Development Journalism

The past decade has seen an armorial growth of the influence of social media on many aspects of people’s lives. Social networking sites, especially Facebook, play a substantial role in framing popular view through its contents. This article explores the impact of visuals, especially photos and videos, published in social media during social movements. Importantly that some visuals received attention in social media during agitations which later got featured or become news in print, electronic and online news portal media as well. Some of the visuals later proved to be edited or fabricated contents which created confusion among participants in this research and beyond. The confusion has contributed to the acceleration or shrinkage of the movement in question in many cases. The center of this article is to examine how social media visuals influence people’s visual communication during social movements. Additionally, it digs out the user’s activity on social media during movements.

Development Journalism (DJ) and Peace Journalism (PJ) are deeply interconnected, with some scholars viewing Peace Journalism as a specialized dimension of Development Journalism. Both models reject the "neutral observer" stance of traditional Western journalism in favor of a socially responsible, proactive role in shaping societal progress. The result was the theoretical background for Development Journalism and Communications as a Generic Theory (often referred to as the "Fifth Theory of the Press") is rooted in the unique socio-economic and political realities of developing nations, primarily emerging in the 1960s and 1970s. The transition of Development Journalism from state-controlled "Government Say So" reporting to a model of editorial independence occurred primarily the late 1970s. .The theoretical transition began in 1979 when scholar Narinder Aggarwala redefined the concept. He argued that instead of just reporting government success stories, development journalists must "critically examine, evaluate and report" on the effectiveness of projects. This established a professional mandate to act independently. 1989 to Present (Global Expansion): The practice of investigative reporting within development contexts grew dramatically after the fall of communism in 1989. Developing countries integrated investigative reporting into their national development journalism policies to serve as a watchdog over government actions and corruption.

Our main goal is to study the changes and evolution of the curriculums that trained journalists for more than 80 years' experience within the history of Mongolian journalism education. Journalism training in Mongolia, which began in the middle of the 20th century, based on the social and political theories and concepts of the Socialist system. However, in 1990, when Mongolia chose Democracy, the theory, methodology, and concepts of that education underwent radical changes and were reformed. The authors compared all the curriculums and determined the changes and evolutions.

The establishment of the United Nations in 1945 marked a pivotal moment in institutional liberalism, reflecting the global commitment to multilateralism, conflict resolution, peacebuilding, and collective security within the framework of global governance. The UN sought to cultivate a culture of peacemaking in which the principles of human rights and the values of peacebuilding were grounded in justice and publicly affirmed. A culture of peace involves instilling the skills and attitudes necessary to recognize and resolve potential

For many, if not most, farmers growing grapefruits in Vietnam, the BBC
or the Daily Mail must sound like something abstract from a far-flung
place. That was, until the summer of 2007. As their newly harvested
fruits landed in local markets around the country, news broke in several
Vietnamese newspapers that a new American study had found that
grapefruit consumption could cause breast cancer among postmenopausal
women. These stories were translated and adapted from
two British stories – “Grapefruit link to cancer” on the BBC News website
and “Eating grapefruit can increase breast cancer risk by a third” in the
Daily Mail. Soon afterwards, the local grapefruit market collapsed, with
consumers boycotting the fruit out of fear and its price plummeting to
10% or even less of what it had been before the news.
Leaving aside errors in the UK reports that were not heeded by those
who regurgitated them in Vietnamese (which we will discuss later), a
quick fact check would have revealed that the grapefruit sample in the
American study is a species that is not grown in Vietnam. When this was
later discovered, four Vietnamese news titles were fined for carelessly
publishing the stories. By then, however, the damage had been done,
especially to the many poor local farmers who had suffered huge
economic losses from the media-induced boycott. According to one
estimate, one single province in the Mekong Delta lost VND 100 billion
(around USD 600,000 at the time) to those stories – a hefty price tag for
Vietnamese farmers.

This saga, uncovered in our research into Vietnamese science
journalism over the past decade, is one of many examples showing how
24/7 global news can cause immediate damages to seemingly
disconnected communities around the world. What is rather ironic here
is the nature of the news subject – a scientific study that aimed to
contribute to the welfare of humanity. Of course, the research itself was
not to blame: the culprit lay in the way it was represented in the global
news system, first in English-language news outlets and then, through
translation, in Vietnamese ones. Of interest in this chapter is the widely
observed but largely uncharted issue at the heart of global science
communication: the heavy dependence of the media of the Global South
on science news and information sources from the Global North. From
Africa and the Middle East to South America and developing parts of
Asia, a large proportion of science news consumed in the South has
been found to be translated or, at best, synthesised from foreign
sources, especially media outlets based in the North. Although this
science news structure bears many long- and short-term implications for
local and global development, it has rarely been studied in any depth.

Using Vietnam as a case in point, this chapter will review the current
state, causes and consequences of the over-reliance on foreign science
sources in the Global South before offering some thoughts on potential
solutions to the problem. To do so, we will extract recent research data
from our content analysis of science news in Vietnamese online media
during 2017 and 2018 and draw on in-depth interviews with over 40
Vietnamese science journalists and news executives conducted
between 2012 and 2020.1 In what follows, we will first examine the
nature and causes of the over-reliance on foreign news before
considering its short-term and long-term consequences for countries in
the Global South, as well as the prospects of more independent science
journalism emerging in the future. In microcosm, such reliance is a
double-edged sword: while it helps enhance general awareness and
understanding of global science developments amongst people in the
Global South, it can have negative consequences that extend far beyond
short-term damages like the grapefruit story. The most significant of
these is the colonial legacies embedded and reinforced in this science
news dependency, which can be seen as part of a neo-colonial structure
of knowledge dependency. The situation, we will conclude, can be more
or less improved with a reform of journalistic approaches to science
topics and a strong capacity building agenda for science journalism in
the Global South.

