Arab Intra-trade

Oil is one of the strategic commodities, and is important in international trade, and is the main source of energy in the world as a whole, and oil revenues constitute the main income in oil-producing countries, including Iraq, whose exports depend mainly on this commodity, which is a one-sided economy, as its percentage is close to (98%) of its total exports, and as a result of the economic and political conditions that the Iraqi economic reality has gone through, as it is one of the developing countries that suffers from fluctuations in its balance of payments in line with the fluctuations in oil prices significantly, which made it hostage to speculation in the global oil market, and the study aims to know the repercussions of these fluctuations in oil prices on the balance The Iraqi balance of payments. The study highlighted that oil price fluctuations play a major role in oil-exporting countries, as any rise or fall in oil prices leads to changes in the components of the balance of payments and then to the economic structure of rentier countries. This is due to the great relative importance of oil exports. In this context, it comes to show and measure the impact of global oil prices on the Iraqi balance of payments during the period (2000-2022), but the descriptive analysis used data for the period (2004-2021) due to the lack of data for that period that was used in the standard aspect, where the (VAR) model was used. The study concluded that there is a significant relationship in the short and long term, that the shock in the balance of payments leads to an increase in the balance of payments by (11244.24) million dollars in the first period, while in the second period it leads to a decrease in the balance of payments by (3916.83-) million dollars. The shock in oil prices does not affect the balance of payments in the first period, but in the second period, it leads to a decrease in the balance of payments by (-42.97) million dollars. Thus, there are variations in the impact of fluctuations in oil prices and the balance of payments, but these effects gradually decrease over time or periods in the long run. For example, in the seventh period, the impact of fluctuations in oil prices decreases as the balance of payments increases by (0.21) million dollars, and (17.94) million dollars as a result of a shock of one standard deviation that may occur in the oil price and the balance of payments, respectively.

The concept of economic diversification in Saudi Arabia focuses on reducing dependence on oil as the primary source of income, given its price volatility and negative impacts on GDP, investment, and the fiscal balance. Consequently, economic diversification has become a strategic objective for achieving sustainable growth and long-term economic stability. This study aims to analyze the impact of economic diversification, specifically non-oil exports and the total workforce, on economic growth in Saudi Arabia during the period 2000-2024, using an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. The results indicate that non-oil exports and the workforce have a significant positive impact on GDP, with the model exhibiting stability and rapid adaptation to economic shocks (sudden and unexpected events that disrupt the normal functioning of the economy, leading to significant shifts in economic indicators such as GDP growth and employment rates). The study recommends strengthening economic diversification and human capital development, suggesting that Iraq could benefit from the Saudi experience to achieve sustainable economic development.

هدفت الدراسة إلى تقدير دوال الإنتاج للمربي النحل من خلال دراسة ميدانية ببلدية بني وليد، وذلك لتحديد وقياس أهم الموارد الإنتاجية التي يمكن أن تؤثر على إنتاج العسل، بغرض التوصل إلى بعض المؤشرات الاقتصادية التي تساعد مربي النحل على النهوض بمزارعهم الإنتاجية. واعتمدت الدراسة على بيانات أولية تم جمعها من خلال استمارة استبيان الموسم 2022-2023 للمربي النحل، تم حصر عدد المربين البالغ عددهم 54 مربي، ونظراً لان حجم مجتمع الدراسة صغير نسبياً تم استخدام طريقة الحصر الشامل للمجتمع الدراسة، واظهرت نتائج الدراسة وجود علاقة طردية بين كمية انتاج العسل وبين سنوات الخبرة، عدد العمال، عدد الخلايا، بلغت المرونة الإنتاجية الإجمالية نحو 1.119 حيث قيمتها موجبة وأكبر من الواحد الصحيح وبذلك فهي تعكس علاقة العائد المتزايد للسعة، وهذا ما يعني أن كمية الناتج تزيد بنسبة أكبر من نسبة زيادة الموارد الإنتاجية المستخدمة. وقدر قيمة معامل التحديد المعدل حوالي 84٪، مما يعني أن هذه العناصر مسئوله عن حوالي 84٪ من التغيرات التي تحدث في كمية إنتاج العسل في منطقة الدراسة، توصي الدراسة بضرورة زيادة عدد الخلايا وزيادة دور العمل الإرشادي لنقل المعلومات للمربين عن الأمراض التي يمكن أن تصيب النحل فتقلل من الإنتاجية والعمل على تقديم القروض للمربين وتحفيزهم لإقامة المشروعات الصغيرة.
الكلمات الدالة: دالة الإنتاج، المرونات الإنتاجية، الناتج الحدي، الناتج المتوسط، نحل العسل.

