Cleaner Production

Sustainability requires a consideration of the social or community dimension as well as ecological integrity and economic efficiency. Further, ecological systems emphasize interaction and interdependence. Definitions of eco-industrial parks have begun to address this by referring to them as communities of business. The paper describes a number of initiatives, particularly in the United States and Canada. The types of interactions among businesses and between businesses and the community are described and initiatives are categorized as engineering or self-designing. The paper lists 11 characteristics of eco-industrial parks which are emerging from the existing projects.

The need for and the benefits of a more sustainable approach to business management have been widely discussed in the literature. Many organizations have engaged in environmental management initiatives to improve their environmental performance and have found other benefits to the process, such as financial savings and reduced risk of liability. However, many constraints can inhibit the transformation to an environmentally conscious and responsible organization. These constraints include issues related to organizational culture and change management. To overcome these constraints and succeed in implementing a successful environmental management initiative, the literature suggests the importance for members of the organization of understanding the environmental impacts and policies of the organization through participation in environmental awareness training efforts that produces enduring knowledge and commitment. Armed with this knowledge, employees can then understand how the environment can affect and be affected by their duties and decisions. Various companies have used different approaches to environmental management training. It is important that organizations evaluate the efficiency of their training investment to ensure that the benefits will be generated. A case study of two electricity companies is used to illustrate the importance of evaluating environmental awareness efforts. The results of the study suggest that the training performed did not sufficiently increase employee environmental awareness of the company's environmental impacts despite a considerable time and financial investment in a one-time environmental awareness training program. Results are briefly discussed and recommendations are made to improve the results of the training investment.

Circular oriented innovation aims to address sustainability problems such as resource scarcity, pollution and climate change by (re)designing industrial products, processes, business models, and value network configurations. Although the literature identifies collaboration as crucial for circular oriented innovationddue to the complexity, risk and uncertainties involveddfew tools have been developed to support it. To address this gap, we develop and test a tool that helps companies ideate to identify partners and value within circular oriented innovation. The tool integrates decision-making principles from the entrepreneurship theory of effectuation within a design thinking approach to stimulate collaborative ideation of circular propositions. We demonstrate and test the tool through six workshops, and collect data via observations, field-notes, assessment forms and user discussions. Our results show that: 1) users are receptive to visualisation and effectuation-based questions to collaboratively ideate circular propositions; 2) expert facilitation helps to maintain a circularity focus to avoid 'business-as-usual' ideas; and 3) differences in the maturity and scope of projects may influence the usefulness of the tool. We contribute to theory by demonstrating the integration of effectuation, design thinking, and lean experimentation approaches into a tool to advance circular oriented innovation. We contribute to practice with the tool itself that supports early and quick ideation to identify partners and perceived value. This supports companies to collaborate and advance the design of circular propositions that bring circular business model ideas closer to implementation.

Little is known about how the participants of experimentation -entrepreneurs, intrapreneurs, innovation managers -develop and test their assumptions during the experimentation process to achieve more circular outcomes. Using a design-science approach, we investigate this process and develop principles to improve it. This is done during three workshops in different contexts: an innovation festival with 14 early-stage circular startups, a workshop with a health technology incumbent, and a workshop with six growthoriented startups. We find that analyzing their available means -what they find important and prefer to happen (part of their identity), what they know (their skills and knowledge), and whom they know (their social network) -helps to understand how the participants develop and test their assumptions. We show how the mindset and awareness of the participants impact how much attention they pay to the circularity potential of their envisioned circular business models. Based on these insights, we propose a set of principles to prepare the innovation participants for experimentation, and to increase their ability to reflect on their circularity assumptions. Future research is needed to further grow our understanding of the types of principles that can guide meaningful experimentations towards a circular economy.

Little is known about how the participants of experimentation -entrepreneurs, intrapreneurs, innovation managers -develop and test their assumptions during the experimentation process to achieve more circular outcomes. Using a design-science approach, we investigate this process and develop principles to improve it. This is done during three workshops in different contexts: an innovation festival with 14 early-stage circular startups, a workshop with a health technology incumbent, and a workshop with six growthoriented startups. We find that analyzing their available means -what they find important and prefer to happen (part of their identity), what they know (their skills and knowledge), and whom they know (their social network) -helps to understand how the participants develop and test their assumptions. We show how the mindset and awareness of the participants impact how much attention they pay to the circularity potential of their envisioned circular business models. Based on these insights, we propose a set of principles to prepare the innovation participants for experimentation, and to increase their ability to reflect on their circularity assumptions. Future research is needed to further grow our understanding of the types of principles that can guide meaningful experimentations towards a circular economy.

Circular oriented innovation aims to address sustainability problems such as resource scarcity, pollution and climate change by (re)designing industrial products, processes, business models, and value network configurations. Although the literature identifies collaboration as crucial for circular oriented innovationddue to the complexity, risk and uncertainties involveddfew tools have been developed to support it. To address this gap, we develop and test a tool that helps companies ideate to identify partners and value within circular oriented innovation. The tool integrates decision-making principles from the entrepreneurship theory of effectuation within a design thinking approach to stimulate collaborative ideation of circular propositions. We demonstrate and test the tool through six workshops, and collect data via observations, field-notes, assessment forms and user discussions. Our results show that: 1) users are receptive to visualisation and effectuation-based questions to collaboratively ideate circular propositions; 2) expert facilitation helps to maintain a circularity focus to avoid 'business-as-usual' ideas; and 3) differences in the maturity and scope of projects may influence the usefulness of the tool. We contribute to theory by demonstrating the integration of effectuation, design thinking, and lean experimentation approaches into a tool to advance circular oriented innovation. We contribute to practice with the tool itself that supports early and quick ideation to identify partners and perceived value. This supports companies to collaborate and advance the design of circular propositions that bring circular business model ideas closer to implementation.

