Conservation of Wood

Continuamos la entrada anterior dedicada a las bacterias y otras interesantes inmundicias, siempre siguiendo el hilo argumental del libro de Bruno P. Kremer Manual de Microscopía. Como siempre todas las fotos son de un servidor a menos que se diga lo contrario, y en la redacción de esta entrada no hay IA ni nada parecido. En esta entrada vamos a comenzar a explorar la célula eucariota, el ladrillo básico de organismos pluricelulares como el que escribe y suscribe. Como es asunto algo espeso y el libro de Kremer comienza directamente con la interioridad de la célula-es decir, los orgánulos que flotan dentro de ella-quizás sea buena idea intentar observar la célula desde fuera, e ir haciendo zoom de aproximación en próximas entradas del blog. Vamos a contar con otra ayuda importante, nada más y nada menos que del padre de la neurociencia, puto amo de la microscopía vintage, fotógrafo pintoresco, viajero impenitente y lenguaraz por la España ahora despoblada y culturista decimonónico sin creatina ni proteína whey: don Santiago Ramón y Cajal. Tiro de estantería con su publicación más icónica para la descripción de las células animales: los Elementos de histología normal y de técnica micrográfica, que puede consultarse y descargarse en este enlace. El tocho de Cajal Para las células vegetales vamos a tirar del excelente Atlas de Microscopía de Bernís Mateu, ya que resuelve lo que haiga falta del mundo microscópico. Del Atlas de Microscopía Así pues comenzamos con la morfología celular, la forma física de las células que da origen, por acumulación solidaria y ordenada-o desordenada, si incluimos los tumores-, a los tejidos animales y vegetales. Se podría decir que la célula es al tejido como el átomo a la molécula.

RESUMEN La preservación y conservación de bienes de valor histórico y cultural demanda conocimientos, y hoy pocos se encuentran a disposición de las autoridades y técnicos con responsabilidad en el tema. Existe suficiente información a nivel internacional generada por organismos gubernamentales y no gubernamentales, que sumados a los académicos permiten definir un marco teórico sobre el cual trabajar. En el país la información es escasa y/o se encuentra dispersa, no existe normativa nacional sobre el tema. Se han realizado mediciones que muestran que el patrimonio cultural reunido en museos de la región del gran La Plata se encuentran en serio riesgo de degradación.

Folk art includes objects that are items for everyday use and, at the same time, gracefully reflect the Greek artistic point of view, drawing its inspiration from life itself, the environment and its beauties, and local tradition. An 18th c. wood-carved and painted chest coming from the famous wood-carved centers of Epirus in Greece is presented in this study. As the number of studies and the general bibliographical references are limited for these kinds of items, prior to interventive conservation, a protocol of analysis was followed to identify the damages, the construction materials, and previous alterations. The main goal of this study is to identify the component materials using non-destructive techniques. The methodology followed for the documentation of the artifact includes the following: a. digital microscopy to identify damage from insects, different cracks and losses on the gesso and paint surface, corrosion products, etc.; b. 3D imaging using a polycam, with special attention given to the inside decoration of the cap; c. IR and UV photography to identify any previous alterations or signs of alterations in the varnish layers; d. and XRF analysis to identify the three (3) main colors of the chest, such as the blue used extensively as a background, red, and white. Nevertheless, the Greek folklore painting palette is limited, and for this reason, this study can be a foundation for research on similar artifacts.

Analyses of oak heartwood chemical composition were performed. Analyzed wood originated from trees after prolonged influence of variable weather conditions. Results were compared with those obtained on the basis of native oak heartwood. Changes in distribution of extractives and lignin on the cross-section were stated, while distribution of cellulose and 1% NaOH soluble substances were similar to native wood.