The Contribution of Free zones in economies growth of many countries which adopted as a strategy by gradual change from oriented economy to a free economy where there are more than 1735 free zone distributed across 133 countries. According to statistics in 2008. Due good investment climate that provided by these circumstances worked free zones to attract foreign direct investment and encourage local investors, this is what led to the activation of the production process and increase the global competitiveness of it and contribute to the increase in exports. Several border countries established joint free zones to activate the economic dynamism among them as the initial phase of regional economic and regional integration due friction economics of these circumstances countries among themselves and from the attempt to approximate future visions and joint strategies and work later to form a regional economic bloc. In this article we will highlight the economic benefit from the establishment of areas free border and how to activate the Maghreb economic integration.

The study aimed to identify the impact of foreign direct investment on the added value of the industrial sector in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia during the period (2000-2020). A multiple linear regression analysis model has been described, to express the relationship between the added value of the industrial sector as a percentage of GDP-as a dependent variable-, and the independent variables associated with foreign direct investment, which were selected based on previous studies and the researcher's diligence, which are represented in: the foreign direct investment index, the possibility of attracting investments, the economic stability index, and the economic risk index. By identifying the variables and hypotheses to be tested, descriptive tests were conducted, and the general trend of the variables was identified, by the statistical program E-views. As expected, the results showed a direct relationship between the dependent variable and both: the flow of foreign investments, growth in per capita GDP, and industrial exports, in addition to an inverse relationship between the dependent variable and the inflation rate. Contrary to what was expected, the results showed an inverse relationship with national spending from GDP.

لقد تزامن دور الدولة في التخطيط الاقتصادي ودعم التعليم والصحة والضمان الاجتماع بما سمي "بالكينزية" مع ضهور الكتلة الاشتراكية السابقة والصين وتنامي حركات التحرر الوطني ذات الخلفيات اليسارية والاشتراكية في كل من اسيا وافريقيا وامريكا اللاتينية، بعد انهيار المنظومة الاشتراكية السابقة وتجارب التطور اللارأسمالي تعاظم سعي الرأسمال العالمي للسيطرة التامة على جميع اقتصاديات العالم، حيث يشكل كل من صندوق النقد الدولي والبنك الدولي ومنظمة التجارة العالمية أدوات تمكين الرأسمال العالمي من ربط جميع اقتصاديات العالم به، وهذا لا يرتبط بإزاحة دور الدولة عن رعاية التعليم والصحة والضمان الاجتماعي فحسب، وانما يتسع لأكثر من ذلك حيث تسعى تلك المنظمات من خلال سياساتها الى جعل اقتصاديات العالم اقتصاديات تابعة وتمكين الشروط الاقتصادية والسياسية والاجتماعية وحتى الثقافية لذلك.

The agricultural sector is one of the most important economic sectors in the majority of Arab countries, due to its contribution to the GDP in these countries. However, there are many problems that recently affect the contribution of the sector to the economy in these countries. In addition, these problems have led to decreasing the productivity of the sector and hence threaten the food security situation in the Arab region. In this paper, the researcher will review these problems and the suggested policies to face them.

