Business Associations

This paper analyzes the international experience of interaction between chambers of commerce and industry with small and medium-sized businesses. The authors turn to the practice of the chambers of commerce and industry in Australia, Brazil, Great Britain, Germany, China, Russia, Saudi Arabia, USA, Sweden, South Africa and Japan. The main strategic guidelines of chambers of commerce and industry in the world has systematized. There characteristics of the goals, objectives, current projects and priority activity areas of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation are presented. Some reasons why representatives of small and medium-sized businesses do not treat to regional chambers as reliable partners in organizing their own business have listed. In order to achieving a more effective level of interaction between the system of chambers of commerce and industry with small and medium-sized businesses in Russia there number of conditions are noted.

En la actualidad el turismo de naturaleza presenta un incremento constante por su incidencia en el entorno ambiental, económico y cultural de las comunidades locales. El interrogante formulado para el presente artículo es “¿Cuáles son las oportunidades y capacidades del turismo de naturaleza como dinamizador empresarial en la zona centro del departamento del Caquetá?”. Desde lo metodológico, se implementó un estudio descriptivo con enfoque cuantitativo en el que participaron 20 empresas operadoras de servicios turísticos en el departamento y 150 usuarios de servicios turísticos de naturaleza en la zona centro del Caquetá. Esta muestra se identificó mediante muestreo no probabilístico y criterios de selección. En los resultados se encontró que las capacidades por mejorar son: la accesibilidad y movilidad, la formación de capital humano, la calidad del servicio y el compromiso con la  educación  ambiental;  dentro  de  las  oportunidades  se  evidenció  el  diseño  de  programas  de  seguridad  integral,  el  fomento  de  emprendimientos participativos que inciden en la generación de empleo y el crecimiento del turismo de naturaleza en la región.

El bosque húmedo tropical amazónico constituye uno de los reservorios de biodiversidad más importantes del planeta, pero enfrenta amenazas derivadas de la deforestación, el desconocimiento y la limitada capacidad de investigación, innovación y desarrollo tecnológico en la región. En este panorama, la bioeconomía se plantea como una estrategia clave para valorar y aprovechar de manera sostenible los recursos biológicos, con los aportes de la ciencia moderna y los saberes tradicionales de las comunidades locales. Este artículo tiene como objetivo examinar el papel de la bioeconomía en la Amazonía colombiana, a partir de las experiencias desarrolladas por el Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas SINCHI en más de dos décadas de investigación e innovación. La metodología se basa en la sistematización de modelos de gestión bioeconómica construidos por el Instituto, el análisis de tres casos de estudio representativos en cadenas de valor amazónicas y la comparación con otras experiencias en la Panamazonía, lo que permite identificar lecciones aprendidas, factores de éxito y limitaciones. Los hallazgos muestran que la articulación entre conocimiento científico, innovación tecnológica y prácticas tradicionales resulta fundamental para fortalecer cadenas de valor sostenibles, reducir la presión sobre los bosques y generar alternativas económicas para las comunidades. Asimismo, se evidencia que la política pública y los marcos de acceso y participación en beneficios (ABS) desempeñan un rol crítico en la consolidación de procesos bioeconómicos justos y viables. Se concluye que la bioeconomía en la Amazonía no solo representa una alternativa de desarrollo sostenible, sino también una vía para reconocer el valor estratégico de la biodiversidad en el Sur Global. El presente trabajo muestra la experiencia del Instituto SINCHI como referente práctico en la construcción de modelos bioeconómicos amazónicos, al contribuir a la discusión académica y política sobre la gestión sostenible de la biodiversidad.

Introducción: Este artículo realiza una revisión de los diferentes actos administrativos de la entidad territorial del municipio de Segovia, Antioquia, Colombia, centrada en la aprobación del presupuesto de rentas y gastos entre los años 2015 y 2023. Se analiza cómo la categorización municipal, según los lineamientos de la Ley 617 de 2000, ha influido en la gestión financiera y el desarrollo territorial. Metodología: La investigación tiene un enfoque mixto de tipo descriptivo, utilizando fuentes de información primarias y secundarias. Se realizó la revisión de documentos oficiales, la identificación de los índices de vivienda cualitativo y cuantitativo, y la valoración del Índice Multidimensional de Calidad de Vida (IMCV) a partir de la encuesta aplicada por la Gobernación de Antioquia. Resultados: Los hallazgos permiten observar la relación entre los ingresos fiscales y las condiciones de vida del territorio, evidenciando una tendencia que asocia el crecimiento presupuestal con mejoras parciales en los indicadores de bienestar. El ejercicio de triangulación planteado posibilita contrastar la planeación financiera con los niveles reales de calidad de vida en el municipio.