This introductory paper will (a) review the intersection between science, journalism and development from a historical perspective, (b) propose normative directions for science journalism of the Global South, (c) contrast that normative framework with the rather weak state of science journalism across the South, (d) identify potential solutions to current problems, and (e) propose a research agenda for the future. Throughout, I will advance a framework of theoretical and practical principles to transform the science–journalism–development relationship in the Global South, which entails four normative dimensions: glocalisation, decolonisation, indigenisation and dewesternisation.

Despite high expectations of their normative roles in development processes, Vietnamese science journalists interviewed for this research essay find it extrememly hard to enact such roles, facing an uphill battle to establish science as a legitimate news beat. This results from a diverse set of internal impediments (particularly a science-unfriendly news culture and low ethical standards) and external obstacles, including political control and low cooperation of local scientists. Placing these findings in the wider context, we demonstrate that Vietnam illuminates many troublesome characteristics of science journalism in the Global South and make some recommendations for improving the status quo.

This study investigates how the Ghana News Agency (GNA) and Joy News Online covered the COVID-19 pandemic from January 2020 to December 2021, using a qualitative content analysis approach informed by Framing Theory. The research analyzed news articles from both outlets, focusing on themes such as public health, economic impacts, government responses, and social consequences of the pandemic. The study found that while both outlets addressed similar core issues, Joy Online emphasized government accountability and transparency more strongly, whereas the GNA's coverage was more focused on factual updates and promoting government measures without extensive critique. Data was gathered through content analysis, with inclusion criteria that focused on articles directly related to COVID-19 and exclusion criteria that filtered out unrelated content. The analysis revealed that the framing strategies used by both platforms influenced public perception, emotional engagement, and behavior during the pandemic. The findings suggest the importance of balanced and accurate media coverage in health crises. The study recommends that media outlets strive for balanced framing, collaborate with health experts, and actively combat misinformation to enhance public health communication and foster informed decision-making. This research emphasizes the need for transparent and consistent messaging, with a call for further studies on the role of media in framing future health crises.

This thesis examines conflict reporting in Fiji, an ethnically and politically divided Pacific island country debilitated by four socially and economically devastating coups between 1987 and 2006. Like media in some other developing countries, the Fiji media stand accused of exacerbating societal tensions through ill-informed, inflammatory journalism. This has had major repercussions for freedom of speech and good governance, with governments often citing media's alleged role in aggravating conflict as justification for the introduction of punitive Media Industry Development Decree in 2010. Pacific media lacks in-depth scholarly investigation, and consequently this Fiji-Publications during candidature Peer-reviewed papers Singh, S. (2013). Responsible conflict reporting: Rethinking the role of journalism in Fiji and other troubled Pacific societies. Pacific Journalism Review, 19(1), 111-131. Singh, S. (2012). Investigative journalism: Challenges, perils, rewards in seven Pacific Island countries. Pacific Journalism Review, 18(1), 83-104. Singh, S. (2011). Peace journalism, media objectivity and Western news values in fragile Pacific island states: Reflections from Pacific island journos. The Journal of Pacific Studies, 31(2), 259-276. No publications included. No contributions by others. None. v First and foremost, I am greatly indebted to my principal supervisor, Dr Levi Obijiofor, for his guidance and support. I benefitted immensely from his vast experience and knowledge, and his precise and thought-provoking feedback, all of which broadened my horizons and enriched the thesis. My profound gratitude also goes to my associate supervisor, Associate Professor Pradip Thomas, for sharing his wisdom and knowledge. His incisive comments, useful suggestions and scholarly advice proved invaluable. As a team, or individually, Levi and Pradip proved to be towers of strength for the successful completion of the research. My sincere thanks also to The University of the South Pacific and the University of Queensland for the scholarships that made this study possible. I am appreciative of the instrumental role played by the Dean of the Faculty of Arts, Law and Education, Dr Akanisi Kedrayate, and USP's former Deputy Vice-Chancellor, Dr Esther Williams. My heartfelt appreciation to my friend and colleague, Professor David Robie, for introducing me to the challenging world of academia, and for supporting me ever since. I acknowledge another close friend, Dr Som Prakash, for his backing over the years, and for his motivation, particularly in the critical, early stages of this study. I especially thank Professor Biman Chand Prasad for his friendship, hospitality, encouragement, support and collaborations on joint publications. My gratitude also goes to Barbara Hau'ofa for reading this thesis and for her incisive feedback. Before entering academia, I was a journalist. I was fortunate to have worked with the best in the field, in particular, Mr Vijendra Kumar, the former editor of the Fiji Times, Mr Yashwant Gaunder, the founder of The Review, and Mr Jale Moala, another former editor of the Fiji Times. I thank them for the guidance, the ideas and the opportunities, and for inspiring my journalism. I am also obliged to Lesley Bryant for her special support and friendship. Her passion and commitment for the Pacific is both moving and inspirational. On a more personal level, I express my sincere gratitude to my cousin Shirley Smart (nee Ramrakha), for her crucial support. My deepest love and gratitude goes to my family -Rosemary, Shane, Chermayne, Shawn and Shania -to whom I dedicate this thesis. Their nearness, their forbearance, and their unconditional support were a constant source of strength and succour throughout this often challenging yet fulfilling and gratifying journey.