يُعَدُّ التصنيف الائتماني السيادي المصنف من قِبل وكالات التصنيف الدولية أمرًا مهمًّا للغاية للدول من أجل الحصول على أكبر قدر ممكن من الأموال من السوق الدولية، ومن ثَمَّ جذب الاستثمارات الأجنبية، حيث يُستدل من التصنيف الائتماني السيادي لدولة ما على مستوى مخاطر مناخ الاستثمار فيها؛ لذا يلجأ المستثمرون في الغالب إلى توظيف التصنيفات التي حددتها وكالات التصنيف الائتماني كمؤشر إرشادي يحدد الجدارة الائتمانية للدول المختلفة. ومن ثَمَّ، تبحث هذه الدراسة في محددات التصنيف الائتماني السيادي المختلفة الاقتصادية والمؤسسية في الأسواق الناشئة خلال الفترة من ١٩٩٨ إلى ٢٠٢٠. وقد أجريت هذه الدراسة على ١٩ سوقًا ناشئة تمتاز بالعديد من التغيُّرات الاقتصادية خلال فترة الدراسة؛ مما يجعلها مجالًا خصبًا لاستخلاص النتائج والإضافة البحثية في هذا المجال. وفي هذا الإطار، اعتمدت الدراسة في تحقيق هدفها على التصنيف الائتماني السيادي للوكالات العالمية الثلاث (موديز، وستاندرد آند بورز، وفيتش)، وسعت للوصول إلى الإجابة عن التساؤل البحثي الرئيس: "ما أهم المحددات الاقتصادية والمؤسسية للتصنيف الائتماني السيادي لمجموعة من دول الأسواق الناشئة؟ وكيف تستطيع الأسواق الناشئة تحسين تلك التصنيفات؟" استنادًا إلى المنهج القياسي في التحليل باستخدام نموذج Ordered Probit Model؛ وذلك نظرًا لطبيعة المتغير الخاص بالتصنيف الائتماني السيادي، الذي يتم تحويله كميًّا لدرجات مُرتَّبة. وكشفت نتائج الدراسة عن أهمية المتغيرات الاقتصادية الكلية في تحديد درجات التصنيف الائتماني السيادي للأسواق الناشئة؛ إذ توصلت إلى أهمية نصيب الفرد من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي، ونصيب الدين الخارجي كنسبة من إجمالي صادرات السلع والخدمات والاحتياطيات الأجنبية، والمحددات المؤسسية في تحديد درجة التصنيف الائتماني السيادي للدول محل الدراسة باختلاف درجة المعنوية الخاصة بتلك المتغيرات في الوكالات الثلاث، كما توصلت الدراسة إلى عدم معنوية سعر صرف عملات الدول مقومة بالدولار في تحديد التصنيف الائتماني السيادي للدول سواء في الأجل القصير أو الطويل. وفي هذا الصدد، تضع الدراسة مجموعة من المقترحات لصانعي القرار من أجل رفع التصنيف الائتماني، ومنها: أهمية تحسين معدلات النمو الاقتصادي، ودعم زيادة تدفقات النقد الأجنبي لدعم الاحتياطي النقدي، فضلًا عن محاولات السيطرة على معدلات التضخم وارتفاع الأسعار من خلال آليات السياسة النقدية المختلفة.

The interest and development of logistics services have become the focus of attention of most economies in the world over the past decades. This is what called for Egypt's need to pay attention with the level of its logistical performance and relying on it as an effective solution towards the development of exports within it. Therefore, the study takes its importance by identifying the extent of the reflection of the development of logistical performance on the development of total and agricultural exports through the application to the COMESA agreement using the gravity model. The results showed that the most important factors affecting the total of Egyptian exports to the COMESA countries. It is represented in the gross domestic product of the importing country, the commercial openness to Egypt, the participation in the land borders, the per capita GDP of importing countries, in addition to the adverse effect of the geographical distance. The performance index of logistics services increases in Egypt with an increase in the GDP of Egypt.

The interest and development of logistics services have become the focus of attention of most economies in the world over the past decades. This is what called for Egypt's need to pay attention with the level of its logistical performance and relying on it as an effective solution towards the development of exports within it. Therefore, the study takes its importance by identifying the extent of the reflection of the development of logistical performance on the development of total and agricultural exports through the application to the COMESA agreement using the gravity model. The results showed that the most important factors affecting the total of Egyptian exports to the COMESA countries. It is represented in the gross domestic product of the importing country, the commercial openness to Egypt, the participation in the land borders, the per capita GDP of importing countries, in addition to the adverse effect of the geographical distance. The performance index of logistics services increases in Egypt with an increase in the GDP of Egypt.