Introducción: Esta investigación analiza la relación entre la inteligencia artificial (IA) y la gestión del conocimiento (GC) en el sector empresarial latinoamericano, destacando su aplicación como herramienta estratégica y los desafíos éticos asociados a su implementación en entornos organizacionales.
Metodología: Se desarrolló un estudio descriptivo y analítico fundamentado en fuentes científicas especializadas publicadas entre 2019 y 2024. Se emplearon motores de búsqueda académicos como Scopus, Mendeley y Redalyc, junto con técnicas de análisis documental para la clasificación, sistematización y síntesis de la información, apoyadas en el uso de Microsoft Excel para el procesamiento y representación de los datos.
Resultados: El análisis permitió identificar cinco modelos de gestión del conocimiento aplicados en empresas de Latinoamérica y ocho experiencias donde la IA se implementa como soporte para la toma de decisiones, automatización de procesos y desarrollo tecnológico. Asimismo, se evidencia la necesidad de fortalecer los marcos normativos y éticos que regulan la aplicación de la IA, promoviendo la responsabilidad social y el equilibrio entre tecnología y factor humano.
Conclusiones: La IA se consolida como un componente clave de la gestión del conocimiento en el contexto empresarial latinoamericano, potenciando la innovación y el mejoramiento continuo. El principal reto consiste en promover la adopción confiable de estas herramientas por parte de los empresarios, reduciendo las brechas tecnológicas y favoreciendo la transición hacia los modelos productivos de la Industria 4.0 y 5.0.

EN
Introduction: This research analyzes the relationship between artificial intelligence (AI) and knowledge management (KM) in the Latin American business sector, emphasizing their strategic application and the ethical challenges associated with implementation in organizational contexts.
Methodology: A descriptive and analytical study was conducted based on specialized scientific sources published between 2019 and 2024. Academic search engines such as Scopus, Mendeley, and Redalyc were used, along with documentary analysis techniques for data classification, systematization, and synthesis. Microsoft Excel was employed for data processing and visualization.
Results: The analysis identified five knowledge management models applied in Latin American companies and eight cases in which AI supports decision-making, process automation, and technological development. The study also highlights the need to strengthen ethical and regulatory frameworks governing AI use, ensuring a balance between technological advancement and the human factor.
Conclusions: AI is becoming a key component of knowledge management in Latin American enterprises, fostering innovation and continuous improvement. The main challenge lies in building business trust and promoting procedures that close technological gaps, facilitating the transition toward Industry 4.0 and 5.0 paradigms.

Introducción: Este artículo examina la gerencia estratégica como una visión innovadora para la resolución de conflictos institucionales en la administración pública venezolana. Desde una perspectiva académica, se plantea la gerencia estratégica como un proceso sistemático de formulación, ejecución y evaluación de acciones que orientan a las organizaciones hacia el logro de sus objetivos, promoviendo además la eficiencia administrativa y la cohesión organizacional. Metodología: La investigación se desarrolló bajo un enfoque cualitativo y un diseño de tipo descriptivo–observacional. Se aplicó un análisis documental de fuentes especializadas y se integraron elementos de observación y contraste teórico para identificar prácticas gerenciales avanzadas aplicables al contexto público venezolano. Resultados: Los hallazgos evidencian que la aplicación de la gerencia estratégica, complementada con herramientas de mediación, negociación y diálogo, contribuye significativamente a la prevención y resolución de conflictos interpersonales y laborales, fortaleciendo la gobernanza institucional y la gestión pública orientada a resultados.

EN
Introduction: This article examines strategic management as an innovative approach to resolving institutional conflicts within Venezuelan public administration. From an academic perspective, strategic management is presented as a systematic process of formulating, executing, and evaluating actions that guide organizations toward achieving their objectives while enhancing administrative efficiency and organizational cohesion. Methodology: The research followed a qualitative approach with a descriptive-observational design. A documentary analysis of specialized sources was conducted, complemented by theoretical comparison and observational insights to identify advanced managerial practices applicable to the Venezuelan public sector. Results: Findings show that the implementation of strategic management, reinforced by mechanisms such as mediation, negotiation, and dialogue, significantly contributes to preventing and resolving interpersonal and labour conflicts, thereby strengthening institutional governance and results-oriented public management.

