function,
which theoretically could be parts of a sleigh harness, and compares them
with similar objects stored in some foreign ethnological collections. The aspect of harnesses used in the Upper Palaeolithic could also be interesting in
discussions regarding the first domesticated wolves (dogs) in the Gravettian,
or the question of the existence of tamed reindeer. From an archaeological
point of view, interesting finds in this context are depictions of horse heads
with some kind of halters.

Standard accounts of cultural evolution emphasize human agency-the accumulation of knowledge, the development of tools, the organization of social life. This paper proposes a complementary variable that has been insufficiently theorized: climate. Specifically, it argues that warming cycles in Earth's climate history acted as surplus time machinesreducing the energy costs of survival, diversifying and concentrating food sources, enabling sedentism, and thereby structurally expanding the time available for non-survivaloriented activity. Three major climate-culture correspondences are examined: the warm intervals that coincide with the cave art florescence of the Upper Paleolithic; the abrupt warming at the end of the Younger Dryas (c. 9600 BCE) that immediately precedes the Neolithic transition; and the Holocene Climate Optimum (c. 7000-3000 BCE) during which the world's first urban civilizations emerged. The paper argues that these correspondences are not coincidental but structural: climate warming generates surplus time, and surplus time is the necessary precondition of sustained abstract cultural production. This hypothesis is offered as a testable framework for interdisciplinary investigation across paleoclimatology, archaeology, and the history of ideas.

Due to the insular location, farming emerged in Cyprus mostly through the introduction of plants and animals from nearby continent, throughout the 9th and 8th millennia BCE. These included wild cultivated einkorn and emmer during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) and ungulates during the PPNB. However, large osteoarchaeological samples from Klimonas and Shillourokambos sites, revealed an interesting diversity in the processes. Cattle and sheep were introduced as early domesticates, c. 8500 and 7900 BCE respectively, and raised throughout the late 9th and the 8th millennia. However, shortly after their introduction, the domestic goats went feral and became game, before being domesticated again 8-10 centuries later. Even more intriguing is the history of suids. The wild boar was introduced long before the PPN and rapidly evolved into an endemic insular subspecies (Sus scrofa circeus). From 10,200 to 8500 BCE, it was the only large game on the Cyprus island. Then, from 8500 to 7500 BCE, Sus s. circeus was domesticated, giving rise to all subsequent Neolithic pigs, without any visible introduction of continental domestic pigs. This diversity of processes highlights the complexity of dispersal of domesticates at the beginning of the Neolithic period, involving transfer and acclimatisation components as well as possible local domestications. It suggests that local domestication played a more significant role than expected in the Neolithic dispersal on the continents.

Epipaleolithic hunter-gatherers from the Near East introduced wild boars (Sus scrofa) to Cyprus, with the Early Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN) settlers hunting the wild descendants of these boars. However, the geographic origin of the Cypriot boar and how they were integrated into the earliest forms of pig husbandry remain unsolved. Here, we present data on 11,000 to 9000 cal. BP Sus scrofa from the PPN sites of Klimonas and Shillourokambos. We compared them to contemporaneous populations from the Near East and to Neolithic and modern populations in Corsica, exploring their origin and evolution using biosystematic signals from molar teeth and heel bones (calcanei), using 2D and 3D geometric morphometrics. We found that the Cypriot PPN lineage of Sus scrofa originates from the Northern Levant. Yet, their phenotypic idiosyncrasy suggest that they evolved into an insular sub-species that we named Sus scrofa circeus, referring to Circe, the metamorphosis goddess that changed Ulysses compan...