and Romania). To reach the main goals of the study, the gravity model was used to fgure out which factors had the most impact on Egypt's exports and imports. Using annual data on Egypt's foreign and agricultural trade during the period 2001-2020 and data on the period 2001-2016 of rice crops with the 11 trading partners, the study reached several important conclusions. Among these conclusions, the Egyptian GDP variable had a negative efect on the total value of Egyptian imports and agriculture by increasing the value of total exports, agricultural exports, and rice exports to Egypt. Egyptian imports, exports, and population growth were all hurt by the Egyptian population variable. Te study also shows that a 1% increase in export prices leads to a 3.97% increase in shipments of Egyptian rice to partner countries. According to economic theory, higher transportation expenses reduce trade volumes for both exports and imports. Te variable distance between capitals has a negative efect on Egyptian exports. Te study was designed based on the results of the main investigation. Based on the main investigation, the study made several important recommendations, including the need to take several measures to defect the pace of economic growth of both the Egyptian total and agricultural export variables and rice export value, focusing on countries with high monetary and real GDP and a close geographical distribution. Improve economic relations between Egypt and its trading partners and shift from import-export cooperation to strategic food security cooperation.

and Romania). To reach the main goals of the study, the gravity model was used to fgure out which factors had the most impact on Egypt's exports and imports. Using annual data on Egypt's foreign and agricultural trade during the period 2001-2020 and data on the period 2001-2016 of rice crops with the 11 trading partners, the study reached several important conclusions. Among these conclusions, the Egyptian GDP variable had a negative efect on the total value of Egyptian imports and agriculture by increasing the value of total exports, agricultural exports, and rice exports to Egypt. Egyptian imports, exports, and population growth were all hurt by the Egyptian population variable. Te study also shows that a 1% increase in export prices leads to a 3.97% increase in shipments of Egyptian rice to partner countries. According to economic theory, higher transportation expenses reduce trade volumes for both exports and imports. Te variable distance between capitals has a negative efect on Egyptian exports. Te study was designed based on the results of the main investigation. Based on the main investigation, the study made several important recommendations, including the need to take several measures to defect the pace of economic growth of both the Egyptian total and agricultural export variables and rice export value, focusing on countries with high monetary and real GDP and a close geographical distribution. Improve economic relations between Egypt and its trading partners and shift from import-export cooperation to strategic food security cooperation.

Asulait search light on the financial indicators and the types of ease of indicators acts and statement impact in the creation of direct and indirect foreign investment attractive investment environment, and today are competing all over the developed and the developing world by improving financial and administrative their systems to provide various facilities for polarization through the development of the financial system on the one hand, and on the other hand provide incentives and reduce all kinds of administrative procedures that have been put forward and described in the report that the HRA issued to ensure investment and report the investment climate, and the union of these two objectives become the investment environment attractive for investment thereby enhancing the contribution to the economic development which is the target of seeking to achieve all countries, including Iraq .

The paper aims at evaluating the determinants of agricultural bilateral trade flows of Egypt with the Arab countries. A gravity model has been used in addition to some other indicators such as relative importance of intra-trade, tendency to export and import, and degree of openness. Two models have been estimated; one is for the Egyptian agricultural exports and the other is for the imports. The biggest Arab partners who represent the majority of the Egyptian bilateral trade are; KSA, Syria, Libya, Sudan, Jordan, UAE, Kuwait, Lebanon, and Iraq. The main features of the gravity model have been introduced well. The gross domestic product has a positive impact on both agricultural exports and imports, and the distance between Egypt and the target countries has a negative impact. Both factors are statistically significant. It's recommended that Egypt encourage foreign investment within the agriculture sector and maintain the road transportation with Arab countries.

External debts are one of the unusual sources that some countries and governments often resort to their financial needs as a result of a number of reasons and factors of economic, financial , social and political. This resort can result from contracting or concluding a number of economic, financial , social and political impacts. This article aims to measure and analyze the impact of external debts on some macroeconomic variables in selected countries (USA, Egypt, and Iraq) for (1980-2020, in addition using the Econometrics method through appling time series and panel data on some macroeconomic variables, including (Economic growth, investment and inflation rate) in the selected countries. At the end the article concludes that there are positive and negative impact of external debts, but in general the external debts has positive impact in economic growth, investment and inflation rate in USA, but this impact is negative in Iraq, while this impact is moderately) positive and negativ...

هدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على أثر الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر على القيمة المضافة للقطاع الصناعي في المملكة العربية السعودية خلال الفترة (2000-2020)، وفي سبيل تحري العلاقات، تم توصيف نموذج تحليل الانحدار الخطي المتعدد، للتعبير عن العلاقة بين القيمة المضافة للقطاع الصناعي كنسبة من إجمالي الناتج المحلي -كمتغير تابع-، وبين المتغيرات المستقلة المرتبطة بالاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر، والتي تم اختيارها استناداً على الدراسات السابقة واجتهاد الباحثة، والمتمثلة في كل من: مؤشر الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر، مؤشر إمكانية جذب الاستثمارات، مؤشر الاستقرار الاقتصادي، ومؤشر المخاطر الاقتصادية. وبتحديد المتغيرات والفرضيات المطلوب اختبارها، لقد تم إجراء الاختبارات الوصفية، كما تم التعرف على الاتجاه العام للمتغيرات، بواسطة البرنامج الإحصائي E-views. وكما هو متوقع، فقد أظهرت النتائج وجود علاقة طردية بين المتغير التابع وكلا من: تدفق الاستثمارات الأجنبية، النمو في نصيب الفرد، والصادرات الصناعية، بالإضافة إلى وجود علاقة عكسية بين المتغير التابع ومعدل التضخم. وبعكس ما هو متوقع، فقد أظهرت النتائج وجود علاقة عكسية مع الإ...

There is no doubt that Agricultural Policy is the main responsible for the degrading in Agricultural sector in Iraq during the period 2003-2013, and that was very clear from magnitude of indicators because of little sharing of each of agricultural product in GDP because it was (9.38%) in average during the study period and the annual changing of it was negative (-5.82%), and there is increasing in deficit of trade balance in Agriculture during the study period about (4185.73) million US$, and the percentage of agricultural exports from total exports was (0.14%) in average only. The foreign trade policy in Agricultural products also cannot determine map of Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) of Agricultural products and crops. The study showed that there is continuous deficit in agricultural price policy because the agricultural producer is still receive prices for strategically crops less than world prices and that was showed by Net Nominal Protection Coefficients (NNPC) and although of the improvement than before 2003 but it is not paralleled with importance of Agricultural sector.

L'une des premières réalisations des négociations sur la Zone de libre-échange continentale africaine a été l'adoption du Protocole sur les Règles et procédures relatives au règlement des différends. Ce dernier a été convenu au cours de la phase I des négociations de la ZLECAf, de même que le protocole sur le commerce des marchandises et celui sur le commerce des services. Il a été récemment complété par l'ajout d'un règlement intérieur pour l'Organe de règlement des différends de la ZLECAf ainsi qu’une décision visant à créer officiellement l'Organe d'appel et à examiner une mise à jour des candidatures des États parties à la Liste indicative des experts.
Le Protocole de règlement des différends est un instrumentum détaillé qui permet le règlement des différends entre les États parties concernant l'interprétation ou l'application de l'un quelconque des instruments juridiques de la ZLECAf. La conception générale de ce régime reproduit celle de l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC), mais il contient également des éléments uniques. Le présent document traite des principales caractéristiques du mécanisme de règlement des différends de la ZLECAf et de certaines des implications pour la gouvernance commerciale. Si ce mécanisme de règlement des différends modifie l'approche traditionnelle intra- africaine en ce qui concerne le règlement des différends relatifs aux questions commerciales, il pourrait entraîner des changements majeurs dans la gouvernance commerciale du continent.

يدرس هذا البحث العوامل المؤثرة في أرقام التحويلات الخارجية التي تتلقاها الجمهورية العربية السورية وذلك باستخدام تحليل الانحدار المتعدد والمتعدد المتدرج المعتمد على أسلوب المربعات الصغرى خلال الفترة الممتدة من 2002 وحتى 2016 بعد أخذ ظروف الأزمة بعين الاعتبار. تناولت هذه الدراسة بالاختبار عدداً من المتغيرات الاقتصادية وأثبتت أن سعر الصرف الرسمي هو العامل الوحيد المؤثر في قيمة التحويلات الخارجية حيث أن المغتربين يزيدون من قيمة تحويلاتهم إلى الوطن عندما تنخفض قيمة الليرة السورية مما يؤكد أهمية تدخل مصرف سورية المركزي لتحريك سعر الصرف ليواكب أسعار السوق من أجل استقبال تحويلات خارجية أكبر.