Introducción: Las microrredes, concebidas como sistemas autónomos de distribución de energía, requieren un controlador avanzado capaz de decidir de forma autónoma las fuentes óptimas de generación para alcanzar la autosuficiencia energética. Metodología: Esta investigación profundiza en la optimización integral de una microrred mediante la aplicación de algoritmos genéticos, considerando simultáneamente variables económicas y ambientales dentro de un enfoque de gestión sostenible. Se analizan dos métodos de reproducción —mutación y cruce— y su influencia en el desempeño del sistema. La mutación introduce cambios aleatorios que simulan la incorporación de innovaciones, mientras que el cruce combina material genético de configuraciones exitosas para generar soluciones potencialmente superiores. Resultados: Se evaluaron dos métodos de supervivencia —selección aleatoria y elitismo—, observándose que la selección aleatoria aporta diversidad e imprevisibilidad, mientras que el elitismo preserva las soluciones más eficientes. Los resultados demuestran que las mutaciones aleatorias incrementan la energía excedente producida, mientras que la combinación de mutación y elitismo mejora la eficiencia del sistema. Asimismo, el cruce combinado con elitismo arroja el mejor rendimiento al reproducirse solo con el cromosoma más destacado de cada generación. Estos hallazgos aportan evidencia sobre la aplicabilidad de los algoritmos genéticos en la gestión estratégica de costos y en la optimización sostenible de microrredes inteligentes.

EN
Introduction: Microgrids, conceived as autonomous power distribution systems, require an advanced controller capable of autonomously determining optimal generation sources to achieve energy self-sufficiency. Methodology: This study delves into the comprehensive optimization of a microgrid through the application of genetic algorithms, simultaneously considering economic and environmental variables within a framework of sustainable management. Two reproduction methods—mutation and crossover—were analyzed for their impact on system performance. Mutation introduces random variations that emulate the introduction of innovations, while crossover combines genetic material from successful configurations to generate potentially superior solutions. Results: Two survival methods—random selection and elitism—were evaluated, revealing that random selection enhances diversity and unpredictability, whereas elitism preserves the most efficient solutions. The results show that random mutations increase the amount of excess energy produced, while combining mutation with elitism improves system efficiency. Likewise, crossover combined with elitism yields the best performance by reproducing only with the most elite chromosome of each generation. These findings provide evidence of the applicability of genetic algorithms in strategic cost management and sustainable optimization of smart microgrids.

Introducción: El estudio analiza las capacidades dinámicas como estrategias de competitividad para el desarrollo organizacional en los negocios comerciales de San Vicente, Ecuador. Estas capacidades, concebidas como recursos intangibles de gestión, permiten a las organizaciones adaptarse de forma reactiva o proactiva a los cambios del entorno, generando ventajas competitivas sostenibles y fortaleciendo su desarrollo organizacional. Metodología: La investigación adoptó un enfoque mixto con un diseño exploratorio, descriptivo y de campo, complementado con métodos empíricos y analíticos. La población de estudio estuvo conformada por 44 locales comerciales, equivalentes al 48,8 % de la actividad económica del cantón. La fiabilidad del instrumento se evaluó mediante el coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach, con un valor de 0,903 que confirma su consistencia interna. Resultados: Se evidenció que las capacidades de innovación, adaptación y estructura organizacional requieren fortalecimiento debido a la carencia de una jerarquía interna definida, lo cual limita la respuesta ante los desafíos del entorno competitivo. La implementación de la matriz MIR se plantea como una herramienta estratégica para mejorar los indicadores de capacidades dinámicas, optimizar la gestión y potenciar la competitividad de los negocios. El estudio concluye que las capacidades dinámicas constituyen un factor esencial para el desarrollo organizacional y la sostenibilidad empresarial en contextos locales.

EN
Introduction: This study analyzes dynamic capabilities as competitiveness strategies for organizational development in commercial businesses in San Vicente, Ecuador. These capabilities, understood as intangible management resources, enable organizations to adapt proactively or reactively to environmental changes, achieving sustainable competitive advantages and strengthening organizational development. Methodology: The research adopted a mixed approach with an exploratory, descriptive, and field design, complemented by empirical and analytical methods. The study population consisted of 44 commercial establishments, representing 48.8% of the total economic activity in the canton. The reliability of the instrument was tested using Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient, obtaining a value of 0.903, confirming internal consistency. Results: The findings reveal that innovation, adaptability, and organizational structure capabilities require improvement due to the lack of a well-defined hierarchy that limits responsiveness to competitive challenges. The implementation of the MIR matrix is proposed as a strategic management tool to improve dynamic capability indicators, enhance organizational management, and strengthen business competitiveness. The study concludes that dynamic capabilities are a key factor for organizational development and business sustainability in local contexts.