The farming of percids (Eurasian perch Perca fluviatilis, pikeperch Sander lucioperca) has progressively become a diversification path of European inland aquaculture in the past 25 years. This required the domestication of wild or pseudowild (coming from polyculture ponds) populations. Considering the history of Eurasian perch, this domestication can be subdivided into four main successive parts: (1) a short initial prospective period (bibliographical analysis, market analysis, etc.), (2) a first experimental period to acquire basic data that notably resulted in the choice of the rearing system and commercial feeds, (3) a second experimental period allowing to get an in-depth knowledge on each of the main phase of the life cycle of this species (control of the life cycle in rearing conditions), and (4) a third experimental period, still ongoing, of optimization of rearing practices. This chapter allows understanding the domestication framework of this species and better understandin...

Bactrian camels were key agents of long-distance interaction in China. Previous studies on camel-human dynamics have relied mainly on iconographic and textual data. This study integrates osteological material with broader archaeological and historical evidence to better understand long-term patterns of human-camel relationships. Results reveal diverse forms of interactions, including transport, labor, consumption, funerary practices, and craft production. Camel skeletal evidence consistently clusters in northern arid regions, where environmental conditions supported sustained economic use, whereas in Central China the record remains sparse despite increasing cultural representations. This distribution suggests limited practical integration in the everyday life of the Central Plains, with camels instead acquiring cultural significance through their role in wider exchange networks. These findings demonstrate how social demand and environmental conditions shaped camel use, offering new insight into early mobility, exchange and socio-cultural dynamics in China.

Las dos instituciones que albergaron animales exóticos en Madrid durante el siglo XIX (Casa de Fieras 1774-1972 y Jardín de Aclimatación 1859-1868) fueron objeto de unos peculiares estudios con el fin de obtener aprovechamiento zootécnico a especies tan dispares como la cebra, el canguro, el avestruz, el camello, la vicuña, etc. En la comunicación se exponen los datos obtenidos en fuentes diversas sobre observaciones de comportamiento, posibles aprovechamientos, adaptación a diversos entornos de la península ibérica, éxito de la reproducción, etc. Se incluyen las diferentes visiones y análisis obtenidos por veterinarios, zoólogos y otros estudiosos. Algunas de estas especies, con el tiempo, han sido objeto de una explotación zootécnica. La comunicación aporta unos datos que sirven como precedentes y permiten contextualizar la valoración zootécnica de una especie en aquella época. Investigación realizada en el marco del proyecto I+D+i convocatoria 2020 con referencia PID2020-112514GB-C21. Palabras clave: jardines de aclimatación, Casa de Fieras, domesticación de especies, colecciones zoológicas de Madrid, s. XIX

Southern Levantine societies during the Iron Age II (10 th-8 th centuries BCE) witnessed the formation of competing territorial polities and urban revival following a period of settlement ruralization and dwindling regional exchange economies associated with the collapse of Late Bronze Age Canaanite city-states around 1200 BCE. Recent work has revealed diverse expressions of complex political

Southern Levantine societies during the Iron Age II (10 th-8 th centuries BCE) witnessed the formation of competing territorial polities and urban revival following a period of settlement ruralization and dwindling regional exchange economies associated with the collapse of Late Bronze Age Canaanite city-states around 1200 BCE. Recent work has revealed diverse expressions of complex political

While classic models for the emergence of pastoral groups in Inner Asia describe mounted, horse-borne herders sweeping across the Eurasian Steppes during the Early or Middle Bronze Age (ca. 3000–1500 BCE), the actual economic basis of many early pastoral societies in the region is poorly characterized. In this paper, we use collagen mass fingerprinting and ancient DNA analysis of some of the first stratified and directly dated archaeofaunal assemblages from Mongolia’s early pastoral cultures to undertake species identifications of this rare and highly fragmented material. Our results provide evidence for livestock-based, herding subsistence in Mongolia during the late 3rd and early 2nd millennia BCE. We observe no evidence for dietary exploitation of horses prior to the late Bronze Age, ca. 1200 BCE – at which point horses come to dominate ritual assemblages, play a key role in pastoral diets, and greatly influence pastoral mobility. In combination with the broader archaeofaunal rec...