This paper investigates the impact of exchange rate volatility on Egyptian exports of fresh fruit and vegetables (FFVs) to their major importing markets in the EU. Using quarterly data covering the period 1994-2016, we examine the determinants of Egypt's exports of FFVs to the EU, and then derive the long-term effects of exchange rate volatility on the FFV exports. The empirical results show that exchange rate volatility has a long-run significant effect on Egypt's FFV exports to the EU. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of exchange rate volatility in understanding the behavior of Egyptian exports of FFVs to the EU. Thus, the design and implementation of exchange rate policies and export promotion programs in Egypt should take into consideration the stability and level of the real exchange rate.

The study was launched from the fact of the existence of the corruption phenomenon in all countries of the world, both developed and developing with no exception, what lead to confront this phenomen on for its negative effects on the ethical and functional values and the efficiency of the administrative organs and impeding the economic and social development programs. This study was an attempt to determine the effects of corruption on economic development in Algeria, depending on the standard method By defining the relationship between a set of indicators of corruption as independent indicators that have been selected based on previous studies in this area, the indicator of economic growth during the period (1996-2012) as a continued indicator, with the standard method depends on processing the approved indicators data, which were compiled from different sources, based on statistic alanalys is program SPSS.

This research aims to identify the impact of some economic variables in the value added in the industrial sector in Algeria, such as gross fixed capital formation, the number of workers in the industrial sector relative to the total number of employees in the economy, total expenditure on the industrial sector, and the energy used in the industrial sector, and through the use of multiple regression style analysis in the normal way and the way step by step Stepwise , and using the statistical software Eviews, the researcher found a set of conclusions the most important was to check the premise of search as there is a strong influence on the value added in the industrial sector by Alawaml almatherh the research and through their association with a positive relationship between him, according to the coefficient of determination in the regression analysis in the model R-Sq, which amounted to 93%. And also concluded the dependence of the economy of Aldzairaaly one sector is the oil sector, prepared by the rentier economies, and that there is a large variation in the growth of each sector a component of GDP in Algeria sectors, but the biggest dependence is on the extractive industry sector, mainly in the time that remains in it the contribution of other key sectors which can be considered important and vital agriculture as a sector or the manufacturing industry in the structure of GDP is weak and marginal decline and this is reflected in the growth of other economic sectors outside the extractive sector and the low percentage of its contribution to the gross domestic product.

The foreign intra-Arab trade is an essential tool and important input in order to achieve an important Arab economic integration. However, in spite of the efforts for the Liberation of the Arab Trade and Development, the fact indicates the modest rate of the foreign intra-Arab trade to the foreign total Arab trade with the world, as it does not exceed that percentage to 10.9% in year 2013. The present research is aimed at measuring the efficiency of the total foreign intra-Arab trade during the period (1990-2010). Where, it has been increased sharply, as value of the total foreign intra-Arab trade increases annually by about 12.6%. Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates are considered the most important contributors of the total foreign intra-Arab trade, and a category of manufacturing has dominated the largest relative importance in average value of total Arab trade, which has accounted to 50.8%. Followed by category, metal fuel and other metals are accounted by about 25.3% and there is lower overall contribution to the foreign intra-Arab trade in the total foreign trade of Arab and its amount has increased by 10.58%. Therefore, it is recommended to further coordination among the Arab States in the areas of production and specialization in economic production. This is also recommended to establish the specialized department for greater Arab free trade area in every Arab country in addition to accelerate the establishment of a customs union.

In this paper, a gravity model approach was employed to analyze the main factors influencing Egypt's agricultural exports to its major trading partners for the period 1994 to 2008. Our findings are that a one percent increase in Egypt's GDP results in roughly a 5.42 percent increase in Egypt's agricultural export flows. In contrast, the increase in Egypt's GDP per capita causes exports to decrease, which is attributed to the fact that an increase in economic growth, besides the increasing population, raises the demand per capita for all normal goods. Hence, domestic growth per se leads to reduced exports. The exchange volatility has a significant positive coefficient, indicating that depreciation in Egyptian Pound against the currencies of its partners stimulates agricultural exports. Transportation costs, proxied by distance, are found to have a negative influence on agricultural exports. These results are important for trade policy formulation to promote Egyptian agricultural exports to the world market.