Circular oriented innovation commonly requires collaboration. Yet, to date, circular research lacks empirical investigation into collaborative processes. Collaborative processes are, however, highly researched within strategic management literature, thus offering valuable insights. The purpose of this paper is to investigate, identify and order the processes that companies undertake when designing and implementing collaborations for circular oriented innovation. Firstly, we integrate disparate strategic management literature to identify collaborative process 'know-how' and relevant 'building blocks'. Secondly, we generate practice-based insights, via semi-structured interviews and desk-research, across three research cycles to understand how companies collaborate within circular oriented innovation. Theoretical contributions stem from the assessment and integration of strategic management collaborative process knowledge into the circular context. Managerial contributions derive from the process model that describes how to build collaborative circular oriented innovation. Furthermore, the principal result is the empirical investigation and identification of collaborative circular oriented innovation challenges. Challenges relate to how to; 1) formulate an initial 'circular proposition', 2) involve the 'right' people, 3) align upon a shared circular purpose, 4) develop circular oriented governance and decisionmaking, and 5) develop a circular oriented value capture model focused on collective outcomes. These form the basis for our proposed future research agenda. This research agenda aims to stimulate researchers and practitioners to further demystify collaborative processes to accelerate the transition towards a circular economy.

Next to the redesign of industrial products and processes, sustainable business model innovation is a strategic approach to integrate environmental and social concerns into the objectives and operations of organizations. One of the major challenges of this approach is that many promising business model ideas fail to reach the market, which is needed to achieve impact. In the literature, the issue is referred to as a "design-implementation gap." This paper explores how that critical gap may be bridged. In doing so, we contribute to sustainable business model innovation theory and practice. We contribute to theory by connecting sustainable business model innovation with business experimentation and strategic design, two innovation approaches that leverage prototyping as a way to iteratively implement business ideas early on. Using a design science research methodology, we combine theoretical insights from these three literatures into a tool for setting up small-scale pilots of sustainable business models. We apply, evaluate, and improve our tool through a rigorous process by working with nine startups and one multinational company. As a result, we provide normative theory in terms of the sustainable business model innovation process, explaining that piloting a prototype forces organizations to simultaneously consider the desirability (i.e., what users want), feasibility (i.e., what is technically achievable), viability (i.e., what is financially possible), and sustainability (i.e., what is economically, socially and environmentally acceptable) of a new business model. Doing so early on is functional to bridge the design-implementation gap of sustainable business models. We contribute to practice with the tool itself, which organizations can use to translate sustainable business model ideas defined "on paper" into small-scale pilots as a first implementation step. We encourage future research building on the limitations of this exploratory study by working with a larger sample of companies through longitudinal case studies, to further explain how these pilots can be executed successfully.

Waste generation has become a major environmental, social and economic challenge in many developing countries. In Nigeria, rapid population growth, urbanisation, industrialisation and changing consumption patterns have increased the volume of solid waste produced in cities and rural communities. Unfortunately, a large proportion of this waste is either openly dumped, burnt, poorly collected or disposed of in ways that create environmental and public health risks. Beyond pollution, poor waste management also represents a serious economic loss because many discarded materials such as plastics, metals, paper, glass, organic waste and construction debris can be recovered and reused as raw materials. This paper examines the need to recycle waste as a means of reducing expenditure on raw materials in a developing country like Nigeria. The paper adopts a qualitative review approach and is anchored on the circular economy theory, which promotes resource recovery, reuse and recycling instead of the traditional linear model of "take, make, use and dispose." The paper argues that recycling can reduce production costs, conserve natural resources, lower dependence on imported raw materials, create employment, strengthen local industries and reduce government expenditure on waste management. However, the effectiveness of recycling in Nigeria is limited by poor waste separation, weak infrastructure, inadequate policy enforcement, low public awareness, limited investment and the marginalisation of informal waste workers. The paper concludes that recycling should be treated not only as an environmental practice but also as a national economic development strategy. It recommends stronger government policy, public education, investment in recycling technology, source separation of waste, industry participation and integration of informal recyclers into formal waste management systems.

Green Human Resource Management (GHRM) has turned out to be a critical organisational strategy for managing environmental sustainability and conforming top employee performance. The purpose of this study is to analyse the relationship between Green HRM practices and employee performance in an emerging economy (Pakistan) while investigating the mediating role of job satisfaction, and the moderating role of industry type. This study has utilised a quantitative research approach to evaluate this interrelationship. The target population of this study includes employees working in different industries that implement GHRM practices. These industries include banking (service industry) and pharmaceutical and FMCG (Manufacturing industry). It ensures diversity in organisation practices and employee roles. The survey was filled by 400 respondents from these diverse industries employees. The data was analysed using Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) analysis in SMART PLS. The findings revealed that both green recruitment and green compensation have a positive and significant impact on employee performance, whereas green performance has an insignificant impact on employee performance. Job satisfaction was also indicated to have a significant mediating role in the relationship between green compensation and employee performance and also between green performance and employee performance. Job satisfaction does not mediate the relationship between green recruitment and employee performance. Furthermore, the industry type did not have any moderating impact. The study contributes to understanding GHRM's role in increasing employee performance, elaborating green recruitment and compensation as important drivers. Practically, it helps emerging economies to adopt tailored GHRM strategies, focusing on job satisfaction. Cross-industry findings support policy development for sustainable HR practices regardless of sectors.