This article moots the idea of ‘responsible conflict reporting’ in Fiji and the South Pacific. Prolonged conflict, including three coups since 1987, has resulted in a pattern of social and economic decline in Fiji. In Melanesia as a whole, internal conflict is seen as a major security threat. The proposed responsible conflict reporting framework can be seen as a response to these longstanding trends and concerns. The framework is informed by various concepts in conflict resolution, peace-building, peace journalism and development journalism. By fusing the appropriate themes from these related but disparate frameworks, responsible conflict reporting goes beyond typical media interventions that focus mostly on current ‘hot conflicts’ without adequately addressing their long-term, structural causes.

This thesis examines conflict reporting in Fiji, an ethnically and politically divided Pacific island country debilitated by four socially and economically devastating coups between 1987 and 2006. Like media in some other developing countries, the Fiji media stand accused of exacerbating societal tensions through ill-informed, inflammatory journalism. This has had major repercussions for freedom of speech and good governance, with governments often citing media's alleged role in aggravating conflict as justification for the introduction of punitive Media Industry Development Decree in 2010. Pacific media lacks in-depth scholarly investigation, and consequently this Fiji-Publications during candidature Peer-reviewed papers Singh, S. (2013). Responsible conflict reporting: Rethinking the role of journalism in Fiji and other troubled Pacific societies. Pacific Journalism Review, 19(1), 111-131. Singh, S. (2012). Investigative journalism: Challenges, perils, rewards in seven Pacific Island countries. Pacific Journalism Review, 18(1), 83-104. Singh, S. (2011). Peace journalism, media objectivity and Western news values in fragile Pacific island states: Reflections from Pacific island journos. The Journal of Pacific Studies, 31(2), 259-276. No publications included. No contributions by others. None. v First and foremost, I am greatly indebted to my principal supervisor, Dr Levi Obijiofor, for his guidance and support. I benefitted immensely from his vast experience and knowledge, and his precise and thought-provoking feedback, all of which broadened my horizons and enriched the thesis. My profound gratitude also goes to my associate supervisor, Associate Professor Pradip Thomas, for sharing his wisdom and knowledge. His incisive comments, useful suggestions and scholarly advice proved invaluable. As a team, or individually, Levi and Pradip proved to be towers of strength for the successful completion of the research. My sincere thanks also to The University of the South Pacific and the University of Queensland for the scholarships that made this study possible. I am appreciative of the instrumental role played by the Dean of the Faculty of Arts, Law and Education, Dr Akanisi Kedrayate, and USP's former Deputy Vice-Chancellor, Dr Esther Williams. My heartfelt appreciation to my friend and colleague, Professor David Robie, for introducing me to the challenging world of academia, and for supporting me ever since. I acknowledge another close friend, Dr Som Prakash, for his backing over the years, and for his motivation, particularly in the critical, early stages of this study. I especially thank Professor Biman Chand Prasad for his friendship, hospitality, encouragement, support and collaborations on joint publications. My gratitude also goes to Barbara Hau'ofa for reading this thesis and for her incisive feedback. Before entering academia, I was a journalist. I was fortunate to have worked with the best in the field, in particular, Mr Vijendra Kumar, the former editor of the Fiji Times, Mr Yashwant Gaunder, the founder of The Review, and Mr Jale Moala, another former editor of the Fiji Times. I thank them for the guidance, the ideas and the opportunities, and for inspiring my journalism. I am also obliged to Lesley Bryant for her special support and friendship. Her passion and commitment for the Pacific is both moving and inspirational. On a more personal level, I express my sincere gratitude to my cousin Shirley Smart (nee Ramrakha), for her crucial support. My deepest love and gratitude goes to my family -Rosemary, Shane, Chermayne, Shawn and Shania -to whom I dedicate this thesis. Their nearness, their forbearance, and their unconditional support were a constant source of strength and succour throughout this often challenging yet fulfilling and gratifying journey.

Vydanie vysokoškolskej učebnice bolo schválené Edičnou radou Univerzity sv. Cyrila a Metoda v Trnave a Vedeckou radou Fakulty masmediálnej komunikácie Univerzity sv. Cyrila a Metoda v Trnave. Vysokoškolská učebnica vznikla z riešenia projektu podporného Fondu pre podporu výskumu na Univerzite sv. Cyrila a Metoda v Trnave (FPPV) číslo FPPV-17-2023 názvom "Vydanie učebnice pre začínajúcich rozhlasových reportérov".

El presente artículo caracteriza las relaciones entre periodistas y fuentes que subyacen en la construcción del relato mediático sobre las migraciones en España. En particular, se indaga en papel fundamental que juegan las fuentes ciudadanas distinguiendo entre personas migrantes y organizaciones del tercer sector. A partir de la revisión documental y de entrevistas en profundidad a 25 periodistas especializados en migraciones y derechos humanos, el trabajo estudia los usos y relaciones de cooperación y conflicto que existen con estas fuentes abordando el objeto desde una perspectiva cualitativa escasamente explorada en el campo. Los resultados revelan la necesidad de establecer redes permanentes de afinidad, si bien evitando recaer en las relaciones clientelares que a veces caracterizan al ámbito.