Business associations (BAs) are often mentioned among formal private-order institutions that support contract enforcement. Despite their ubiquity, evidence about their actual roles is still very limited. We explore empirically four mechanisms through which they can support the credibility of contractual commitments: member selection, norm enforcement, dispute resolution and information sharing. In a developed legal context, firmlevel data from an economy-wide managerial survey show that BAs support contractual trust among members, in members by outsiders as well as in outsiders by members. Member selection and information sharing stand out as the most important mechanisms: They help all three relationship types. Dispute resolution helps overcome opportunism between members only. Formalized norm enforcement is a signal of trustworthiness for outsiders. Economic theory suggests that BAs can help establish trust beyond personal and local networks. We find strong evidence that they indeed do.

In this article I will examine the forming and positioning of »the left-wing intellectual« in Sweden from the late 1940s until the late 1970s. My main focus lies first on »the intellectual« as a social type, that is, ideal concepts of what it meant to be a »left-wing intellectual«, and second on the position of left-wing intellectuals within Swedish public debate. The Swedish intellectual setting changed rapidly during the 1960s and 1970s, when young radicals, by connecting Sweden to European culpability regarding the horrors of the early 20 century, created a new and firm left intellectual stance. Suddenly the radical left dominated Sweden’s intellectual debate, and became influential since the Swedish state and the Swedish Social Democratic Party (SAP) adopted a strategy of collaboration. The ideal of the »good left-wing intellectual«, was pictured in terms of state collaboration, reformism, sociability and being a »cultural worker« rather than a high-brow intellectual confrontati...

logic behind their collective actions. The study identifies three distinct periods in the evolution of these associations in liberal Italy, each defined by a unique collective action logic: the homogeneity phase (1861-1881), the fragmentation phase (1881-1898), and the conflict phase (1898-1914). In the homogeneity phase, there was a general unity among Italy's political and economic elites, particularly among landowners who favored an antiprotectionist stance to support Italy's agricultural export economy. This period was characterized by a relative uniformity of interests despite some conflicts. The fragmentation phase began in 1881, driven by the agricultural crises and the rise of new economic elites in the agrarian and industrial sectors. These new players challenged the traditional landowners and existing policies, leading to a diversification of economic interests and the splintering of their organizational representations. The final conflict phase occurred during the Giolittian Era, marked by the rapid development of organizations amid growing class struggles in both the industrial and agricultural sectors. This period saw significant adaptation within capitalist structures to counter the rising labor movement. The article ultimately examines the changing nature, scale, and scope of business interest organizations in response to the evolving phases of Italian capitalism from 1861 to 1914. It highlights how the transformation of these organizations reflects broader shifts in the relationships between the economy, state, and society.

The purpose of this article is to present selected models for development of an innovation network in clusters from the perspective of network relations. Design/methodology/approach: The argumentation draws upon the literature on the concept of the network and on the results of research of other authors related to the activity of companies in clusters. Findings: Hierarchical relations between the dominant company and suppliers using its technology offer limited possibilities of innovation creation. Such an influence on the position of the company is exerted by "producer networks" where the leading company defines the conditions of production and supply and provides technology. Discovering new knowledge and creating innovation usually requires heterarchical relations where the power and decision-making process are decentralised and managerial competences and skills are balanced and dispersed among network participants. This case is represented by "buyer networks" where the leading company formulates expectations for product characteristics and the subcontractor responds to these requirements using its own development and design solutions. The research is based on the theoretical literature on the concept of the network and on the results of empirical research of other authors related to the activity of companies in clusters. Originality/value: The article broadens the area of research in the field of cluster and network relations as well as indicates the possibility of using this knowledge in entrepreneurs' decisions.

Introducción: Este artículo presenta un modelo de gestión de información diseñado para fortalecer la competitividad del sector calzado en Colombia, respondiendo a la necesidad de contar con información estratégica para la toma de decisiones.
Metodología: Se aplicó un enfoque cualitativo con método hipotético-deductivo, incluyendo revisión bibliográfica, talleres con actores clave, monitoreo internacional en 100 instituciones, y validación mediante panel con empresarios de ACICAM.
Resultados: Se obtuvo un modelo estructurado en cinco dimensiones: mercado laboral, procesos productivos, conocimiento de mercados, infraestructura y logística, y cultura organizacional. Este modelo puede replicarse en otras cadenas productivas para apoyar la innovación y la toma de decisiones basada en necesidades reales.