We studied the environmental consequences of cereal choice and form of presentation of the diet given to geese reared for foie gras production. A cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment of the production of 1 kg of foie gras was used to examine several feeding strategies for substituting maize by sorghum: during the growingefinishing and/or overfeeding period; in a complete pelleted diet or as whole grains. The data come from in-field management practices on representative French goose farms for the breeding, hatching and slaughtering stages of production, and in vivo experiments for the growingefinishing and overfeeding stages. The impact categories were calculated using the CML2 baseline method. Our data showed that the effects of cereal type on the environmental impact of foie gras were dependent on feed level and stage of inclusion. Birds fed exclusively with sorghum during both the growingefinishing period and the overfeeding period had lower environmental impacts than birds fed with maize, for all the potential impacts calculated (e.g. À17% for global warming potential). A diet presented in a simplified form during the growingefinishing period had no effect on foie gras impacts when the cereal used was maize (difference between groups <7%), but increased them when it was sorghum (from þ16% for water use to þ22% eutrophication and acidification potential), due to higher bird mortality during the overfeeding period. These results suggest that changes in bird feeding practices could contribute to a more environmentally-friendly production system for foie gras if animal performance is note reduced. Hence, substitution of maize by sorghum can lessen the environmental impacts of foie gras production and thus offer a valuable alternative in response to water shortages in southern France, but its use in a simplified form hinges on prior improvement of rearing practices to limit subsequent mortality.

Resilience in the light of an energy crisis is the capacity to successfully deal with energy related disruptions while continuing to deliver affordable energy services to society. A resilient energy system can rapidly recover from a shock as it is able to reinvent itself. But what happens if an energy crisis hits us? Which functions and structures will be affected? Shall we protect something in particular? Do we need to consider further aspects concerning the energy system? And how can we address and operationalise these complex considerations? These are the questions to be answered within this paper. By identifying types of energy crises, protective commodities, and framework conditions, a proposal is introduced to systematically deal with this topic. A new approach for assessing the community resilience in case of a fossil energy crisis is originated and presented: the regional energy resilience assessment (RERA).

In the pursuit of sustainable solutions in construction, crumb rubber (CR) emerges as a viable alternative for enhancing road infrastructure projects. This study aims to assess the replacement of coarse crumb rubber (CCR) in a granular subbase with a maximum nominal size of 37.5 mm (known as GSB38), under Colombian conditions. The evaluated replacements of CCR were 10% and 15% by weight, and physical and mechanical tests were conducted to assess the impact of recycling on the behavior of GSB38. Additionally, to verify its sustainability as an alternative, a comparative environmental analysis was carried out between alternatives with CCR and 100% GSB38. The environmental analysis was modeled using the SimaPro tool, considering a cradle-to-gate approach. Furthermore, the assessment was conducted by applying CML-IA baseline V3.08 / EU25, which assesses 11 impacts. Savings of up to 9% were found in Acidification and Eutrophication impacts when using 10% CCR. Conversely, with 15% CCR, the maximum environmental savings observed were 5% in Eutrophication. Although the inclusion of CCR resulted in environmental improvements, it also led to a decline in mechanical performance, particularly in terms of CBR values. This reduction in strength renders the CCR alternatives unsuitable from a structural perspective. Nevertheless, from an environmental standpoint, the use of CCR represents a promising strategy for the management of rubber waste and contributes to the advancement of more sustainable construction practices, particularly in contexts where waste reuse policies are still under development.

Organic waste disposal contributes to 3.8% of GHG emissions to the atmosphere, yet 68.8% of this putrescible waste fraction is still disposed of, untreated, to landfills in South Africa. The implementation of a ban on disposal of organic waste to landfills at provincial level opens up the need to research best technology pathways and waste minimisation strategies to valorise and promote the circularity of diverted waste streams. The SARChI Chair in Waste and Climate Change has developed the WROSETM (Waste Resource Optimization Scenario Evaluation) model to assist municipalities in selecting the most appropriate waste management solutions. A research gap has been identified in the lack of information on full-scale applications of two-stage anaerobic digestion (2-stage AD) for combined bio-hydrogen and bio-methane production from organic waste. waste. In this review, we explore drivers and barriers to the implementation of 2-stage AD in South Africa and propose possible scenarios usin...

Two smooth surfaces S, S with positive Gaussian curvature and with the same closed hemisphere as spherical image can be mapped onto each other by parallel normals. It is assumed, in addition, that principal directions at every point on S are mapped into principal directions at the image point on 5. Let fci(=l, 2) be the principal curvatures of S, ki the corresponding principal curvatures of 5. Via the spherical image mapping, one may consider the function φ -(kΐ 1 -kϊ 1 )-{k^-kϊ 1 ) as being defined on the unit sphere Σ. We show: If φ does not change sign and appropriate boundary conditions are satisfied, then S differs from S by a translation. Since the spherical image mapping always preserves principal directions, one obtains in particular characterizations of the hemisphere. Further results for ovaloids S, S within this class of mappings: If k x ^ k lf ϊc 2 <z k 2 everywhere, then a translate of S fits inside S; if S and S have the same total mean curvature, then 1 φdω S 0 with equality if and only if S is a translate of S.

Based on a longitudinal eight-year study (2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014) in a large Italian food co-operative, this paper analysis whether and how the development and the use of sustainability control systems have been able to promote the integration of sustainability within organisational strategy. The cooperative has implemented three main managerial instruments (sustainability reports, sustainability annual plans and participatory social plans), which have been able to promote sustainability integration by inducing technical integration and reinforcing the cognitive enablers. However, strong cognitive (and organisational) barriers have gradually stifled the cognitive enablers and have not enabled sustainability to be fixed into the organisational strategy. As such, the integration process was marginalised, also due to the negative economic performance of the co-operative. The paper shows that sustainability integration remains a fragile concept even in a co-operative, despite the similarities between co-operative values and the principles of corporate social responsibility. Theoretically, the paper offers empirical evidences concerning management control literature for sustainability.