يناقش البحث موضوع هام خاص بترميم الآثار الزجاجية، فنظراً لطبيعة الزجاج سهولة الكَسر فكثيراً ما تكون الآثار الزجاجية المستخرجة من الحفائر فى حالة تهشم، ذلك بالإضافة إلى إحتمالية تعرضها للكسر داخل المتاحف والمخازن الأثرية سواء نتج ذلك عن التناول الخاطئ لها أو عن خطأ أثناء الترميم أو عن أسلوب عرض خاطىء للأثر الزجاجى بالمتحف أو غيره.
نجد أن عملية الترميم الأساسية فى هذه الحالة تتمثل فى مرحلتى التجميع والإستكمال، وهنا تكون المادة الأساسية اللازمة لعملية الترميم هى المادة اللاصقة، وتعتبر المواد الإيبوكسية هى أكثر المواد المستخدمة فى تجميع وإستكمال الآثار الزجاجية.
يهدف البحث للتوصل إلى أفضل المواد الأيبوكسية المتاحة بالمتاحف والمواقع الأثرية بمصر بحيث تتناسب للاستخدام فى ترميم الآثار الزجاجية.
ويتناول البحث دراسة خمس مواد إيبوكسية يسهل تواجدها فى المواقع الأثرية والمتاحف بمصر، حيث تقوم فكرة البحث على عمل مقارنة بين تلك المواد من حيث الخصائص الفيزيائية والميكانيكية وأيضاً من حيث نتيجة عمليات التقادم المختلفة، بحيث تم تعريض عينات من تلك المواد للتقادم الصناعى ثم تم عمل مقارنة لحالة العينات قبل وبعد التقادم بحيث تم تقييم التغيرات من خلال جهاز قياس التغير اللونى Colorimeter وتحليل ATR FT-IR.
وتتمثل مراحل العمل فى عمل عينات لكل مادة، وعمل الإختبارات الخاصة بالتعرف على خواص كل مادة، وكذلك القيام بتعريض كل مجموعة من العينات إلى عملية تقادم مختلفة عن الأخرى، حيث تم عمل التقادم الصناعى بأربع تقنيات مختلفة كعوامل للتلف  (تقادم حرارى– تقادم بالرطوبة– تقادم ضوئى Ultraviolet Radiation (UV)– تقادم بالحرارة والرطوبة وأشعة U.V)، بحيث يتم دراسة التغيرات بالعينات على إختلاف تقنيات التقادم، وينتج عن الدراسة التعرف على أفضل المواد المختارة للدراسة.

This study was perform to compare the chemical composition of fossil oak wood and recent oak wood. About 2500 years old fossil oak wood and 100 years old recent oak wood were examined. Samples were gained from the outer wood, middle wood and heartwood on the cross section of three stems (both fossil and recent). Contents of extractives, cellulose, 1 % NaOH soluble substances, lignin and ash were analysed. Additionally, concentrations of elements such as Ca, K, Mg, Fe, Mn, Na, Zn and Cu were examined. The results show that there is lower content of cellulose and higher content of lignin in fossil oak wood in relation to recent wood. There is also much higher amount of calcium and iron, and lower amount of potassium in fossil wood.

Abstract
The research aims to study the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of the skin of the goat and sheep with determining the quality coefficient for both qualitative and natural leather., And formed the research sample of two different material from natural leather "goat skin, and the skin of the sheep" and their relation-ship variables Find a digital needle (16.18), foot compressor (plastic, and has a calf), number    thread (22/3), (42/2), the length of stitch in poison (5,4,3 mm). Use descriptive approach to the experimental relevanceo the objectives of the research, where the study was conducted hardware testing laboratory for physical, chemical and mechanical natural skins for the properties, and in-dustrial sewing machines. Where the study found that the tensile strength of the connection knitting for goat skin when using yarns needle (18) and yarns thread (22/3) and the foot of the compressor plastic and length of the suture (3 mm) was better by a factor of quality (90.29.), In addition to the tensile strength of the connections knitting for sheepskin when using yarns needle (18) and thread yarns (22/3) and the foot of the compressor with the calf and the length of the suture (3 mm) was at least a factor of quality (18.98).