Introducción.
La formalidad de las protecciones sociales (TFPS) constituye un pilar fundamental para consolidar una senda de progreso social y económico estable, dado que su fortalecimiento facilita el acceso a empleos en condiciones favorables para los ciudadanos. En su concepción más básica, la TFPS está condicionada por la dinámica empresarial, la cual genera transformaciones en el mercado laboral y se relaciona directamente con la participación del trabajo en la producción nacional.

Metodología.
Este artículo adopta un enfoque analítico y explicativo, orientado a examinar las relaciones entre la dinámica empresarial, la TFPS y la tasa de participación territorial (TPT), a partir de datos empíricos y análisis comparativos por sectores económicos.

Resultados.
Los hallazgos evidencian que, a pesar de la relevancia de la dinámica empresarial, esta no alcanza un impacto significativo sobre la formalidad de las protecciones sociales. En cambio, la evidencia empírica muestra que la TPT guarda una relación estrecha con la TFPS, destacando especialmente el rol estratégico que desempeña el sector servicios dentro del conjunto de la economía.

The popularity of influencers has led to their use by brands and companies to maximise their presence and reach, however, there is little knowledge of their status and research trends. Objective: To analyse the topics and areas of scientific research applied to the use of influencers in marketing, providing an overview of current and future literature. Methodology: A bibliometric analysis was carried out using the Scopus database and VOSviewer software, applied to 1,067 documents published from 2000 to 2023. Results: The findings are distributed into five emerging research streams: Brand building, strategic influence, strategic communication, persuasive communication, and the ethical transparency of influencer marketing. Conclusions: There is a fragmented body of knowledge on the use of influencers in communication-based marketing and brand management.

Wauzaji wa  Magari Tanzania Mkataba wa kuuza gari ni hati rasmi inayothibitisha makubaliano kati ya muuzaji na mnunuzi wa gari.

Mkataba huu unahakikisha kuwa pande zote mbili zinajua majukumu yao, masharti ya mauzo, na haki zao.

Ni muhimu sana kuwa na mkataba wa maandishi unapouza au kununua gari ili kuepuka migogoro ya baadaye.

Katika makala hii tutaangazia mambo muhimu yanayopaswa kuwemo kwenye mkataba wa kuuza gari, faida za mkataba, na jinsi ya kuandaa mkataba wa kitaalamu.

Umuhimu wa Mkataba wa Kuuza Gari
1. Thibitisho Rasmi: Mkataba unatoa uthibitisho wa mauzo, unaoweza kutumika kisheria endapo kutatokea mgogoro.
2. Kueleza Masharti: Hati hii inaeleza wazi masharti ya mauzo, ikiwa ni pamoja na bei, hali ya gari, na tarehe ya makabidhiano.
3. Kulinda Pande Zote: Unasaidia kuhakikisha kuwa mnunuzi na muuzaji wanalindwa kisheria.
4. Kuweka Rekodi: Ni kumbukumbu muhimu kwa mnunuzi na muuzaji kwa matumizi ya baadaye, kama vile uhamisho wa umiliki.

The Indian information technology and software services sector has been a poster boy of Indian business. The purpose of this paper is to offer an interest-based institutional understanding of the factors behind the governance of the IT sector's growth, which departs from the national narrative of economic change. Three actors are identified, namely, the state, the industry and its business association, and the role of the Indian diaspora that links the national structure of production with the international market. I show that in this dynamic interconnection, the Indian IT-BPM sector has coalesced around a development model (if it can be labeled as such) in which the state has been an initial facilitator of the now largely privately-led IT industry, with external (international) demand as the main driver. The response to this exogenous driver has been self-governance for collective action and institutional interventions such as state-sponsored software technology parks, repurposing of educational infrastructure to meet industry demand for technical workers, creating an industry-level business association, namely, NASSCOM, and internalizing the business requirements of global clients, and aligning them with the interests of the IT-BPM sector. Keywords IT-BPM sector • Governance structure • Business association • Diaspora • State Special issue on Economic Development in India: Sectors in a Multi level Framework. Guest Editors: John Echeverri-Gent and Aseema Sinha. The author thanks Janette Rawlings for her editorial assistance.