The Circular Economy (CE) is currently a popular notion within the policy and business advocacy groups. Despite being visionary and provocative in its message, the research on the CE concept is emerging. The two intertwined objectives of the paper are; first to identify, discuss and develop the various definitions provided by the emerging literature. Secondly, to suggest an initial research approach with which research on CE can be conducted. Our analysis shows that the existing CE work is mainly done on the practical and technical levels of the actual physical flows of materials and energy in productionconsumption systems. The focus of the extant literature is on concrete metrics, tools, instruments and computations. Therefore, the basic assumptions concerning the values, societal structures, cultures, underlying world-views and the paradigmatic potential of CE remain largely unexplored. We argue that CE has already become what Gallie (1955) more than six decades ago termed as an "essentially contested concept" (ECC). The paper further suggests a model for CE research that helps in the categorization, classification and organization of research and investigation on CE. The model can help in limiting the observed unbalance and enhance the contribution of the CE approach to a more sustainable global society.

In a recent article of this journal, Robert et al. [Journal of Cleaner Production 10 (2002) 197] define five hierarchical and interdependent levels for a systems approach for strategic sustainable development (SSD) to move toward the desired outcome, the state of sustainability. This paper evaluates the concept of industrial ecology (IE) by considering its application and use in terms of the strategic sustainable development model. The author argues that the applications of the concept of IE can contribute to all five levels in the hierarchical model. However, the paper shows that if IE is used outside the systems model, four risks and difficulties are generated that can lead to suboptimal solutions, problem displacement and problem shifting. Recommendations derived from ecological economics and environmental management are made for ways to proceed with the integration of IE into the broader SSD concepts and approaches.

An index-based method for the evaluation of the environmental impact of water distribution systems is introduced. The method is developed according to a set of methodological criteria to assess the environmental effect of water networks. A number of environmental measures are incorporated into the index-based method to account for nonrenewable resource consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and emissions to air, land, and water. The index-based method can be included into a multiobjective optimization program to find design solutions that minimize cost and environmental impact. The index-based method was applied to the design of a water transmission system over a 20-year design horizon. Design alternatives were compared on the basis of the environmental impact index and cost. For the system analyzed, results indicated that of the hydraulically feasible alternatives, the five most environmentally acceptable alternatives were the five most cost-effective alternatives. Results also showed that the environmental impact index is mainly influenced by pumping energy and partially influenced by pipe diameter selection.

Russia has carried out major environmental policy reforms during its transition period since the early 1990s, including with respect to global issues such as climate change, loss of biodiversity and ozone layer depletion. In view of these changes, this chapter provides a brief overview of current (and forthcoming) Russian environmental law as applicable to businesses operating in Russia. By touching upon the main difficulties that investors may face, e.g., environmental charges and fines, implementation of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedure, this chapter may assist businesses to seek out and share experiences of best practices, provide innovative policy advice, as well as meet the challenges in the implementation and enforcement of Russian legislation and policies. In addition, this chapter analyses and investigates (i) economic and administrative enforcement instruments, (ii) institutional arrangements, (iii) the Russian system of environmental compliance control, and (iv) new strategies which have been developed to protect the environment in Russia, ranging from the 'end-ofpipe' approach to pollution prevention strategies (through new technical regulation, best available techniques and 'cleaner production' methodology). In many respects, Russia is a major net contributor to European and global environmental quality. 65% of Russia's territory has not been affected by economic activity and huge geographical areas remain virtually undisturbed by man. Russia contains 20% of global water resources and 22% of global forests. 2 Thus, the conservation of these immense environmental assets is a key concern. Although both the government and businesses are increasingly taking steps to protect the environment, Russia continues to face immense environmental challenges. According to Russian official sources, the environmental situation typical of densely populated urban and industrial areas (constituting 10-15% of the country's territory) is 'alarming'. For example: 3 -municipal water supply is unreliable in many cities, with threats of water pollution, including severe contamination by heavy metals. One-third of all

The requirements for corporate environmental responsibility have shifted from reducing the carbon footprint of production to also cover the increasing use of carbon handprint by lowering the environmental impact of the offering. This paper discusses the guidance and development tools that support environmentally responsible, customer-orientated offering development in small-scale businesses. This support for the businesses has been created through business interviews, benchmark analysis, and co-creation in training sessions. The customer-driven design tools for environmentally responsible product and service solutions consist of a systemic design type of loop canvases to enable the modelling of low-impact consumption and production, and tools to analyze possibilities to lower the consumption impact of offerings, to cover the customer journey, and to support customer behavior change. The design of environmentally sustainable services changes the design goal from customer-driven, desirable solutions to transformation support, for customers as well as for businesses.

In Digital Marketing, the capture of consumers' personal data from social networks is essential for better targeting of commercial actions. The methods for collecting this information are arousing growing interest among the scientific community. This paper offers a comprehensive review of the literature on the issue and its management. To this end, a bibliometric study of 866 publications on the Web of Science between 1997 and 2022 was conducted to identify the most relevant trends through analysis of the most significant articles, keywords, authors, institutions and countries. In addition, visualisation software (VOS) was used to illustrate the relationships established through bibliographic coupling, keyword co-occurrence, authors and co-citation. The results indicate that the USA and Australia are the countries that publish the most in this field, while Finland and Australia have the highest number of publications per capita. Finally, the progress of research is discussed and future research directions are suggested.