The architectural decorations used in historical buildings are one of the most prominent aspects of distinction and can be cited in introducing and recognizing the style, period, identity and architectural indicators of each period. It seems that the form of execution, style and materials of construction of historical buildings and architectural decorations during historical periods had a direct or indirect relationship with invasion, dominance, maturity of any style and taste, continuity of historical period, exercise of power, type of vision and or change of attitude.
This report is taken from the researcher's case and library studies of building restoration and supervision of the architectural decorations of the Timurid tomb of Qutb al-Din Haidar during the years 2011 to 2023, which led to the creation of important questions in the context of the background, variety of styles and materials used in the basis, diversity of the evidence and layers of decorations.
Allocation of credit and scrutiny in order to prepare the description of practical protection and restoration services in 2023, offers a suitable opportunity to analyze and identify components of the identity of the tangible and intangible heritage of architecture and architectural decorations, which includes different types: discovering the diversity of the lower layers of decorations while Performance, dishes, colors, symbols, motifs, symbols, style, memorabilia of writings and written documents that are connected with the whole collection of Qutbuddin Haider's tomb, architecture, Ribat, surroundings, the secrets of Qutbuddin Haider's mystical personality and the devotion of the citizen. The implementation process and description of services were changed in such a way that the necessity of analyzing hidden angles, preventive protection, introduction and display of evidence of decorations and architecture of the building was built and implemented in the form of a museum display.

La madera al exterior sufre intemperismo, proceso superficial causado principalmente por radiacion solar (UV), humedad relativa, temperatura y precipitaciones, resultando la aparicion de micro-macrogrietas, aspecto rugoso y agrisado superficial. El objetivo fue analizar cualitativamente el comportamiento de 11 recubrientes, aplicados sobre madera de Pinus ponderosa expuesta al exterior en la ciudad de La Plata, Argentina. Se ensayaron 9 productos disponibles en el mercado: 2 esmaltes sinteticos, 3 barnices,3 lasures yun esmalte acrilico,dos productos en desarrollo y un testigo sin recubrir. Se realizaron evaluaciones visuales y registros fotograficos cada 30 dias durante 21 meses, en base a una grilla de 6 variables: cambio de brillo y de color, agrietamientos, manchado de clavos, presencia de mohos y desgaste del recubriente, valoradas en escala de 0 a 4.Transcurridos los 21 meses de exposicion, se observaron diferencias significativas entre los recubrientes, siendo los esmaltes si...

La conservación y restauración del coro de la catedral de Plasencia ha sido resultado de un proyecto de gran envergadura, que incluye gran variedad de procesos, no solo de conservación, sino también de registro y documentación, que duraron dieciséis meses. Este artículo tiene como objetivo, por un lado, divulgar los aspectos más significativos de esta intervención, como los planteamientos éticos de desmontaje, limpieza y reconstrucción, y, por otro, dar a conocer los hallazgos más relevantes
surgidos durante este proceso. Estos hallazgos aportan información no solo sobre su tecnología, sino también sobre las costumbres de uso y mantenimiento de este tipo de muebles litúrgicos de carácter sagrado.

The conservation of the choir of the Cathedral of Plasencia has been the result of a large project, which includes a great variety of processes, not only conservation, but also registration and documentation that lasted sixteen months. This article aims to disseminate the most significant aspects of this intervention on one hand, such as ethical approaches to disassembly, cleaning and reconstruction, and on the other to publicize the most relevant findings arising during this process.
These findings provide information not only on their technology, but also on the customs of use and maintenance of this type of liturgical furniture of a sacred nature.

سابقه و هدف :در دو دهه اخیر، استقبال به استفاده از محصولات زیستی افزایش یافته است. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی اثرات پلاسمای سرد بر خواص فیزیکی و مکانیکی نانوفیلم های تهیه شده از هیدروژل سلولز چوبی و باکتریایی و کیتین انجام شده است. بیوپلیمرهایی که از پلی‌ساکاریدها به دست می‌آیند به علت مزایایی که در محیط زیست دارند و تجزیه زیستی آن‌ها، به طور گسترده‌ای مورد ارزیابی و بررسی قرار گرفته اند. متصل گشته‌اند. مواد و روش‌ها: نانوفیبرهای سلولز چوب سنتز مکانیکی(MCNF) به طور کلی به دلیل سازگاری زیستی، شکل پذیری،فراوانی در طبیعت، خواص ممانعتی عالی و هزینه کم به میزان فراوان مورد استفاده است. نانوفیبرهای سلولز باکتری (BCNF) یک پلیمر است که توسط میکروارگانیسم ها به وجود می‌آید. نانوسلولز باکتری خواص فیزیکی، مکانیکی و شیمیایی مخصوص خود را دارد. کیتین(ChNF) دومین پلیمر طبیعی بعد از سلولز است. کیتین دارای ظرفیت بالای تولید فیلم و خاصیت ضد میکروبی طبیعی دارد که آن را به ماده ای بالقوه برای بهبود ایده‌های جدید در زمینه ترکیبات ضد میکروبی، تبدیل کرده است. تیمار غیرحرارتی پلاسما(پلاسمای سرد)، یک روش مؤثر ...