Limitations faced by southern Italy's small enterprises due to their dimensions may be overcome by cooperation strategies and network contracts. The international literature has highlighted that effectively governed business networks appear to more successfully allow partner firms to improve their economic performance and survive over time. This paper combines qualitative and quantitative analyses to test the above hypothesis. It also analyses the performance of southern Italian firms that have joined business network contracts equipped with legal personalitythe so called "reti soggetto" or "heavy contractual networks" (HCNs)compared to firms participating in business networks based only on contractual agreements, devoid of legal personality-the so called "reti contratto" or "light contractual networks" (LCNs). Our findings demonstrate that only 13% of all registered business networks are in fact operative. Among the networks with legal personality, approximately 28% are active networks. A similar trend was observed for network contracts devoid legal personality: only 11% are truly active. Performance measures (including profitability, financial situation indicators, and debt sustainability) also differ for firms belonging to HCN, compared to those belonging to LCN, in the years following the subscription of the network contract. Empirical analysis suggests that HCNs have significant positive effects on the performance of participant firms. We thus propose to verify the conditions that strengthen business networks in the south of Italy. We also recommend promoting the establishment of

Vega, Arturo and Chiasson, Michael and Brown, David H (2010) Setting up university support to small and medium enterprise innovation: managerial, policy and research implications. In: Engage HEI (Higher Education Institutions) 2010 Conference (Bradford) - 2010. ...

#77 (last visited Mar. 22, 2009). 3. Keeping in mind the admonition of Niels Bohr, "Anyone who is not shocked by quantum theory has not understood it." KAREN MICHELLE BARAD, MEETING THE UNIVERSE HALFWAY 254 (2007) (citing THE PHILOSOPHICAL WRITINGS OF NIELS BOHR (1998)). 4. Cf. LEWIS CARROLL, HUNTING OF THE SNARK: AN AGONY IN EIGHT FITS 8 (Macmillan & Co. 1876) (1876) ("What I tell you three times is true."). 5. REVISED UNIF. P'SHIP ACT (RUPA) § 201 (1994). In the 1996 amendments to RUPA, which added the limited liability partnership provisions, this provision was redesignated section 201(a). The 1914 Uniform Partnership Act was predominantly based on the aggregate model for the partnership, albeit with significant entity aspects, particularly with respect to property, credtitors' rights, responsibility of partners, internal financial relations, and continuity. See ALAN R. BROMBERG, CRANE AND BROMBERG ON PARTNERSHIP 26-27 (1968). The debate over the adoption of one model or the other was memorialized in a series of articles.

Contrairement aux récits classiques qui présentent la Suisse comme un petit État neutre et impuissant face aux pays voisins, cet ouvrage place sa politique extérieure au coeur des rivalités économiques du continent. Entre 1957 et 1984, le grand patronat suisse a joué un rôle décisif dans la politique européenne de la Confédération. Conjointement, les autorités et le patronat ont oeuvré pour préserver la souveraineté économique du pays afin de maximiser leurs profits et leur expansion sur les marchés internationaux.
Ludovic Iberg met en lumière les stratégies et les acteurs qui ont permis à la Suisse de résister à l’intégration proposée par l’ancêtre de l’Union européenne, la Communauté économique européenne, perçue comme une menace pour son indépendance commerciale. Au coeur de cette résistance se trouvent des dynamiques capitalistes visant à protéger les secteurs industriels de pointe et à éviter toute subordination aux grandes puissances européennes. Un autre facteur crucial de cette opposition est de maintenir un modèle économique distinct, fortement opposé aux tendances dirigistes et à l’État-providence en plein développement dans d’autres pays européens. Pour cela, le patronat suisse a su maintenir et discipliner le « bloc bourgeois », tout en s’appuyant sur des alliances stratégiques, notamment avec les dirigeants ouest-allemands.
En revisitant cette période sous le prisme économique, cette étude apporte un éclairage nouveau sur les stratégies qui ont façonné la politique européenne de la Suisse, révélant des acteurs politiques et économiques bien plus actifs et influents qu’on ne l’a longtemps pensé.

Research into business associations indicates that many associations suffer from very high levels of inactive members and fail to deliver significant benefits to members. In order to improve provision, the objective of this paper is to understand the determinants that drive or limit performance of rural business associations. Previous research has focused on the ratio of perceived costs to benefits as informing the decision to remain a member. However, in small associations, membership may be more influenced by social norms than the logic of rational choice. Using measures of satisfaction and willingness to pay for association survival as in-group measures of performance this paper finds that (1) for small associations, group size is critical, (2) associations are valued higher in communities where trust is lower, (3) funding by public bodies may be counterproductive to long-term development aims, and (4) the degree of rurality is insignificant in explaining association performance.