This paper investigates the effects of specific spindle speed and pecking depth combinations on the machining time and internal hole quality during the CNC drilling of S45C medium carbon steel. The experiment utilized a 10.5 mm High-Speed Steel (HSS) drill bit on a Nishida HS-50 3-Axis CNC Milling machine to produce a 38 mm through-hole in a 30 mm thick workpiece at a constant feed rate of 20 mm/min. Five distinct parameter combinations were evaluated, involving spindle speeds of 800, 1200, and 1500 RPM, and pecking depths (Q values) ranging from 0.1 to 3.0 mm. The mathematical analysis of tool retractions and cutting speeds indicates a direct trade-off between time efficiency and surface quality. A conservative pecking depth of 0.1 mm at both 800 and 1200 RPM ensures optimal chip evacuation and excellent inner wall smoothness but requires 380 tool retractions, significantly increasing machining time. Conversely, operating at a high speed of 1500 RPM, even with a moderate pecking depth of 0.8 mm, generates extreme thermal stress. Practical observations confirm that this heat induces work hardening on the S45C material, leading to catastrophic tool failure of the HSS drill bit. The study concludes that an intermediate parameter combination (800 RPM with Q = 1.0 mm) provides the most reliable balance between acceptable surface integrity and industrial time efficiency.

Advances in the development and use of fish processing equipment, with respect to the whole value chain, are discussed. The situation in Iceland is described briefly, especially in terms of how seafood production has increasingly taken a value chain perspective into account. Focus is put on how different modules have been linked together, allowing for constant monitoring of yield and economic performance of the catch and processing operations. The different data collection equipment, such as electronic logbooks, processing information systems and marketing information systems are discussed and as is how the data from each link are used for management within the link. Application of traceability is also discussed and how such an application can integrate data from different links in the value chain. When such integration is achieved, more information can be produced from the data. Such information include, for instance, processing related variables like nematodes in the fish and fillet yield and their connection to fishing grounds, as well as environmentally related variables such as oil usage. Future aspects of value chain management, including decision support, more efficient fisheries management and increased data collection to increase the fineness of the traceability granularity are also discussed. The value chain concept has been increasingly used in the Icelandic food industry in the last years and the management of seafood companies has changed accordingly. Today, managers in the seafood industry consider catching, processing and marketing simultaneously when making decisions. The fact that the same party often owns Icelandic fishing vessels, fish processing companies and marketing companies has also impacted on the value chain approach; the aim is to maximize the profit of the total chain -from catch to consumer -instead of only looking at an isolated link in the value chain. Increased use of automatic data capturing methods, such as electronic logbooks and weighing machines onboard the vessels, has also enabled better inventory management based on the age and size of the raw material, and other factors considered useful for planning the processing. Use of RFID labelled fish tubs is also increasing, making inventory control and traceability more automated and accurate and therefore enabling different processing of raw material with different properties. Despite growth in other industry sectors, the seafood industry is the single most important industry for Iceland. It was estimated in 2004 that fisheries and seafood production, together with ancillary industries, accounted for at least 30 percent

In Ethiopia, maize production is significantly threatened by insect pests such as stalk borers and fall armyworm (FAW), as well as the major ear rots, notably Gibberella ear rot (GER) and Fusarium ear rot (FER). Smallholder farmers, particularly those operating in resource-limited environments, often lack effective and accessible pest management strategies. Thus, the current study aimed to evaluate the effect of using the "push-pull" (PP)-cropping system, which involves inter-cropping (maize) with insectrepellent forage legume in the genus Desmodium (Desmodium uncinatum) as a "push" plant and the Brecaria grass (Brachiaria decumbens) forage as the "pull" plant on the incidence of maize stalk borers and FAW and the intensity of GER and FER at Bako, western Ethiopia. Field trials with the cropping systems (maize cropping in the PP-system, maize mono-cropping, and maize mono-cropping with insecticide/Radiant 120SC-treatment) randomized to the main plot units and three hybrid maize varieties randomized to the sub-plot units were arranged in a split-plot design with three replications during the main cropping seasons of 2021 to 2022. Three maize hybrids (BH546, BH549, and P3812W) were planted in subplots at a spacing of 75 × 30 cm in four rows with a 10 m row length. The incidence and severity of GER and FER, were recorded upon manual harvest at physiological maturity. Some important agronomic traits were also recorded during the maize growing seasons. The analysis of variance confirmed highly significant (P < 0.001) interaction among cropping systems and maize hybrid varieties in both seasons. However, no significant interactions were indicated among the cropping seasons for stalk borer, foliar damage p = 0.116, ear damage, p = 0.429 and FAW; foliar damage, p = 0.925, ear damage, p = 0.446 as well as ear rots severity; FER, p = 0.778 and GER, p = 0.054 were observed between the cropping seasons. Among the tested varieties, BH546 recorded significantly (P < 0.001) lower insect infestation and ear rot disease intensity (FER and GER) with the PP-cropping system and Radiant 120SC insecticide

Solid Waste Management (SWM) has become a major global concern due to its significant environmental, social, and economic implications. In developing countries like India, rapid urbanization, population growth, and changing consumption, patterns have led to a substantial increase in waste generation, thereby placing immense financial pressure on municipal authorities. This study presents a cost-based analysis of SWM practices in Nashik city by integrating Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) with economic evaluation. The research examines various stages of waste management, including collection, segregation, transp, processing, and disposal, with a focus on identifying cost inefficiencies and opportunities for optimization. The findings indicate that improper waste handling leads to increased operational costs, environmental degradation, and public health expenditures. Additionally, limited budget allocation and reliance on traditional methods reduce the overall efficiency of the system. The study highlights the importance of adopting cost-effective and sustainable strategies, such as waste segregation at source, composting, recycling, and waste-to-energy technologies. The integration of Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) with LCA and EIA provides a comprehensive framework for evaluating both direct and indirect costs, enabling better decision-making. The results suggest that improved planning, technological intervention, and