Norden er milebrent tretjære den tradisjonelle overflatebehandlinga på stavkyrkjer, bordtak og trebåtar. I seinare tid har behovet for tradisjonell milebrent tjære i kulturminnevernet vore større enn produksjonen. Det er sett i gang fleire prosjekt for å stimulere til auka produksjon av tradisjonell milebrent tjære.1 Dette er ikkje unikt for vår tid, også i tidlegare tider har ein arbeidd for å stimulere til auka produksjon av tjære og sikre kvaliteten på produktet.

Tjære er brukt til ulike føremål i «all tid», og det er ikkje komplisert å produsere mindre mengder til eige bruk. Produksjon av tjære er avhengig av mange ulike faktorar som t.d. tilgang på tjærerøter, avsetning og pris på produktet, arbeidskraft og kompetanse. Korleis har vilkåra for tjærebrenning endra seg og kva faktorar har verka inn på utviklinga som vi har sett i tidlegare tider?

1 2-Retaining Walls 2-1NTRODUCTION Structures that are built to retain vertical or nearly vertical earth banks or any other material are called retaining walls. Retaining walls may retain water also. The earth retained may be natural soil or fill. Some of the purposes for which retaining walls are used are shown in figure (2-1). Figure (2-1) Use of retaining walls 2-2 Classification of the Retaining wall Retaining wall can be classified according to the following: 2-2-1 Classification of the Retaining Wall According to Mechanism of load Support Retaining wall according to mechanism of load support can be classified to two types: ‫أ‬. ‫م‬. ‫د‬ / ‫مؤمن‬ ‫السيد‬ ‫عبد‬ ‫الرءوف‬-‫أستاذ‬ ‫مساعد‬ ‫ميكانيكا‬ ‫التربة‬ ‫واألساسات‬-‫هندسة‬ ‫األزهر‬

En una primera etapa de nuestro estudio, se obtuvieron polímeros de sacarosa funcionalizados (PSU) utilizando, como método de síntesis, la irradiación ultrasónica. Los productos (PSU-1 y PSU-2) fueron caracterizados para evaluar su posible uso como material adhesivo. Los resultados alcanzados por FTIR, Calorimetría Diferencial de Barrido y ensayos preliminares físico mecánicos permitieron en una segunda etapa, modificar propiedades a partir de la modulación del segmento blando de la reacción con vistas a mejorar parámetros que influyen en la adhesividad, teniendo en cuenta la influencia que ejercen las formas de las moléculas en las propiedades físicomecánicas de los compuestos de alto peso molecular.

AbstractAmong the forest diseases, fungi are the most important factors that cause irreparable losses to the wood in standing trees and logs. Fungi are the cause of contamination and decay of trees and timbers in forest or in the stock of factories. Decayed woods are one of the biomass resources and a great amount of decayed woods in the forests are not viable. In this study some experiments were conducted in order to investigate the effect of Coriolus versicolor decay on compounds obtained from beech wood (Fagus orientalis L.) pyrolysis and preparation of various and valuable chemicals. Separation and identification of chemical compounds in sound wood and decayed wood of beech was conducted by using pyrolysis method at 500° C and in nitrogen atmosphere. Separation and identification of extracted chemical compounds was carried out using sailylation of these compounds by N, O-bis (trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide and also using Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry method. Total...