El artículo examina en perspectiva histórica la circulación de ideas neoliberales en el contexto chileno más allá del enlace Chicago. En particular, centramos nuestra atención en la movilización e influencia de una variante comúnmente ausente en la historia de la estabilización del neoliberalismo en el sur global:  el pensamiento ordoliberal. Sobre la base del trabajo de archivo reconstruimos la presencia de las ideas ordoliberales en la actividad ideológica desplegada por las élites político-empresariales en dos momentos particulares. Primero, desde 1950 a 1970, mediante el examen del trabajo de difusión ideológica desplegado por los gremios empresariales latinoamericanos a través del Consejo Interamericano de Comercio y Producción. Segundo, desde 1982 a 1986, por medio de las discusiones que tomaron forma en el contexto local a través de la revista Renovación, vinculada a la agrupación política Unión Nacional. Lo anterior como consecuencia de la crisis económica de 1982. A diferencia de su posición marginal en la historia intelectual del neoliberalismo chileno, sostenemos que el pensamiento ordoliberal tuvo un papel relevante en las estrategias de justificación de las élites político-empresariales, resultando ser un eslabón importante en la articulación de la ideología neoliberal y sus diferentes registros justificatorios.

Palabras clave :neoliberalismo,  ordoliberalismo,  gremios  empresariales,  nueva  derecha,  CICyP,  Unión Nacional.

The law of Business Associations usually develops slowly. The business forms that dominated the business landscape until the end of the 20 th century have been in existence for hundreds of years. 1 However, in the last decade a revolution has taken place. The Limited liability Company has become the dominant form for newly-created small businesses in a clear majority of the states, and is rivaling corporations for that distinction in several more. Nationwide, over 45% of new businesses are LLCs. 2 Yet reading the legal literature, one would never suspect this. Several years ago, Prof. John W. Lee published a study comparing the number of corporations formed between 1995 and 1998 with the number of limited liability companies formed in the same time period. He concluded that in those years, "in all but one state new corporation formations … outnumber new LLC formations-usually by a margin of 2:1 or 3:1 or greater." 3 As the statistics discussed in this article demonstrate, at least by 2002, the picture changed dramatically. The LLC revolution has not only occurred with lightening speed. Equally interesting is the fact that the revolution has been carried forward primarily by

Introducción: en esta investigación se analizan las estrategias del desarrollo para las asociaciones agropecuarias con enfoque en biocomercio del Caquetá. Metodología: La investigación es descriptiva con enfoque cuantitativo y de corte transversal mediante el estudio de la matriz de importancia y gobernabilidad aplicada a una muestra de ocho asociaciones productivas del sector agropecuario con enfoque en biocomercio en el departamento del Caquetá. Resultados: los resultados evidencian las alternativas estratégicas hacia las cuales se deben enfocar las acciones de las asociaciones agropecuarias, como la inclusión de mejoras en la administración y promoción de productos ecológicos, el desarrollo de una red nacional e internacional de comercialización y expansión de productos no maderables, la diversificación de productos amazónicos sostenibles y diferenciados, el mejoramiento de la calidad y eficiencia en el mercadeo, reducción de costos y adquisición de proveedores estratégicos.

The purpose of this work is to draw a panorama of the evolution of the restructuring strategies of the transnational firms in the world wine industry across the period 1980-2005. The main forms of development of these firms - mergers, acquisitions, and joint ventures - are identified based on an ad-hoc database (W2D-World Wine Data). The strategies of the firms are explained based on three key elements: production facilities (vineyard and winery), corporate brands portfolio, and distribution networks. This assessment anticipates an intensification of the globalisation and competition in the future world wine market. ...French Abstract : L'objectif de ce travail est de presenter un panorama de l'evolution des strategies de restructuration des grandes firmes de l'industrie mondiale du vin au cours de la periode 1980-2005. Les principaux modes de developpement des firmes - fusions, acquisitions et joint-ventures -, sont reperes a partir de la constitution d'une banque d...