Vermicomposting (VCg) is an environmentally sustainable and economically viable method for managing solid organic waste by utilizing earthworms, especially Eisenia fetida, alongside diverse microbial communities. This process effectively breaks down complex organic molecules, stabilizes waste, and transforms it into nutrient-rich biofertilizer. Modern composting techniques using discrete or hybrid microbial consortia, chemicals, and bulking agents have greatly improved efficiency and product quality. However, the direct application of genome editing using CRISPR-Cas in operational VCg systems is highly theoretical due to biosafety concerns, regulatory complexities, and economic considerations requiring a comprehensive evaluative framework. Genome editing using the protein Cas9 provides targeted genetic sequence change to improve metabolic pathways for lignocellulosic breakdown, food cycling, and pathogen control. Engineered microbial consortia and efficient earthworms can possibly increase waste digestion by 40-50%, improve vermiculite quality, and reduce byproducts. This review describes the current conventional VCg technologies, explains how earthworms and microorganisms degrade waste, and critically evaluates the promising use of genome editing technology (CRISPR-Cas9) to improve VCg efficiency, product quality, and environmental impact. Building resilient, genetically modified microbial consortia for composting on a field scale, creating comprehensive international regulatory structures to control the release of engineered microorganisms and earthworms, and conducting broad-scale, long-term environmental impact assessments should be future research priorities. This approach will present a great potential towards improving sustainable management of wastes and agricultural performance by integrating ancient strategies of vermiculite-based post composting with the current genetic engineering theories.

Environmental concerns related to synthetic dyes have encouraged the textile industry to explore sustainable alternatives. Natural pigments derived from plant sources offer advantages such as biodegradability, non-toxicity, and renewability. This study investigates the use of fermented biopigments extracted from marigold and hibiscus flowers for textile printing and evaluates their colorfastness properties. Fermentation was carried out using yeast and sugar to enhance pigment extraction and stability. A printing paste was prepared using fermented dye stock, sodium alginate as a thickener, alum as a mordant, and water. The paste was applied to 100% cotton single jersey fabric (156 GSM) using the screen printing method. The printed samples were tested for colorfastness to washing, rubbing, water, and perspiration using standard ISO methods. Results indicate that both pigments exhibit good to very good fastness properties. Hibiscus showed slightly superior performance compared to marigold. The study demonstrates that fermented natural pigments can serve as an eco-friendly alternative for textile printing applications.

Now days, ingesting of power goes outsidedeprived of boundary due to creation and novelty of other products that stresses the power. So, recently countries together formed "International Solar Alliance" (ISA) which targets to obtain all energy from sun because, they stated that the 'Sun is the source for all energy'. As a result, the findings of this study have established the significance of solar energy in empowering the public's economic components through effective recommendations and research reflections. The study with a total of 300 sample dependants and consequences unprotected on determinations, savings and satisfaction among solar panels fitted clients.

This paper examines the sustainable design strategies of the Balkan vernacular architecture in the example of the traditional Ohrid house. The approach regarding the problem of resource conservation which is present in the selected examples of vernacular architecture offers the possibility of analysing and discussing the building strategies of the past, which are still considered to be relevant in terms of sustainability and environmental design. The subject of this research is the sustainable design strategies that refer to the reuse of building material and the measures regarding waste reduction in the form of its incorporation into new building materials. The research points to sustainable solutions regarding on-site minimisation of construction waste in the example of the traditional Ohrid house during the following three phases of the life cycle of both the material and the building: pre-building, building, and postbuilding phase. The applied on-site waste minimisation measures and the principle of using materials with low-embodied energy, identified in the example of the traditional Ohrid house, can be understood as the conceptual basis for finding more efficient solutions in today's material and energy conservation practices, proving that sustainable architecture could be achieved by a simple and thoughtful application of local materials and building techniques.

The circular economy (CE) enables revolutionary waste management of municipal solid waste (MSW) through various technologies, including IoT, AI, and blockchain. The technologies allow real-time monitoring, predictive analysis, data-driven decision-making, and enhanced traceability to implement effective and sustainable CE practices in urban waste systems. Implementing digital supply chain technologies in CE practices encounters complex barriers that prevent adoption. This study systematically examines the barriers preventing the adoption of digital supply chain technology for CE strategies in municipal solid waste management (MSWM) globally, with a focus on Saudi Arabia. The analysis of 58 peer-reviewed studies through qualitative content analysis reveals seven main categories of barriers: technological, legal, financial, datarelated, regulatory, institutional, and behavioural.

Nitrogen (N) provides the agriculture industry with a wicked problem: it is an essential nutrient for efficient crop production, but N losses from agricultural production can harm both the stability of the environment and the health of humans. To limit this, targeted N regulation at the ID15 (1500 ha) level is slowly becoming a reality for farmers and authorities in Denmark. This paper explores the formulation of value propositions connected to developed technologies and concepts for retention mapping at the field level for more detailed targeted regulation. We explore all this through a comprehensive longitudinal ethnographic case study over a period of three years. We use the value proposition canvas to make sense of the viewpoints of the involved stakeholder groups. Our empirical setting is a large-scale research project in Denmark, a country that has high environmental goals regarding nitrogen loading. The publicly funded project involved a multitude of stakeholders, ranging fro...