La termita es un insecto que vive en una sociedad dividida en varias castas, con funciones específicas dentro de la colonia. Ha aparecido recientemente en el mercado un nuevo método para lograr la eliminación de las colonias de termitas: SENTRI TECH. Aprovecha la biología y el comportamiento social de la termita para alimentar a la colonia mediante cebos que contienen un regulador de crecimiento. Además, el sistema ofrece un control regular de los edificios protegidos.

The aim of this study is to estimate changes of color of wall paintings under the influence of one of the basic conservation procedures, that is, paint layer consolidation due to degradation of the original binder. Since the 1960s, wall paintings have been consolidated almost routinely with synthetic polymers. As the research on the subject progressed, many flaws of these products were observed. Extensive research was conducted with the aim of determining the actual impact of synthetic binders on paint layer properties. The article discusses the results from only one group of tests associated with color change measurements. Three painting techniques were selected for the study, representing a variety of original techniques common in Poland: lime, lime casein, and animal glue, as well as five commercial synthetic products predominantly employed for painting consolidation by the Polish conservation community. We are focusing on color changes taking place as a result of consolidation and subsequent from the progress of degradation.

The aim of this study is to estimate changes of color of wall paintings under the influence of one of the basic conservation procedures, that is, paint layer consolidation due to degradation of the original binder. Since the 1960s, wall paintings have been consolidated almost routinely with synthetic polymers. As the research on the subject progressed, many flaws of these products were observed. Extensive research was conducted with the aim of determining the actual impact of synthetic binders on paint layer properties. The article discusses the results from only one group of tests associated with color change measurements. Three painting techniques were selected for the study, representing a variety of original techniques common in Poland: lime, lime casein, and animal glue, as well as five commercial synthetic products predominantly employed for painting consolidation by the Polish conservation community. We are focusing on color changes taking place as a result of consolidation and subsequent from the progress of degradation.

In 2008, a late-12th-century merchant ship was discovered off the commercial port of Rhodes. The vessel caught fire before sinking and thus numerous hull timbers were found charred. Three main degrees of charring have been recorded that presented major chemical differences which indicated different conservation requirements. This study investigated the correlation between the chemistry of the waterlogged timbers and their physico-mechanical properties, to assist in the development of an appropriate conservation strategy. Scanning electron microscopy documented the morphology of charred, semi-charred and uncharred samples. Moisture content and density were measured gravimetrically, while porosity was evaluated using mercury intrusion porosimetry. Hardness was assessed using a modified Janka test and a penetrometer. The results obtained showed that differences in chemistry were highly correlated to the physico-mechanical properties of the timbers. The charred wood presented the lowest moisture content, shrinkage and porosity among the three charring conditions and it also had the highest density, Janka hardness and resistance to penetration. The exact reverse properties were recorded for the uncharred material, which was typical of badly preserved, waterlogged wood. The semi-charred wood presented transitional features. These results indicate that the uncharred wood is in need of consolidation, in contrast to the charred and semi-charred material, which may be left to air-dry untreated.

The present study refers to the characterization of one product (PSU) with a view to evaluating its possible applications in encapsulation for the controlled release systems. The PSU was subjected to oral toxicity study and assay by differentials scanning calorimetry (DSC). We evaluated physique and chemists parameters of it besides the influence of PSU when we used it as adhesive or shells. The obtained results allowed us to suggest the necessary modifications to achieve the proposed objectives.