Highlights d Two now-extinct horse lineages lived in Iberia and Siberia some 5,000 years ago d Iberian and Siberian horses contributed limited ancestry to modern domesticates d Oriental horses have had a strong genetic influence within the last millennium d Modern breeding practices were accompanied by a significant drop in genetic diversity Authors

is that of ecological anthropology, the focus of which is on the ensemble of intimate interactions between human life and the environment. The Kyoto School, a team of researchers based at Kyoto University who work in ecological anthropology and who are led by Junichiro Itani and Jiro Tanaka, among others, stands out because of its long-term fieldwork conducted in different areas of Africa, as well as in other parts of the world. However, the work of the Kyoto School has often been misunderstood in that its members have not always clearly explained the theories upon which their research was based or elaborated fully the implications of their conclusions. This paper examines the development of the theories of ecological anthropology that have flourished in the Kyoto School and points to areas for future research. The trends that have characterized the works of the Kyoto School to date are classified into the following five categories: evolution of primate sociality; society as a form of adaptation to the environment; ecosystem and human society; environment, cognition, and culture; and subsistence economy and ethics.

Africa contains more human genetic variation than any other continent, but the majority of the population-scale analyses of the African peoples have focused on just two of the four major linguistic groups, the Niger-Congo and Afro-Asiatic, leaving the Nilo-Saharan and Khoisan populations under-represented. In order to assess genetic variation and signatures of selection within a Nilo-Saharan population and between the Nilo-Saharan and Niger-Congo and Afro-Asiatic, we sequenced 50 genomes from the Nilo-Saharan Lugbara population of North-West Uganda and 250 genomes from 6 previously unsequenced Niger-Congo populations. We compared these data to data from a further 16 Eurasian and African populations including the Gumuz, another putative Nilo-Saharan population from Ethiopia. Of the 21 million variants identified in the Nilo-Saharan population, 3.57 million (17%) were not represented in dbSNP and included predicted non-synonymous mutations with possible phenotypic effects. We found greater genetic differentiation between the Nilo-Saharan Lugbara and Gumuz populations than between any two Afro-Asiatic or Niger-Congo populations. F3 tests showed that Gumuz contributed a genetic component to most Niger-Congo B populations whereas Lugabara did not. We scanned the genomes of the Lugbara for evidence of selective sweeps. We found selective sweeps at four loci (SLC24A5, SNX13, TYRP1, and UVRAG) associated with skin pigmentation, three of which already have been reported to be under selection. These selective sweeps point toward adaptations to the intense UV radiation of the Sahel.

Africa contains more human genetic variation than any other continent, but the majority of the population-scale analyses of the African peoples have focused on just two of the four major linguistic groups, the Niger-Congo and Afro-Asiatic, leaving the Nilo-Saharan and Khoisan populations under-represented. In order to assess genetic variation and signatures of selection within a Nilo-Saharan population and between the Nilo-Saharan and Niger-Congo and Afro-Asiatic, we sequenced 50 genomes from the Nilo-Saharan Lugbara population of North-West Uganda and 250 genomes from 6 previously unsequenced Niger-Congo populations. We compared these data to data from a further 16 Eurasian and African populations including the Gumuz, another putative Nilo-Saharan population from Ethiopia. Of the 21 million variants identified in the Nilo-Saharan population, 3.57 million (17%) were not represented in dbSNP and included predicted non-synonymous mutations with possible phenotypic effects. We found greater genetic differentiation between the Nilo-Saharan Lugbara and Gumuz populations than between any two Afro-Asiatic or Niger-Congo populations. F3 tests showed that Gumuz contributed a genetic component to most Niger-Congo B populations whereas Lugabara did not. We scanned the genomes of the Lugbara for evidence of selective sweeps. We found selective sweeps at four loci (SLC24A5, SNX13, TYRP1, and UVRAG) associated with skin pigmentation, three of which already have been reported to be under selection. These selective sweeps point toward adaptations to the intense UV radiation of the Sahel.