Black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens (L.)) cultivation produces residues that can serve as valuable sources of organic matter. In this study, we used five organic materialschicken feed, tofu meal, pineapple peel, cassava meal, and dry chicken manure-as feed for BSF larvae. The nutrient content and properties of the resulting residues for sweet corn cultivation were analyzed. The highest decomposition rate was observed with tofu meal, at 46.46 mg day-1. Residues from BSF larvae fed chicken feed were the richest in nitrogen at 3.75%. Residues from larvae fed dry chicken manure and pineapple peel contained the highest levels of phosphorus and potassium at 4.88% and 5.17%, respectively. All treatments, except for those with dry chicken manure, showed extremely high levels of organic matter in the range of 32.56-83.52%. Notably, residues from BSF larvae fed cassava meal exhibited the highest seed germination index at 94.87% as well as the highest unhusked ear weight, at 437.10 kg ha-1 and husked ear length, at 18.47 cm. These results showed that the use of BSF residues improved the growth and yield of sweet corn. Thus, these findings suggest the potential for using BSF-derived organic fertilizers in sweet corn cultivation in Thailand.

In the pursuit of sustainable solutions in construction, crumb rubber (CR) emerges as a viable alternative for enhancing road infrastructure projects. This study aims to assess the replacement of coarse crumb rubber (CCR) in a granular subbase with a maximum nominal size of 37.5 mm (known as GSB38), under Colombian conditions. The evaluated replacements of CCR were 10% and 15% by weight, and physical and mechanical tests were conducted to assess the impact of recycling on the behavior of GSB38. Additionally, to verify its sustainability as an alternative, a comparative environmental analysis was carried out between alternatives with CCR and 100% GSB38. The environmental analysis was modeled using the SimaPro tool, considering a cradle-to-gate approach. Furthermore, the assessment was conducted by applying CML-IA baseline V3.08 / EU25, which assesses 11 impacts. Savings of up to 9% were found in Acidification and Eutrophication impacts when using 10% CCR. Conversely, with 15% CCR, the maximum environmental savings observed were 5% in Eutrophication. Although the inclusion of CCR resulted in environmental improvements, it also led to a decline in mechanical performance, particularly in terms of CBR values. This reduction in strength renders the CCR alternatives unsuitable from a structural perspective. Nevertheless, from an environmental standpoint, the use of CCR represents a promising strategy for the management of rubber waste and contributes to the advancement of more sustainable construction practices, particularly in contexts where waste reuse policies are still under development.

Supermarkets have become a major actor in driving a shift to more sustainable agricultural practices throughout the agri-food value chains, using certification schemes and other instruments known as non-state market driven (NSMD) governance. This paper explores what factors may affect farmers’ willingness to join such mechanism once it is in place, based on the case study of pepper growers in the Arava region in southern Israel. Based on an extensive farmers survey and interviews with other stakeholders in the region, we find that regional characteristics such as export dependency, homogeneity in regional production patterns, prior experience and farm level awareness are tied with NSMD adoption. Adoption is also made possible by the availability of services offering alternative practices to the farmers, and the different ways public policy supports the shift, and in turn is affected by it.

The continuous increase in global freshwater demand highlights desalination technology as one of the most feasible options for addressing global water scarcity. This increase has occurred more rapidly in certain countries owing to certain factors that can influence the development of desalination projects. A survey of 34 international desalination experts was carried out to evaluate the main requirements and most limiting factors for the development of desalination projects in different countries based on a semi-quantitative analysis. The obtained results showed high heterogeneity of environmental and socio-economic requirements across different countries. The main barriers identified for desalination development were the cost of produced water, low financial support, and stringent environmental requirements. We observed that social acceptance of desalination projects is normally high and does not represent a limiting factor for their development. However, low levels of environmental requirements and/or public involvement have been identified as issues and these should be improved in some countries. The knowledge obtained in this research may be used to inform scientific advice and advance toward the sustainable development of desalination projects.

Sustainable manufacturing has emerged as a critical approach to address the growing concerns of energy consumption, environmental degradation, and resource depletion in modern industrial systems. It focuses on minimizing environmental impact while maintaining productivity and economic viability. This review paper aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of sustainable manufacturing practices with a specific emphasis on improving energy efficiency and reducing material waste. The study examines key strategies such as energy-efficient process design, optimization of manufacturing operations, waste minimization techniques, recycling and reuse practices, and the adoption of cleaner production technologies. A systematic review of recent literature has been conducted to evaluate the application of these practices across various manufacturing sectors. The findings indicate that the integration of advanced technologies, including smart monitoring systems, data-driven optimization, and renewable energy sources, significantly enhances energy efficiency and reduces waste generation. Additionally, approaches such as lean manufacturing, life cycle assessment, and circular economy principles play a vital role in achieving sustainable production. However, challenges such as high implementation costs, lack of awareness, and limited technological adoption remain barriers to widespread implementation. This paper contributes by synthesizing existing research, identifying key trends, and highlighting research gaps in sustainable manufacturing. The insights provided can assist researchers and industry practitioners in developing efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally responsible manufacturing systems. The study also emphasizes the need for integrated and scalable solutions to achieve long-term sustainability in manufacturing industries.

