Economic ideology

Liberals experience more distress than conservatives. Why? We offer a novel explanation, the social support hypothesis. Maintaining social support and avoiding exclusion are basic human motivations, but people differ in their sensitivity to the threat of social exclusion. Among people high in the personality trait neuroticism, exclusion easily triggers feelings of vulnerability and neediness. The social support hypothesis translates this to politics. Concerned with their own vulnerability, we find that neurotic people prefer policies of caresocial welfare and redistributionbut not other left-wing policies. Specifically, it is anxietythe facet of neuroticism tapping sensitivity to social threatsthat drives this link. And it is only for people experiencing exclusion that anxiety predicts support for social welfare. Our results come from two experiments and four representative surveys across two continents. They help to resolve the puzzle of liberal distress while providing a new template for research on personality and politics.

There is a theoretical and empirical need to distinguish between static support for the EU as it now is and dynamic support for further integration. Although most Europeans endorse the EU as a good thing today, the European Election Study finds no popular majority for an ever closer union, the commitment of EU institutions. Less than one-third endorses further integration and less than one-third thinks integration has gone too far. The largest group favours keeping the EU as it is. Their outlook reflects ambivalence; they see the EU as having both strengths and weaknesses. It does not reflect lack of EU knowledge or of socioeconomic resources, as is the case with 'don't knows'. While eurozone institutions are committed to further integration, most EU citizens are not. Likewise, there is no majority supporting eurosceptic demands for returning powers to national governments.

There is a theoretical and empirical need to distinguish between static support for the EU as it now is and dynamic support for further integration. Although most Europeans endorse the EU as a good thing today, the European Election Study finds no popular majority for an ever closer union, the commitment of EU institutions. Less than one‐third endorses further integration and less than one‐third thinks integration has gone too far. The largest group favours keeping the EU as it is. Their outlook reflects ambivalence; they see the EU as having both strengths and weaknesses. It does not reflect lack of EU knowledge or of socio‐economic resources, as is the case with ‘don't knows’. While eurozone institutions are committed to further integration, most EU citizens are not. Likewise, there is no majority supporting eurosceptic demands for returning powers to national governments.

Research has proven that labour market of South Africa has serious grievous unemployment charge for the youth and great disparity in age groups, races, and genders. The extensive goal of this find out about is to observe the perhaps approaches of eradicating childhood unemployment via the introduction of entrepreneurial skills, policies, and enhancement in academic requirements (Muogbo Uju, John-Akamelu Chitom Racheal , 2018). Creswell (2007) describes qualitative research as research that begins with assumptions, a worldview, the possible use of a theoretical lens and they have a seem to be at of research troubles inquiring into the which potential humans or companies ascribe to a social or human problem. A populace is described as all factors (people, objects, and events) that meet the sample requirements for inclusion in a have a seem at. Study populace consisted of all youthful human beings amongst the age of 15 years to 35 years living in South Africa. Secondary facts may be used. A unique imperative consider of relevant literature would possibly be done. We will use databases compiled with the useful resource of the use of large global and public agencies. A qualitative strategy was once observed to bring together this descriptive-analytical paper. We had a appear and discovered that there are roles entrepreneurial abilities and corporations play in kids’ employment in South Africa by entrepreneurial development. Secondly, as stage of education and abilities to be had of youthful human beings show up to steer in a sturdy and alternatively surprising manner their employment probability, the paper sheds lighter at the role carried out with the useful resource of the use of these qualities withinside the get admission to the labour market. The have a seem at therefore recommends that authorities have to put off corruption and greed and formulate hints so one can promote the success of entrepreneurship and loose enterprise; authorities ought to assist entrepreneurs by using everyday advertising and marketing workshops. Consequently, increased strive is desired in gearing college curricula nearer to business enterprise and numeracy to widen the career aspirations of youthful people. Links desire to be created amongst educational businesses and business enterprise as envisaged, alternatively to this factor now no longer appreciably attained, with the resource of the usage of the learnership programme in order that novices can find out the probabilities for selfemployment through sensible and direct involvement in close by employer (Cecil Mlatsheni, Murray V Leibbrandt, 2011).