Я люблю рассказывать, что социальное управляет биологическим как всадник лошадью: первое меняется по своим законам, открытым великими Бородачами и изученным разными иными исследователями, а второе «подстраивается» к его изменениям обычным путём, посредством отбора (всё время стабилизирующего). Дальше приведены некоторые примеры этого. Одновременно на них же показывается, что хотя отбор может оценивать один и тот же ген, результат оценки может очень сильно зависеть от того в составе какой генной сети этот ген работает. И когда один ген эволюционирует в составе разных регуляторных контуров (т.е. генных сетей)
результат оказывается очень различным.

Holosen döneminin başlangıcıyla birlikte iklimde yaşanan değişim, Neolitik dönemde yerleşik hayata geçiş sürecinde önemli bir etkiye sahip olmuştur. Özellikle sıcaklık ve yağış miktarındaki artış, tarım için elverişli şartlar sağlamış ve prehistorik dönem toplulukların yaşam tarzlarında köklü dönüşümlerin önünü açmıştır. Batman ili, prehistorik dönemde avcılık, toplayıcılık ve erken tarım faaliyetleri için ideal bir coğrafi mekan sahiptir. Batman ilinin yer aldığı Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi, Neolitik dönemde Bereketli Hilal olarak anılan geniş bir coğrafyanın parçasıdır. Dicle Nehri ve kolları, tarım ve hayvancılık için su kaynakları sağlarken, bölgede bulunan doğal mağaralar ve korunaklı atanlar, yerleşim için ideal alanlar olmuştur. Yerleşik hayata geçişle birlikte köylerin oluşumu başlamış ve Batman ili bu dönüşümde önemli bir rot oynamıştır. Batman ilinin Akeramik Neolitik dönem coğrafi mekanı, yerleşik hayata geçiş ve tarımın başlangıcı açısından kritik bir öneme sahiptir. Coğrafi konum ve iklimsel avantajlar erken dönem tarım köylerinin yer seçiminde önemli bir etken olmuştur.

Forest grazing and tree leaf foddering were once widespread in Europe. Stable carbon isotope analysis of faunal remains can help investigate the practice back to the Neolithic. The approach presupposes the empirical definition of a threshold δ 13 C value beyond which a forest component in diet is arguable. This objective can be attained in contexts where animals feeding on forest trees were demonstrated independently. We analyzed caprine teeth from the sites of Arbon-Bleiche 3 (34th century BCE, Switzerland), where forest fodder was directly evidenced from macroremains in caprine faeces; and from Clairvaux (39th-37th c. BCE) and Chalain (32nd-30th c. BCE; French Jura) where it was suggested from thousands of branches accumulated in the occupation layers. Sequential isotope analysis in caprine tooth enamel revealed δ 13 C values ≤-14‰ at Clairvaux and Chalain, and ≤-15‰ and down to-16.7‰ at Arbon during winter, the lowest recorded to date in Neolithic Europe. A more 13 C-depleted signal at Arbon, associated with significantly lower δ 18 O values, may reflect the abrupt cooler and wetter climatic event recorded at this time in the Lake Constance sediments, causing harsher winters and the need for complementary feed in the form of tree leaves, as well as a potential tree-line decline leading to a greater proximity of the fir forest. Inter-individual variability reflects adaptability of extensive herding systems subjected to environmental uncertainties. These results confirm that in these chronocultural contexts, forests were fully integrated into husbandry systems, shaping practices and animal behaviors, and potentially contributing to the reshaping of the landscape.

The site of Torre de Palma, located in the modern province of Alto Alentejo, in east-central Portugal, presents an important study of the more than 15,000 bone and shell pieces were retrieved over the course of the modern excavations at this site (1983 to 2000) by the University of Louisville Torre de Palma Archaeological Project.