The period from 2000 to 2025 witnessed significant transformations in the Marathi newspaper industry. These changes encompassed technological advancements, shifts in journalistic practices, and evolving reader expectations. This article reviews the evolution of Marathi newspapers across five-year phases, analyzing key developments, technological integration, and challenges posed by digital media and artificial intelligence (AI).

This chapter aims to explore the extent to which the Colombian media system conforms to the captured liberal model, drawing on documentary research on its contemporary developments. It argues that although the Colombian case conforms to features of the captured liberal model, it contains particularities that we will categorize as besieged neoliberal model. Neoliberal, rather than liberal, given the dynamics of ownership of the dominant media against parallel systems of state, public interest, community, and alternative media. Besieged, rather than captured, because even though media and journalists in Colombia have faced brutal pressures from official, factual, and illegal powers aiming to silence freedom of expression, a liberal, reformist and democratic ethos prevails among journalists. Such ethos has allowed the emergence of collaborative journalism initiatives, public information proposals and alternative communication projects in favour of peace, the environment, human rights, the control of power and other progressive agendas. Many of these projects come from civil society organizations, associations and collectives of independent journalists that today resist the practices of capture and siege carried out by economic, political, and illegal actors including left-wing guerrillas, dissident groups from former left-wing guerrillas and right-wing paramilitaries, and criminal gangs and organizations.

Latinský výrok hovorí: "Básnik sa básnikom nestáva, rodí sa nim." K tomu, aby sa niekto stal básnikom, musí byť obdarovaný talentom, povolaný, nemožno sa to naučiť. Napriek celej škále odlišností a rozdielov je to podobné aj v prípade žurnalistiky, ktorá je druhom povolania a kto chce dobre plniť povinnosti spojené s touto profesiou, nemôže ju považovať len za nejaké zamestnanie. Celý pôvab tejto práce 1, ale zároveň aj náročnosť 2 spočíva v tom, že novinárom človek neprestáva byť o 15.00 alebo 17.00 hodine. Človek vykonávajúci túto prácu sa nemôže uspokojiť s polovičatosťou: alebo sa jej oddáva bezo zvyšku, alebo v skutočnosti vôbec nie je novinárom. A tak práca -ponímaná ako povolanie -vypĺňa žurnalistovi 24 hodín denne a 365 dní v roku. Zahŕňa nielen fyzickú sféru života, ale tiež to, čo inšpiruje, zabáva, to, čo omína a predstavuje dôvod pre nepokoj. Žurnalistika je veľmi zodpovednou a náročnou úlohou. Irena Tetelowska tvrdí, že "žurnalistická práca sa delí na dve kategórie: tvorivosť a remeslo. Všade tam, kde je potrebný neprenášateľný, metodicky neopakujúci sa prvok ľudského talentu, hovoríme o tvorivosti; všade tam, kde sa činnosti, ktoré si kladú za cieľ čosi vyprodukovať, dajú naučiť, hovoríme o remesle. Uvedomujúc si, že nie každý obuvník dostáva za svoje topánky medzinárodnú cenu, ako aj to, že remeslu nie je cudzia pravda ,zlatých ručičiek´, môžeme vo všeobecnosti povedať, že topánky, v ktorých chodíme, nerobili nositelia ocenení, ale nám slúžia a nie sú príčinou otlakov. Avšak k sceľovaniu a systematizácii vedomostí, k pre-1

Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming journalism worldwide, but much of the discussion focuses on developments in the Global North. This article, based on findings from a recent report authored for the Thomson Reuters Foundation, examines how AI is being used in newsrooms across Latin America, Africa, and Asia. Drawing on a survey of journalists and media professionals, the piece explores both the opportunities AI presents—such as automating transcription, translation, and data-driven reporting—and the challenges, including misinformation risks, ethical concerns, and infrastructure limitations. The study highlights the ways in which newsrooms in the Global South are innovating with AI, often in ways overlooked in mainstream global discussions. By shedding light on these unique applications and challenges, this work contributes to a more inclusive understanding of AI’s impact on journalism and media sustainability worldwide.

Journalism has over the years invited distrust, scorn, cynicism, even sheer revulsion, from the general public. This is especially so with fraudulent reporting on the rise, such as the one committed by New York Times reporter Jayson Blair in 2003. Investigative journalism of the 'Watergate' type seems to have faded to the extent that it would take concerted effort by journalism educators to 'excite' students into taking up journalism as a career.

In the age of information society, having ethical journalists in all media houses is indispensible for the people to exercise the right to know the truth. As one can easily guess, truth or information gives people power. This power intern can transform the society in to a new level of development. This power can also enable society to entertain democracy. Ethical journalists are the one who facilitates this power to be used by the people. When journalists become unable to accomplish this role, the society will label journalists and the profession as a whole ‘untrustworthy and dishonesty’. In order journalists to play their role effectively, journalists ought to fulfill six elements of the profession; that are truthfulness, accuracy, objectivity, impartiality, fairness, and public accountability. This study therefore tries to see whether Ethiopian journalists strive to preserve these standards or not. It also aims at finding or understanding the states of plagiarism, fabrication, unb...