Trade flows of agricultural commodities have always received a lot of attention in the Arab region, mainly due to their implications on food security, politics and competition. Most international trade theories postulate that free trade regimes have positive effects on bilateral trade. The justification is that regional trade blocks decrease barriers to intraregional trade and hence, member countries are likely to expect some benefits. Whether each member country actually benefits from such agreements is, however, a subject to debate and empirical tests. The gravity model is used in this paper to assess the impact of the Greater Arab Free Trade Agreement (GAFTA), particularly on the volume and pattern of bilateral agricultural trade during the period between 1995 and 2007. Our results reveal that GAFTA did not have the desired effects on the intra-regional volume of bilateral agricultural trade in four out of eight member countries selected for this study. The only countries in the ...

This research aims mainly study and analysis of the implications of regional developments on the foreign total intra- trade in the region during the period (2000 -2013). This research employed descriptive methods to analyze indicators of efficiency of the foreign total intra-trade in the region. It was found that an increase in the value of the foreign total intra-trade in the region at an annual rate reached about 13.7%, and the average of the relative importance of the foreign total intra-trade of the foreign total trade in the region toward 11.41%. Jordan is more than the member States in the concentration of foreign trade with countries in the region, by about 37%, followed by the state of Yemen by about 25.9%. The average indicator of the degree of economic vulnerability in the region about 8%, as the general index of the degree of economic stability and the foreign total intra- trade about 8.26%, and the average per capita share of these trade toward 114.1 dollars, representin...

Supply Chain Management (SCM) attempts to a create a synchronization of the firm's processes and those of the supplier to match the flow of materials, services, and information with the customer demand. Due to its importance, the SCM has become inevitable to modern companies. Therefore this research work has been conducted to set a theoretical and applied basis to assist the 1 AYAR factory in adopting the Electronic Supply Chain (e-SC). To accomplish that the searchers applied many tools such as: quantitative and qualitative analysis, process analysis, Visual Basic software, Monte Carlo Simulation to simulation the designed supply chain to compare its performance against the actual performance of the current supply chain at the factory. The analysis conducted in this research revealed the performance criteria obtained from the simulation runs were better than the actual criteria. Based on the results of this research, the searchers suggest that the factory should think about adopting an e-SC to improve its competitive priorities.

Supply Chain Management (SCM) attempts to a create a synchronization of the firm's processes and those of the supplier to match the flow of materials, services, and information with the customer demand. Due to its importance, the SCM has become inevitable to modern companies. Therefore this research work has been conducted to set a theoretical and applied basis to assist the 1 AYAR factory in adopting the Electronic Supply Chain (e-SC). To accomplish that the searchers applied many tools such as: quantitative and qualitative analysis, process analysis, Visual Basic software, Monte Carlo Simulation to simulation the designed supply chain to compare its performance against the actual performance of the current supply chain at the factory. The analysis conducted in this research revealed the performance criteria obtained from the simulation runs were better than the actual criteria. Based on the results of this research, the searchers suggest that the factory should think about adopting an e-SC to improve its competitive priorities.

Trade flows of agricultural commodities have always received a lot of attention in the Arab region, mainly due to their implications on food security, politics and competition. Most international trade theories postulate that free trade regimes have positive effects on bilateral trade. The justification is that regional trade blocks decrease barriers to intraregional trade and hence, member countries are likely to expect some benefits. Whether each member country actually benefits from such agreements is, however, a subject to debate and empirical tests. The gravity model is used in this paper to assess the impact of the Greater Arab Free Trade Agreement (GAFTA), particularly on the volume and pattern of bilateral agricultural trade during the period between 1995 and 2007. Our results reveal that GAFTA did not have the desired effects on the intra-regional volume of bilateral agricultural trade in four out of eight member countries selected for this study. The only countries in the ...

The Arab  Republic of  Egypt is characterized by the diversity and multiplicity of sources of protein in addition to the ongoing domestic production increases. however.