The Chalcolithic period in Cyprus (c. 3800-2500 Before Current Era [BCE]) has traditionally been characterized as a time of limited maritime engagement, due to sparse evidence for fishing and long-distance exchange. Recent evidence from skeletal material suggests that people did conduct maritime activities, which we suggest comprised coastal seafaring to support regional exchange networks. This study examines the energy efficiency of terrestrial versus maritime transport routes between the Chalcolithic settlements of Chlorakas-Palloures and Makounta-Voules, where petrographic analysis of ceramics has demonstrated substantial interregional exchange. Using Geographic Information System (GIS)based least cost path analysis and energy expenditure calculations derived from military and experimental archaeology research, we reconstruct optimal transport routes and calculate energy requirements for different load-carrying scenarios. Land route energy costs were modelled using the Load Carriage Decision Aid (LCDA) equation, while the energy requirements for maritime routes were calculated based on experimental data from replica Neolithic vessels and environmental factors including wind and currents. Results demonstrate that maritime transport required comparable energy to terrestrial portage (approximately 612-642 kilojoules [kJ] per kg carried) while covering twice the distance (60 km versus 31 km). Per kilometre travelled, maritime transport was significantly more efficient (~ 10 kJ/km/kg) compared to terrestrial routes (~ 20-50 kJ/km/kg). These findings suggest that coastal seafaring offered an efficient transportation alternative that could explain both the observed material exchanges and the prevalence of skeletal lesions related to water activities in Chalcolithic populations.

The assessment of the date of death (DOD) of animals found in archaeological sites provides insights into the exploitation of their environment by ancient mobile and sedentary populations. In an attempt to overcome the limitations of the traditional methods, we determine the DOD of domestic caprines using sequential oxygen isotope analysis of developing tooth enamel. We built a reference set composed of developing molars from 14 modern sheep and goats from Western and Central Mongolia with known DOD. The teeth were sequentially sampled, and δ 18 O sequences were modelled using a cosine function in order to position the lowermost δ 18 O value (δ f) within the annual cycle. We found that δ f values are strongly linearly correlated with the DOD (R 2 ¼ 0.88), allowing the use of this regression to estimate the DOD with a precision of about �25 d (1σ). This method was applied to determine the DOD of caprines found in two graves in the Xiongnu necropolis of Egiin Gol, Mongolia. We determined a slaughter date of late July and late September for the two graves, respectively, suggesting that burial occurred during the warm season. By combining this information with age at death assessed using tooth eruption stages and tooth wear patterns, we were also able to determine that caprine birth occurred mostly in April and was strongly controlled within this seasonal window by the herders, much like in Mongolia today.

Since its introduction in the eastern steppes of Eurasia, the horse has had a strong impact on the construction of cultures and the organisation of ancient societies by enabling people to move faster and transport goods and people
more efficiently. The evolution of this mobility was accompanied by profound changes in the expression of ritual practices, and horses are very present in funerary monuments of the Late Bronze Age. While recent research has made progress on the question of the frequency of these horse deposits, little is known yet about the season in which the animals were slaughtered and the time of year when the funerary and ritual sites were visited. This work proposes to use oxygen isotope variations (δ18O) recorded by developing molars of horses to estimate their season of slaughter. The analysis of a modern reference set consisting of five horses from the Burgast region (Bayan-Ulgii province, western Mongolia) shows that it is possible to date the time of death with a resolution of the order of+ the
season. Isotopic analysis of two juvenile horses deposited around a Bronze Age khirgisuur then made it possible to establish that the season of death centred on the winter season for these two individuals. The geochemical and
zooarchaeological study reveals that the first horse died in early winter (November) and was deposited shortly after death, while the second horse died during late winter (February) and was deposited several months after death. Two calendars are therefore involved: a technical calendar, which favours a winter slaughter, and a ritual calendar, which is linked to funerals and commemoration. These results show the importance of this approach for the study of ritual practices in the Bronze Age, and they suggest that more complex scenarios need to be considered than those involving a multiple-horse sacrifice at the time and place of the funeral.