Provincial journalists play a vital role in gathering news from a specific geographical area and sending
it to a main newsroom in a particular media station. Moreover, the provincial journalists have to face
several challenges in their profession in gathering, sending and publishing news. Therefore, the study
is carried out to investigate the challenges faced by the provincial journalists in Sri Lanka in terms of
television news using the Motivational System Theory (MST). The interviews were conducted with
twenty provincial journalists covering almost all the districts in Sri Lanka. The qualitative data were
thematically analyzed. The results showed the personal and institutional factors affecting the news
coverage of provincial journalists. In other words, the provincial journalists faced challenges due to
several personal and institutional factors. Moreover, at the institutional level, the provincial journalists
faced several challenges such as delayed and inadequate payments, working for several media stations
simultaneously without having proper payments, low professional recognition, inadequate welfare
schemes, training, resources and awareness given by the media stations, no proper recruitment
procedure, political influence, newsroom agenda, violating ethical journalism standards, male dominate
news coverage and less female representation etc. On the other hand, personal factors such as less
qualifications, education, training, resources, motivation and skills are also negatively affecting
provincial journalism. Therefore, it is important to establish a proper work culture to uplift the
profession of the provincial journalists. Moreover, the responsible parties should provide the required
resources, facilities, payments, opportunities, guidance, training, and awareness, proper recruitment
procedure to create a professional and encouraging work environment for provincial journalists in Sri
Lanka. It is also essential to maintain gender equality and ethical standards to establish a healthy and
positive work environment for provincial journalists. 
Keywords: provincial journalists, TV news, personal and institutional challenges, Sri Lanka

This study investigates the themes that discursively construct the COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya's newspaper headlines, specifically focusing on their role in structuring communication related to the COVID-19 pandemic. While prior research has examined news discourse in various contexts, thematic analysis in Kenya's news reporting has received limited attention. The study examines 59 COVID-19-related headlines drawn from The Standard and the Daily Nation newspapers. The methodology draws from the Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) model, and specifically employs the Top-Down Approach of sampling texts as espoused by Mautner. Van Dijk argues that those who control discourse indirectly manipulate people's thoughts and actions. This observation is corroborated by the study's findings which reveal that Kenya's print media shaped the COVID-19 discourse through the choice and framing of themes such as bondage, death, economy, education and COVID-19 research and search for vaccines. The analysis shows that Kenya's print media largely constructed the themes in a negative way and this created a sense of crisis and fear among the populace. These feelings of fear and crisis were heightened because the themes encapsulate the things that are dear to Kenyans and which were under threat because of COVID-19. Proactive measures such as online learning during the pandemic were almost wholly excluded from the COVID-19 discourse. The media created unequal power relation with the readership by constructing itself as the reservoir of knowledge about COVID-19. The reader was positioned as subordinate and in dire need of guidance. This was an important discursive strategy for legitimizing the authority of the media about the pandemic. It is hoped that this study will make significant contribution to the fields of discourse, communication and media, as it reveals how media discourse plays a key role in shaping our understanding of pandemics.

While journalism scholarship has extensively investigated the actors shaping news content, there is a paucity of research on how different factors influence newspaper editorial agendas for sustainable development issues. To bridge the gap, this longitudinal study examines newspaper editorials during two distinct periods in a developing country: T1, when the SDGs were adopted in 2015, and T2, when two state officials with a prodevelopment agenda came into power in 2018. A quantitative content analysis was performed on (N = 11,453) editorials collected from six mainstream Pakistani newspapers published in English and Urdu languages. Results suggest that the SDGs' launch year failed to influence editorialists to sufficiently emphasize human development issues. However, when powerful news sources, prioritizing sustainable development over internal and external disputes, discussed these issues, their influential positions and government public relations support steered editorialists to shift focus from conflict-oriented content to human development. Concurrently, editorialists, though sporadically, also functioned as advocate journalists. Under the influence of this professional role, they allocated more coverage to issues such as rising inflation and unemployment, reflecting the hardships faced by common people, despite attempts by powerful sources to downplay these public concerns. This role positioned them as key influencers in shaping the editorial agenda.

The debacle of conventional broadcast media, in spanning and drawing the local communities has stimulated the mandate of Community Broadcasting. Through the times, communal media has risen as a feasible alternative option to the conventional and recognized media. A highly sought-after kind of civic broadcasting is the 'Community Radio', and it is fervently utilized and functioned in a community, intended for the community and by members of the community. As the public service broadcaster in India, All India Radio offers the best radio programming. Nowadays, private FM radio stations are considered to be second-tier. The third tier, community radio, promises to be the most accessible. The reach of community radio in India has significantly increased over the past 20 years. In the country today, there are more than 350 active community radio stations, the majority of which serve rural areas. In community radio, the creators of information and communications are from resident communities and delineate local worries and unease through constant involvement which makes it trustworthy and authentic. The public services broadcasting has been questioned over the issues of authenticity as it is recognised as the mouthpiece of government whereas commercial and entertainment-related concerns dominate the private FM Radio. Community radio uses its own distinctive idioms and terminology to inform, educate and engage the community using a low cost, low return model of operation. This paper investigates how the community radio has emerged as an authentic and trustworthy medium of communication in the contemporary broadcasting services. The foremost and widely recognised community radio station in the Indian state of Rajasthan, Apno Radio Banasthali 90.4 FM has been chosen for conducting the case study. The conclusions of this research divulge that the community radio has regained the lost faith and authenticity of radio broadcasting particularly in terms of information dissemination.