Principles of Ichnoarchaeology: new frontiers for studying past times-Since its origins, Archaeology has evolved by interaction with other disciplines, and, in particular, the earth Sciences have provided major tools for archaeological analysis. Among the branches of earth Sciences, ichnology represents a new, promising field for application in Archaeology. the present work explores the application of ichnological methods and themes in Archaeology, as ichnoarchaeology. Despite case studies on archaeological traces, a uniform, consistent approach has been lacking. As a consequence, archaeologists are still not taking full advantage of traces. this study aims to establish a basis for a coherent, uniform framework by presenting the major themes of ichnoarchaeology through state-of-the-art case studies. it demonstrates the potential for the study of archaeological traces, and encourages collaboration among scientists of different fields to deepen the knowledge of our cultural heritage. riASSunto-Principi dell'Icnoarcheologia: nuove frontiere per studiare il passato-Fin dalle sue origini, l'Archeologia si è evoluta interagendo con altre discipline; in particolare le Scienze della terra hanno fornito importanti strumenti per l'analisi archeologica. Fra i rami delle Scienze della terra, l'icnologia rappresenta un nuovo e promettente campo di applicazione in Archeologia. Questo articolo esplora l'icnoarcheologia, ovverosia l'applicazione di tematiche e metodi icnologici in Archeologia. Sebbene esistano già diversi studi sulle tracce archeologiche, finora manca un approccio uniforme all'argomento: di conseguenza gli archeologi non stanno traendo pieno vantaggio dalle tracce. Questo studio mira a stabilire una base logica e uniforme all'icnoarcheologia, presentando le sue tematiche principali attraverso casi di studio da manuale. vuole inoltre dimostrare le potenzialità dello studio delle tracce archeologiche e incoraggia la collaborazione fra scienziati di campi differenti per approfondire la conoscenza del nostro patrimonio culturale.

Principles of Ichnoarchaeology: new frontiers for studying past times-Since its origins, Archaeology has evolved by interaction with other disciplines, and, in particular, the earth Sciences have provided major tools for archaeological analysis. Among the branches of earth Sciences, ichnology represents a new, promising field for application in Archaeology. the present work explores the application of ichnological methods and themes in Archaeology, as ichnoarchaeology. Despite case studies on archaeological traces, a uniform, consistent approach has been lacking. As a consequence, archaeologists are still not taking full advantage of traces. this study aims to establish a basis for a coherent, uniform framework by presenting the major themes of ichnoarchaeology through state-of-the-art case studies. it demonstrates the potential for the study of archaeological traces, and encourages collaboration among scientists of different fields to deepen the knowledge of our cultural heritage. riASSunto-Principi dell'Icnoarcheologia: nuove frontiere per studiare il passato-Fin dalle sue origini, l'Archeologia si è evoluta interagendo con altre discipline; in particolare le Scienze della terra hanno fornito importanti strumenti per l'analisi archeologica. Fra i rami delle Scienze della terra, l'icnologia rappresenta un nuovo e promettente campo di applicazione in Archeologia. Questo articolo esplora l'icnoarcheologia, ovverosia l'applicazione di tematiche e metodi icnologici in Archeologia. Sebbene esistano già diversi studi sulle tracce archeologiche, finora manca un approccio uniforme all'argomento: di conseguenza gli archeologi non stanno traendo pieno vantaggio dalle tracce. Questo studio mira a stabilire una base logica e uniforme all'icnoarcheologia, presentando le sue tematiche principali attraverso casi di studio da manuale. vuole inoltre dimostrare le potenzialità dello studio delle tracce archeologiche e incoraggia la collaborazione fra scienziati di campi differenti per approfondire la conoscenza del nostro patrimonio culturale.

Investigations were carried out on the contemporary wood of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) recovered following a two-year period of deposition in conditions of a wet archaeological site in Biskupin. The impact of the natural environment on the ex-amined wood was assessed on the basis of: its infestation by microorganisms, mass loss, selected physical properties and chemical composition. The comparison of the investi-gated parameters revealed small differences of the examined characteristics of pinewood subjected to the two-year long experiment.

A large number of wall paintings suffer from many aspects of deterioration such as cracking, surface powdering, losing painted layers and forming colored stains due to biological or salt effects. Surface consolidation, directed to achieve cohesion and stability, is based on the use of materials with aggregating properties. Two products (Paraloid B-72 and SILRES® BS OH 100) were selected to evaluate their efficiency for consolidation treatments of painted surfaces of Hawsh al-Basha courtyard dating back to Mohammed Ali's family period (1805-1952) in Egypt. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy with Attenuation Total Reflection (FTIR-ATR) and Colorimetric measurements were used in performing the study. The results showed that the stability of the consolidants depended on the chemical composition of the pigments.