From the Upper Palaeolithic to the present, birds constituted a marginal motif in the extensive corpus of human artistic expression. Only one episode of human history stands out as an exception: the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A of the Near East (c. 9800–8700 BC). During this time, numerous bird representations occur at many sites across the region

The foothills of the Drakensberg are a significant region in understanding the links between environmental conditions and the spread of social networks across southern Africa. Strathalan Cave is an important site in this region yielding an extensive Holocene-aged deposit. Here, we report on the preliminary results from the ongoing excavations of Strathalan Cave A. Radiocarbon dates place the occupations between c. 5500 and 9000 yrs cal. BP with most occupations focused at around 7200 yrs cal. BP. Three allostratigraphic units were exposed in the deposit (A1, A2 and A3) with unit A2, the most anthropogenic unit, yielding combustion features and layers of bedding. The lithics are flake-dominated Archaeological time period. Later Stone Age. Country and region. NorthEastern Cape of South Africa.

Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare1. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling2–4 at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 bc3. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia5 and Anatolia6, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 bc, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled char...

This thesis contributes to the existing literature on the origin and transformation of ancient human-reindeer relationships. The study employs a novel perspective and explores the cultural and practical significance of reindeer castration. Through this subject matter, it considers the origins of domesticating human-reindeer relationships among the Indigenous Sámi of Fennoscandia. This study integrates osteometric analysis, documentation of Traditional Knowledge among contemporary reindeer herders, and the archaeological application of the insights gained thereby to investigate past and contemporary practices and considerations of castration. The findings of Article 1 indicate that reindeer castration predominantly affects late-fusing bone elements and acts primarily through the feminisation of long bones in comparison to intact males (bulls). Article 2 presents the osteometric differences and similarities between female, castrated male, and intact male domestic reindeer, male and female wild Norwegian mountain reindeer, and male and female Finnish forest reindeer. The findings of Article 3 demonstrate that castration is a multifaceted practice that plays a key role in reindeer management and probably in incipient human-reindeer relationships. This is due to its effects on behaviour and physique, but also due to its function in control and partnership. Article 4 provides conclusive evidence for the practice of reindeer castration at the archaeological site of Markkina/Márkan, Enontekiö/Enodat, through the discovery of two castrated reindeer antlers. This research has significant relevance to the recognition of the continuity and validity of Traditional Knowledge among Indigenous and non-indigenous reindeer herding communities, and to a deeper understanding of the reindeer domestication process. The study provides new and valuable insights into the practical, cultural, historical, and scientific significance of reindeer castration and underlines its importance in human-reindeer relationships. Finally, this research opens avenues for the further study of castration in the origins of other domestic species. It also accentuates the value of scrutinising the individual life histories of animals to archaeologically disentangle ancient human-animal relations.

This study was carried out from December 1st, 2015 to December 31, 2016 with the aim of evaluating the effects of agricultural and pastoral activities on water quality of lake Fitri and its impact on fish. For this, monthly measurements of physicochemical parameters were done in the North-eastern edges and at the center of the lake. Fitri. The principal activities in the neighborhoods of Lake Fitri are agriculture, animal breeding, fishing and plant exploitation. The exploitation of these resources, has increased in recent times due to an increase in population. The pressure exerted by this population, hinders the development of aquatic organisms.To batter evaluate this impact, fish were captured and their weight and size measured in situ alongside other Surveys. It was noted that, physicochemical parameters oscillate around the following values: pH between 7.46 and 8.86 C.U, temperature between 15 and 25oC, conductivity between 108.5 and 184,1 µS/cm, TDS between 0,165 mg/l and 0,27...