The focus in this article is on two different modes of 'giving a voice to the voiceless' in Southern African new democracies, namely South African community radio and its support apparatus, Democracy Radio, and the Namibian People's Parliament. South African community radio operates within a sphere of its own, it is supposed to be closely linked to the grassroots, while the Namibian contact programmes fall under the auspices of the Namibian Broadcasting Company. There are differences in administrative form, but both models have come up against very similar problems in the design of the content. It is easy to talk about community and grassroots orientation, but to implement such policies is difficult, especially when the basic task is to promote democracy and citizenship.

The aim of this research was to study the news coverage of regions on ETV Amharic broadcast. More precisely, it was to test the hypothesis set. It was hypothesized at the outset of the study that the news coverage of regions on the evening (8pm) Amharic broadcast is not proportional. The study constituted both quantitative and qualitative data obtained using content analysis and self-completion questionnaires. The greater part of the quantitative data was gathered using content analysis. For one month, from April 1 to 30, 2006, the main evening (8pm) Amharic newscast was recorded on video. The sample consisted of a total of 504 domestic news stories. Of the total, the study focused on 457 (90.67%) news items that referred to regions. The news items were later coded vis-à-vis each region using coding frames such as number of stories, airtime, content category, tone, priority and story producer. The findings of the content analysis have shown regional imbalances in news coverage on th...

Does good journalism sell? This question has bugged me throughout the four decades I have been a journalist, media entrepreneur and development worker. It germinated as I started out on the Hastings Observer (on the south coast of the UK), where I completed my NCTJ proficiency test (National Council for the Training of Journalists) in 1987. The paper was one of the first in Britain to abandon “hot metal” presses, and the backdrop to my indentureship was Rupert Murdoch’s battle with the print unions over the introduction of similar technology. Mr Murdoch’s papers made money, but at what cost to the quality of their journalism? At the Hastings Observer, a code of ethics was hardwired into our contracts, my editor defended me when my stories riled advertisers, and I was always paid at the end of the month. But did my stories help sell the paper?

Young people have a mute button when they feel unheard. Approach them as drivers of change and attempt to understand why can't we hear them. Understand what they have to say. Will their words matter to publishers? Do they care to be heard? Have they given up on us-the media? Publisher, leave ego at the door. Project 3 Women in Journalism and civil society Enable through dialogue: Listen, understand, interpret, measure, suggest and create content with impact using evidence-based analysis, repeat! Experiment using collaborative cross field journalism.

A disaster is a grave disruption that causes extended loss in the lives of a community or society and requires external assistance. Disaster Response Management can be described as a sequence of events or phases, consisting of different and specific actions and this cycle can be divided into three main group of actions: (1) Prevention, preparedness and early warning (2) Disaster impact and needs assessment and relief and emergency response (3) Rehabilitation, reconstruction and recovery. In this context of Disaster Response Management, media has played a vital role in all three phases of action in order to mitigate the circumstances. Community Radio is seen as the New Media for isolated, rural communities in the wake of the Community radio movement in India. This study highlights the efforts of two Community Radio Stations in disaster coverage and management in the Northeastern and Southern states of Assam & Karnataka respectively in India. Here, the researcher would like to present the case study of Radio Brahmaputra, a Community Radio Station situated in Dibrugarh in Assam and its contribution to tackle the presently ongoing flood situation of July 2019 and Krishi Community Radio Station, Dharwad, Karnataka that is constantly dealing with various man-made disasters in the agricultural sector. Through these case studies, the researcher wants to establish the scope of Community Radio as an effective tool for Disaster Management at the grass root level.

Development journalism (DJ) remains an important concept in the journalism studies literature, but it has, at the same time, suffered from a paucity of empirical research. Drawing on surveys of 2,416 journalists from eight South Asian, South East Asian, and sub-Saharan African countries, which were conducted as part of the Worlds of Journalism Study, this study assesses the importance journalists ascribe to three DJ roles-interventionist, developmental, and educational. It compares these perceptions across the countries, between government-and privately-owned news media, and between these countries and 19 WJS countries in Western Europe and North America, which profess to adhere to an objective and democratic press function. Findings suggest that journalists from the eight countries, across government-and privately-owned media, considered DJ important, and detached, adversarial journalism as less important. The latter roles differed considerably from those of journalists from the 19 comparison countries. Results suggest that journalists were more likely socialized into their roles rather than being forced into the same by the heavy hand of government. KEY WORDS: Development journalism, South and South East Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, national development, social change, Worlds of Journalism Study. unanswered. The increasing private media ownership and the political changes sweeping through these regions as they mature in governance, modernization, and democratization, along with competition among media outlets may be contributing to the findings concerning the three roles.

The paper explores whether Ethiopian media report on the religious reasons behind the terrorist attack against 30 Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahdo Church (eotc) followers in Libya in 2015. A framing analysis of newspaper articles reporting on the event reveal that the religious identity of the victims, and the religious justification for the massacre, have been suppressed, and it has been presented as a common, criminal offence, and political act. The government is found to be the dominant framing force creating and shifting public opinion in the reports, while the eotc's influence is found to be restricted. The state newspaper Addis Zemen shows favoritism towards the government in its framing of the event. The private newspapers are critical of this favoritism. It is found that journalists' perceiving that secularism means writing articles and news reports that are free of religion, and anti-eotc rhetoric that has been voiced by consecutive governments since the 1970s appear to be contributing factors to this framing negligence.