The structure of business associations is subject to two major types of influences: (1) top-down influences from the state and the political system and (2) bottom-up influences from individual businesses themselves. This article focuses on the second type of influence by examining two competing hypotheses of how post-communist economic structure affects the pattern of business association. The first hypothesis is a flattened civil society in which business and business association have to start from scratch in the aftermath of a totalitarian regime. This makes for weak business associations. The second stresses continuity with the communist economic structure which forms the basis for very strong business lobbies. Thus the article is relevant to

INVITÉES - Le 31 mars 1964, le président brésilien réformiste João Goulart est renversé par un putsch militaire porté par les milieux industriels, financiers et médiatiques, avec l'appui des Etats-Unis. En pleine guerre froide, sa destitution conforte les investisseurs étrangers-Suisse comprise. Tour d'horizon des intérêts économiques helvétiques dans le Brésil de la dictature.

Market towns act as service centres for socioeconomic activity in rural areas. They provide a focus for economic activity and deliver essential services for those that lack access to larger regional centres. In the face of concerns over their future, some policy makers have attempted to safeguard and enhance their service role. One such approach has been to stimulate networks of firms operating in the locality in order to deliver business and community benefits. This thesis examines local business associations as an institutional mechanism that may contribute towards the socioeconomic role of market towns. As such it aims to identify the costs and benefits to members, measure the determinants of association performance and analyse the contribution to the service role of the market towns they serve. Members of local business associations in the rural North of England were surveyed as to the costs, benefits, attitudes and determinants of performance. The results show two groups of benefits, promotional and integrational. The more calculative promotional benefits are of greater importance to businesses with a non-local market. Integrational benefits are more important to in-migrant businesses seeking to embed themselves within the local social milieu. Key determinants of association performance were: a larger group size, homogeneity of sectors represented and higher levels of member trust. Effective leadership increased performance and overcame resistance to new ideas. These associations make a socioeconomic contribution to market towns through the maintenance and development of local business and place based impacts and offer important benefits to members and the wider community.

Today, innovation and internationalization processes need more programming and high investments in new knowledge and relationships. Through trans-sectorial and trans-territorial networks, SMEs can participate to global dynamics, especially in terms of knowledge sharing and absorbing. We propose that the ‘Contratto di Rete’ (Network Contract) is an innovative type of formal contract and a central solution in these dynamics. Since its introduction in 2009 by means of the Law Decree 5/2009, the brand-new networking tool has achieved broad success among Italian entrepreneurs. The authors provide an overview of the discipline regulating the tool; a background concerning network and contract theory; and finally a presentation of some best practices through insightful case studies. This approach integrates legal and managerial perspectives, delivering useful implications for scholars and practitioners.

En Chile la producción nacional de vinos de vides para vinificación aumentó de 238 a 736 millones de litros desde 1991 a 2005. Este explosivo crecimiento ha modificado la estructura de la industria vitivinícola chilena, observándose un masivo ingreso de nuevas viñas a la industria, una ...

Research into business associations indicates that many associations suffer from very high levels of inactive members and fail to deliver significant benefits to members. In order to improve provision, the objective of this paper is to understand the determinants that drive or limit performance of rural business associations. Previous research has focused on the ratio of perceived costs to benefits as informing the decision to remain a member. However, in small associations, membership may be more influenced by social norms than the logic of rational choice. Using measures of satisfaction and willingness to pay for association survival as in-group measures of performance this paper finds that (1) for small associations, group size is critical, (2) associations are valued higher in communities where trust is lower, (3) funding by public bodies may be counterproductive to long-term development aims, and (4) the degree of rurality is insignificant in explaining association performance.

A mű szerzői jogilag védett. Minden jog, így különösen a sokszorosítás, terjesztés és fordítás joga fenntartva. A mű a kiadó írásbeli hozzájárulása nélkül részeiben sem reprodukálható, elektronikus rendszerek felhasználásával nem dolgozható fel, azokban nem tárolható, azokkal nem sokszorosítható és nem terjeszthető. A mű a KÖFOP-2.1.2-VEKOP-15-2016-00001 "A jó kormányzást megalapozó közszolgálat-fejlesztés"projekt "A fejlesztéspolitikai kapacitások erősítése" alprojektje keretében készült.

The article investigates the views of European business associations on the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) project between 1946 and 1992. In doing so, it places the campaign for EMU organised by the Association for the Monetary Union of Europe in the run-up to the Maastricht Treaty into its previously neglected historical context. The article argues that although European business associations supported EMU in general, their views concerning its construction evolved and differed. As a result of these divergences, they only responded to political proposals made by others, instead of pro-actively pushing a specific agenda forward.