Reusing packaging and containers can significantly reduce plastic waste, yet little research has considered whether people are willing to reuse containers, especially as they start to show signs of use. The present research developed a novel method for identifying how worn or dirty a container needs to be before people become unwilling to reuse it and demonstrates how this paradigm can be used to investigate factors that might influence people's willingness to reuse that container. Across four studies, we recruited University staff and students or members of the local and online community and asked them to complete a variation of our paradigm designed to measure their willingness to reuse containers, followed by self-report measures of disgust, concerns about disease, and pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors. The findings demonstrate that: (i) the paradigm can identify the point at which people deem a container unacceptable for reuse, (ii) there is substantial variation in people's thresholds, and (iii) variation can be explained, in part, by individual differences (e.g., feelings of disgust) and contextual factors. This paradigm provides the basis for a scientific study of psychological, physical, and environmental factors that are crucial to the success of reuse models and ultimately, reducing plastic waste.

Concrete production has become a frequent target of studies focusing on sustainability in its production chain, given the successive environmental degradation it causes. That said, the present work aims to investigate sustainability in the context of civil construction through the recycling of solid waste in the manufacture of concrete. The methodology used in the present work encompasses a narrative literature review of scientific articles published in journals from 2019 to 2023 relating to the survey of the types of recyclable waste that contribute to the manufacture of concrete. Glass, pneumatic and construction and demolition waste was explained, which had potential in partially replacing some components of the concrete mix, as well as adding them together with minerals to optimize mechanical results. Therefore, the manufacture of concrete from waste recycling boosts sustainability in the context of civil construction, the saving of natural resources and the sustainable disposal of waste, contributing to the field of study with new technologies related to sustainable development.

This research presents an integrated framework for operational planning of low-power robotic agricultural systems, which combines digital twins, uncertainty modeling with triangular fuzzy numbers, and multi-objective optimization in a coherent structure. The goal is to balance energy consumption, carbon emissions, operational delay, and crop yield under variable and uncertain field conditions. The proposed framework was evaluated using real and simulated data, various operational scenarios, and comparative analyses. The results showed that this approach reduced energy consumption from 248.6 to 191.5 kWh and carbon emissions from 132.4 kg CO2 to 96.8 kg CO2, while increasing crop yield from 148.7 to 178.4 kg/day, compared to the deterministic baseline model. Also, the use of digital twins improved the quality of decision-making in different scenarios by about 6 to 7 percent, and fuzzy modeling significantly increased the stability of results at higher levels of uncertainty. The findings show that the proposed framework can be an effective tool for sustainable, smart, and energy-efficient agriculture.

The paper examines the connection between green entrepreneurial orientation (GEO), green supply chain management (GSCM), and sustainable competitive advantage (SCA) within the resource-based view (RBV). The study aims to analyze the direct correlation between GEO and GSCM, with their two dimensions each, and SCA. It also explores whether the dimensions of GSCM act as mediators in the relationship between GEO and SCA at the firm level. A sample of 185 managers working in textile companies in Pakistan (Karachi, Sialkot, Lahore, and Multan) was surveyed using a stratified random sampling technique. Quantitative methods, including hypothesis testing with PLS-SEM software and descriptive data analysis using SPSS, were employed. The findings show that both GEO and GSCM, along with their respective dimensions, positively impact SCA. Additionally, the study reveals that GSCM, including its dimensions, plays a significant mediating role in the relationship between GEO and SCA. Despite the study's limitations, it contributes to the research on strategic management and sustainable entrepreneurship, extends theories like the Natural Resource-Based View (NRBV), ecological entrepreneurship, and GEO, and offers practical recommendations for enhancing sustainability in Pakistan's textile industry.

Waste tyre is one of the most notable environmental nuisances the world has to contend with today due to its non-biodegradability in nature. The traditional indiscriminate methods employed in disposing these waste materials constitute serious environmental hazards and is severely threatening our health, safety and environment. Therefore, recycling these waste tyres into construction materials serve as a suitable means to properly disposed of this vast amount of used rubber tyres. This work therefore presents a comprehensive review of the engineering properties of recycled waste rubber tyres. used for reinforced composite concrete production in civil infrastructural works. The experimental research method was adopted in this study, where composite concrete of grade 25 in a nominal mix of 1:2:4 with varying proportions of the polymeric chips as partial replacement to coarse aggregates, ranging from 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, up to 60% were used to produce concrete cubes of 150 x 150 x 150mm as specimens and subjected to slump test, and compressive strength test, in order to determine the workability, strength and structural integrity of the concrete. The result of this experiment showed that replacing 5% of natural aggregates with polymeric material in concrete production improved its compressive strength by 3.1%, at 7 days curing and 3.5%. at 28days curing. But with further increment of the polymeric material to 10%, 20% and above, the compressive strength reduced drastically below the minimum permissible levels. It is hereby recommended that to produce a sound composite lightweight concrete with improved compressive strength for structural stability, a moderate percentage, precisely less than 10% of this polymeric material should be used as partial replacement.

A potential route to minimize the environmental impact of industrial activities is, among other approaches, the use of hazardous wastes as less-common raw materials for the preparation of other materials. Realistic technologies for waste management should include simple and lowcost processes as well as the nonproduction of new wastes. Thus, the total conversion of a type of hazardous aluminum waste into zeolite was achieved at the pilot-scale (200 l autoclave reactor) under mild hydrothermal operating conditions. In a one-step process, 3.2 tons of zeolite, 76.4 Nm 3 of ammonia and 105.9 Nm 3 of hydrogen can be produced per ton of aluminum waste. The process does not generate other wastes. The recycling of process effluents (mother liquor and rinse water), along with the process gases capture and its subsequent commercialization, would increase the environmental impact and the economic yield. The obtained Linde type-A zeolite, exhibited structural, textural and morphological characteristics similar to those of zeolites prepared from commercial reagents. A conceptual design for zero-waste process is proposed. The sustainable process developed can contribute to reduce the high environmental impact of aluminum industry waste, and contribute to the circular economy by converting a hazardous waste into a raw material.