The COVID-19 Pandemic created a twofold challenge for journalists: first, the task of gathering and distributing information vital to the responses of the public and second, the challenge of mitigating the complexities of the journalism field. The purpose of this study is to connect the theoretical frameworks of metajournalistic discourse and field theory, using the touch point of journalistic practice. Prior research has postulated that metajournalistic discourse operates as a stabilizing force in the journalistic field. Using the timely test of the COVID-19 pandemic, this study seeks to explore the discursive construction of journalistic practice during a pandemic through the lens of both metajournalism and field through metadiscourse (n=141) gathered from the United States, United Kingdom, and Austria. Therefore, the study examines how international journalists have discursively constructed their practice given a unique human event that has implications that reflect on the institutional forces that shape media performance within the field. This study will argue that metajournalistic discourse stabilizes the field by affirming the tools western journalists use in order to make sense of a crisis like COVID-19, and by providing a discursive avenue between the ideals of the journalistic field-in the journalistic doxa-and the habits of the field-as represented by journalistic habitus.

RESUMEN: El siguiente trabajo intenta ofrecer una visión de la Psicología del Deporte en Perú, desde sus inicios, así como la situación actual y las perspectivas futuras. La parte histórica ha sido dividida en tres periodos. Una primera etapa inicial; una segunda etapa de desarrollo y una tercera que recoge la actualidad. Para el establecimiento de dichos momentos históricos se ha considerado la formación, las investigaciones y publicaciones y el ámbito profesional.

The emphasis is on the nature of public relations in newspaper companies operating as business enterprises. Trends and issues are analyzed in the light of the growing conflict between the social responsibility of the press and the factors that affect its viability. How to support national development goals without losing autonomy and independence and how to provide greater access and participation to readers, etc. are among the crucial issues facing the ASEAN press. A set of recommendations on establishing relationship with the newspaper's various publics is also provided.

Purpose-This study investigated media and communication practitioners' perspectives on the journalism curriculum education in Malaysia. Curriculum plays an important role in providing quality education for students. Journalism is a dynamic field that integrates industrial experience and fundamental knowledge in the field from higher educational institutions. Scholars in the field are divided on the issue of whether it is important for academia to consider input from industrial players in shaping the curriculum on journalism education in higher institutions of learning. Methodology-Drawing from the researchers' experiences and guidelines from the Malaysian Qualifications Agency, the Taba Model was adapted as the theoretical framework for the study. The study used a semi-structured interview method. Fifteen experts were interviewed. They have served more than 10 years in the media industry and have held various executive positions. The interview protocol was developed based on the literature review and guidelines from the curriculum review of Communication and Media Studies. The interviews were conducted at the offices or homes of interviewees. Each interview ranged from 1 to 2 hours. The data was analysed using thematic analysis. Findings-The findings revealed four main themes, namely 1) Strong general knowledge requirement, 2) Right skills mattered, 3) Significance-Thus, these findings lend further support to the clarion call for industry and academia to collaborate extensively in nurturing high quality graduates in journalism.

Though it may not have looked so at the time, with the benefit of hindsight we could argue that the current blossoming if not thriving of our field (though maybe not in the hard reality of everyday practice, at least in academia), started in the eighties. Let me point at a few events and projects, which started in that period.

The empowerment of women is linked to the gender concept. Community radios are playing crucial role in educating women about their rights. They provide opportunities to learn and improve their skills because it is essential for economic development of women. Besides this, it also promotes social, political and cultural empowerment of women. The present study is an attempt to analyze the role of community radio in empowering women in India. Research Methodology: A sample of one hundred women volunteer was selected for the study through an appropriate probability sampling method. The primary data have been collected through the interview schedule while the secondary data have been collected through the published material and e- resources.

Recibido: 9 de febrero de 2023 / Aceptado: 20 de mayo de 2023 Resumen. El concepto de confianza está ampliamente estudiado por los académicos, identificando no sólo varios ángulos desde los que observar dicho fenómeno, sino también sus múltiples consecuencias. Así, se ha determinado que mejorar la confianza en las instituciones es fundamental para incrementar el capital social (Luoma-aho, 2005), el compromiso ciudadano (Piqueiras, 2019) o el nivel de legitimidad de los gobiernos (Robles y Canel, 2017). La presente investigación explora el nivel de confianza que la ciudadanía deposita en las instituciones gubernamentales e instituciones de emergencias en un contexto de crisis (Covid-19), a partir de los datos de una encuesta realizada en España. Los resultados, segmentados por género, concluyen que son las mujeres quienes menos confían en la información derivada de dichos organismos. Además, son ellas las que más redes sociales consumen durante una crisis, a la par que consultan más los contenidos de las webs institucionales, especialmente, a nivel estatal y autonómico. Palabras clave: Confianza; emergencias; instituciones; comunicación; género. [en] The relationship between social networks and public trust in an emergency: analysis of Spanish society

Scholars in the field of media studies argued that journalists tend to choose the sources for their stories considering they are reliable, trustworthy, authoritative and able to articulate issues very well as well as accessibility of the sources to meet the deadline of reporting the stories (Gans, 2004; Cottle, 2006, 2009). However, the author of this article wants to insight a discussion on the relationship between journalists and sources in a country like Ethiopia, where the media are working under political pressures. To explore this issue, ten journalists and four editors/ editors-in-chief of selected newspapers, namely, Addis Admas, Reporter, The Ethiopian Herald and The Daily Monitor, were interviewed to get answers why they prefer to use certain sources when they need information to report cases such as conflicts in the country. The overall result of the qualitative data indicates that journalists self-censor in selecting sources to report, particularly, internal conflicts and other sensitive issues of the country. It is because they tend to use certain official sources as a mechanism of minimizing pressures and to be safe. Hence, the relationship between the sources and the journalists shall be discussed in line with journalists' selfcensorship trends, journalists' safety and the media situation in a country, which the scholars have not yet discussed.