Considerando que a democracia representativa tem assegurado, nos nossos dias, uma estratificacao, exponenciada pela economia como ideologia, que mantem dominadores e dominados nos seus lugares proprios, procura-se evidenciar neste texto, numa perspetiva fenomenologica, algumas tendencias totalitarias que revelam os limites e desafios dos mecanismos do poder da democracia representativa. Na defesa que a democracia e uma vivencia e nao apenas um regime, tenta-se sublinhar a necessidade de uma atitude critica baseada numa reflexao capaz de desconstruir os discursos ou as narrativas totalitarias.

This article investigates the extent to which economic ideology affects people's support for European Union integration and how this is conditioned by economic context. We argue that people on the economic left who live in a country with conditions of high income inequality and little state ownership will support European integration, because more integration would move public policy in a left-wing direction. By contrast, people on the left who live in a country with conditions of low income inequality and widespread public ownership are likely to be eurosceptic, as further integration would result in a more right-wing public policy. We empirically confirm our hypotheses and discuss the implications for European Union democracy.

A quarter of the labour force in South Africa is currently unemployed with the majority of the unemployed being unskilled youth. One of the major causes seems to be the commanding power of trades union resulting in a high minimum wage for unskilled workers, which results in a reduction in the demand for unskilled labour. To reduce the current unemployment rate in South Africa, policy decisions should be focused on youth employment with emphasis on skills development. Policy should also stimulate growth of small, medium and micro enterprises in order to stimulate job creation. A literature review indicates that current tax incentives in South Africa do not incentivise employers to hire unskilled youth labour, and are not applied on a wide enough scale to significantly impact the overall unemployment statistics. The proposed youth wage subsidy will increase the demand for unskilled labour by reducing the cost of labour. However, to have the desired impact, the participation rate must ...

In late seventeenth-century England, the term projector obvi- ously had nothing to do with psychoanalysis or the machine that shows films, since neither thing had been invented, although it was associated with controversial science and the commercial imagination. In the language of natural philosophy, however, a projector was an alchemist who cast the powdered Philosophers’ Stone (called the powder of projection) into the crucible in the final stage of the transmutation of metals. At this point, the metals “multiplied,” or grew, and the experiment yielded its “profit.” Defoe employed a decidedly commercial sense of this alchemical word in his Essay upon Projects (), in which he defined a projector as both an “author” and a “merchant” who used “wit” and “invention” in order to bring forth the New. Defoe identified projectors with the “merchandizing part of the world,” those artists of wealth-getting who used their “genius” in order to produce riches. “All Foreign Negoce,” Defoe ar- gued, “is in its beginning all project, Contrivance, Invention.” If an alchemical projector transformed dross into gold by bring- ing a spiritual “something”—the divine essence inherent in all matter—out of “nothing,” or base metals, Defoe’s projector brought metallic coins out of ephemeral ideas. He thereby de- based the alchemical elevation of spirit over matter by reversing its terms: “somethings” now corresponded not to idealized spiri- tual truths, but rather to cold cash. Defoe’s projector was both an enterprising artist and an artist of enterprise who generated ideas in order to generate money.

The purpose of this discourse is to highlight the potential merits and demerits of the implementation of a youth wage subsidy in South Africa. Due to the colossus rates of unemployment, particularly among young people, the government has implemented an active labour market policy that seeks to address the structural causes of unemployment such as the lack of skills and experience as well as education in young people. This paper has used theoretical as well as econometric studies to analyze the effects of wage-subsidies and other labour market policies around the world.This paper comes to the conclusion that wage subsidies tend to lower unemployment in the short-run and improve re-employment ratios in the long-run, however subsidies generate deadweight losses, substitution effects, replacement effects and are likely to cause stigma effects. The views expressed by various parties, particularly labour unions should be analyzed on the basis of their special interest so as to reveal their true intentions. Finally this paper asserts that there are other policies that ought to be used in conjunction with the wage-subsidy policy so as to maximize the net benefit and that education is still a prerequisite as lack thereof would reverse the benefits of the subsidy in the long-run, therefore policy design should be aimed at maximizing human capital and capabilities.