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From the American West to the steppes of Eurasia, the domestic horse transformed human societies, providing rapid transport, communication, and military power, and serving as an important subsistence animal. Because of the importance of oral equipment for horse riding, dentistry is an essential component of modern horse care. In the open grasslands of northeast Asia, horses remain the primary form of transport for many herders. Although free-range grazing on gritty forage mitigates many equine dental issues, contemporary Mongolian horsemen nonetheless practice some forms of dentistry, including the removal of problematic deciduous teeth and the vestigial first premolar (&quot;wolf tooth&quot;). Here, we present archaezoological data from equine skeletal remains spanning the past 3,200 y, indicating that nomadic dental practices have great antiquity. Anthropogenic modifications to malerupted deciduous central incisors in young horses from the Late Bronze Age demonstrate their attempt...

The role of pigsty-privies on Cheju Island, South Korea, in the transmission of helminth parasites from pig to man is discussed with particular reference to Taenia solium. It appears that pigsty-privies reduce the incidence of intestinal nematode infections in the human population but not that of T. solium. It is suggested, however, that the prevalence of the more pathogenic qaberrantq infection (with cysticerci) is reduced, and the efficacy of the Korean government policy of...

espanolEn el marco de las excavaciones de la temporada 2018 del conjunto amurallado Utzh An, se descubrieron los restos de 20 estatuillas esculpidas en madera, ubicadas dentro de nichos elaborados a ambos lados del corredor, que daba acceso al conjunto amurallado. En este articulo se presentan los resultados de los analisis histologicos y arqueometricos realizados a la madera, asi como la aplicacion externa e interna que presentaban las mascaras, que cubrian los rostros de los individuos esculpidos. Ademas, se intentara inferir la identidad y rol de las estatuillas, dentro del discurso arquitectonico de dicho conjunto amurallado EnglishDuring excavations at Utzh An architectural compound during 2018 season, 20 wooden statuettes were found inside niches, on both sides of the entrance corridor, allowing access to the walled enclosure. In this paper, we present the results of histological and archaeometric analyses perfomed on the wood, as well as the external and internal applications...

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Within modern-day Hungary and Slovakia, archaeological occurrences of
turkey are largely dated to the 1526-1699 CE Ottoman Turkish Period when the territory of present-day Hungary was divided by the borders between the Hungarian Kingdom, Transylvania and the Ottoman Empire (figure 17.1). The surviving northern section of the Hungarian Kingdom incorporated areas that are now part of modern-day Slovakia. As a result, in this chapter, we review the archaeological and historical evidence of turkeys from both countries, dating from the late 16th century onwards.

Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare1. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling2–4 at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 bc3. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia5 and Anatolia6, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 bc, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled char...

Two seasons of archaeological site reconnaissance and geo-archaeological fieldwork in the Kipsing and Tol river valleys of central Kenya have resulted in (1) the location of 58 surface sites and 13 spot finds and (2) the excavation and dating of 11 alluvial stratigraphic profiles. These data are incorporated with our previous work in the study area to yield a preliminary interpretation of Middle and Later Stone Age tool technologies and land-use strategies during the Late Pleistocene period there. Specifically, the nature of the lithic inventories and observed distribution of archaeological sites suggests that people in the Middle Stone Age employed a "patch choice" resource and land-use strategy while those in the subsequent Later Stone Age period utilized a "logistical" strategy

Sheep was among the first domesticated animals, but its demographic history is little understood. Here we present combined analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear polymorphism data from ancient central and west Anatolian sheep dating to the Late Glacial and early Holocene. We observe loss of mitochondrial haplotype diversity around 7500 BCE during the early Neolithic, consistent with a domestication-related bottleneck. Post-7000 BCE, mitochondrial haplogroup diversity increases, compatible with admixture from other domestication centres and/or from wild populations. Analysing archaeogenomic data, we further find that Anatolian Neolithic sheep (ANS) are genetically closest to present-day European breeds, and especially those from central and north Europe. Our results indicate that Asian contribution to south European breeds in the post-Neolithic era, possibly during the Bronze Age, may explain this pattern.