Drawing on a media-centric framing theory, and utilising qualitative framing analysis, we examine how selected mainstream newspapers in South Africa framed Sino- South Africa relationships. We observe the ubiquity of negative anti-Chinese frames in the South African mainstream media. We demonstrate that these largely negative frames on China clustered around key issues: its economic relationship with South Africa; human rights issues; and China’s political ties with African regimes. We argue that the negative frames were a result of newspapers’ sourcing routines. Furthermore, we argue that anti-Chinese frames in the South African media sync neatly with a growing negative public perception of China, sustained by global media especially in the West and the US.

Purpose-This study investigated media and communication practitioners' perspectives on the journalism curriculum education in Malaysia. Curriculum plays an important role in providing quality education for students. Journalism is a dynamic field that integrates industrial experience and fundamental knowledge in the field from higher educational institutions. Scholars in the field are divided on the issue of whether it is important for academia to consider input from industrial players in shaping the curriculum on journalism education in higher institutions of learning. Methodology-Drawing from the researchers' experiences and guidelines from the Malaysian Qualifications Agency, the Taba Model was adapted as the theoretical framework for the study. The study used a semi-structured interview method. Fifteen experts were interviewed. They have served more than 10 years in the media industry and have held various executive positions. The interview protocol was developed based on the literature review and guidelines from the curriculum review of Communication and Media Studies. The interviews were conducted at the offices or homes of interviewees. Each interview ranged from 1 to 2 hours. The data was analysed using thematic analysis. Findings-The findings revealed four main themes, namely 1) Strong general knowledge requirement, 2) Right skills mattered, 3) Significance-Thus, these findings lend further support to the clarion call for industry and academia to collaborate extensively in nurturing high quality graduates in journalism.

HIV/AIDS is a global health and social problem, and has aff ected people of diverse backgrounds and all walks of life. Since it was detected in Namibia in 1986, many people have become hospitalised and died due to the disease. However, many organisations have used mass media campaigns to communicate health messages in an eff ort to bring change in people's lifestyles and sexual behaviours. This paper explores the impact of mass media communication aimed at HIV/AIDS prevention among the youth in Oshana region, northern Namibia. In this paper both quantitative and qualitative research approaches were employed. Survey research was conducted among the In-school youth (ISY) and Outof-school youth (OOSY). Participants were drawn from nine secondary and 26 combined schools and six youth organizations in the region. Respondents revealed that mass media campaigns are available in the region disseminating information to the youth using the conventional health education model. Data also revealed that the majority in both sets of youth groups are sexually active, have sexual partners and received behaviour change information mainly through mass media (radio, television and printed materials) regularly. Study results further revealed that in addition to knowledge, youth require understanding and dialogue to be able to manage change in their social and sexual behaviours.

We are grateful to the 55 journalists, all alumni of training programmes run by the Thomson Reuters Foundation, who kindly shared their thoughts and experiences with us. These first-hand insights on the impact of COVID-19 on journalism in 26 countries were gathered in September and November 2020. They form the bedrock of this report. Alongside this, we are especially grateful to the eight expert commentators who shared more detailed responses with us. Their contributions, exploring the biggest challenges faced by journalists as a result of the coronavirus crisis, bookend the four main chapters of this paper. This study would not have been possible without the enthusiasm, commitment and unwavering support of Antonio Zappulla, CEO of the Thomson Reuters Foundation (TRF). From the outset Antonio championed the potential of this report-the first of its kind produced by the Foundation-and the importance of hearing directly from journalists on the ground. Numerous other TRF staff offered invaluable support, encouragement and ideas as this project progressed, including Tendik Tynystanov, Jenny Vereker, William Church, Zeina Najjar and others too numerous to mention here. Their warm welcome, inclusiveness, great ideas and enthusiasm made this project a pleasure to work on from day one. From this vibrant cohort, Gréti Balázs played an invaluable role in organising and coordinating input from a broad spectrum of TRF alumni, without whom this report would be all the poorer.

Nowadays, Pakistan faces sever environmental problems in spite of existing laws willing to defend the sustainable environment. In today’s environmental crisis, print media has a unique role to play among various stakeholders which consists of policy makers, Government, NGO’s and the public at large level. No one can deny from the role of print media as a source of information about education for millions of readers. There are many newspapers such as national Urdu, English and regional published daily in Pakistan. In Pakistan, media is also divided language with series of media in vernacular languages including Sindhi, Punjabi and Pashto. In this research, the content analysis of three newspapers Daily Dawn, Daily Jang and Daily Kawish was done of 2016, year to check the Length and Frequency of five major environmental issues Water Crisis, Agriculture Crisis, Pollution, Climate change and Deforestation. The data of following issues were analyzed by using tabulations month wise and fi...