Electrical Power Distribution

Monitoring distribution faults is a recurring issue faced by a large number of power system operators and as such there is an increased interest in developing real-time solutions that can minimize if not eliminate the faults entirely. In this paper, we present a new method called the Sparse Integer Distributed Encoded Representations (SIDERs) as a machine learning candidate in predicting the location of incipient faults in distribution grid. The proposed approach exploits the resonance principle to determine the location of fault then uses the SIDERs method to anticipate the occurrence location of fault in distribution grid. The proposed approach is applied to a real-time distribution grid to predict the faulted location in a continual learning manner.

Per insegnare le scienze fisiche con un approccio laboratoriale, gli insegnanti necessitano di un sostegno per sviluppare l'epistemologia disciplinare necessaria. Questo argomento di solito non viene trattato nella formazione di base e perciò i corsi di formazione in servizio si sono mostrati una valida alternativa. Qui ci si riferisce a un corso per insegnanti della scuola primaria e della secondaria di primo grado con il quale si volevano focalizzare i concetti della disciplina e le strategie di insegnamento che meglio si prestano ad un insegnamento efficace sui circuiti elettrici. La premessa era che è importante capire come e quando gli studenti applicano le conoscenze che hanno già di quell'argomento prima di averne sentito parlare a scuola. In occasione del corso di formazione sono state anche condotte delle osservazioni su due gruppi di studenti, 20 di quinta elementare e 18 di prima media.

The performance of electricity distribution companies (DISCOMs) is vital for ensuring reliable, affordable, and sustainable power supply, which underpins socioeconomic development. This study evaluates the efficiency and productivity of five Karnataka DISCOMs-BESCOM, CESCOM, GESCOM, HESCOM, and MESCOM-over the period 2009-10 to 2024-25 in the context of power sector reforms. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), using both CCR and BCC models, is applied to estimate technical and scale efficiency, while the Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) is employed to examine productivity changes over time. The analysis considers power purchase cost, employee cost, and interest cost as input variables, electricity sales and revenue as desirable output, and AT&C losses as an undesirable variable reflecting operational inefficiencies. The results reveal notable variation in efficiency across DISCOMs and years. BESCOM and MESCOM consistently perform closer to the efficiency frontier, whereas CESCOM, GESCOM, and HESCOM show relatively lower and more volatile efficiency levels. Scale inefficiency emerges as a key source of overall inefficiency, indicating suboptimal operational size. MPI findings suggest that productivity changes are inconsistent and largely driven by technological factors rather than managerial improvements. The study underscores the importance of reducing AT&C losses, optimizing costs, and enhancing operational scale to improve overall performance and financial sustainability.

This study examined the role of blockchain technology and decentralized finance (DeFi) in the growth of fintech startups within emerging markets, while also exploring challenges hindering blockchain adoption. Guided by two objectives, to assess blockchain and DeFi's contributions to fintech development and to identify adoption barriers, the research employed a systematic literature review of 46 peerreviewed articles published in English within the last decade. Sources were drawn from reputable databases. A quality assessment checklist ensured the validity and relevance of selected studies, and thematic analysis aligned findings with the research questions. Results revealed five key benefits of blockchain and DeFi for fintech startups: fostering innovative business models, reducing transaction costs, and expanding access to capital through tokenization. However, several challenges persist, including regulatory uncertainty, technological and cost barriers, privacy and data security concerns, limited inter-organizational trust, resistance to change, and scalability issues. This study contributes to the finance and banking literature by synthesizing evidence on blockchain's potential to transform fintech ecosystems in emerging markets. The findings suggest that clear regulatory frameworks and strengthened technological infrastructure are critical to facilitating blockchain adoption. Limitations include the study's cross-sectional design and focus on emerging markets, indicating the need for further empirical research.

This paper provides the design and implementation of a smart CCTV surveillance system, which combines the use of Internet of Things (IoT) connectivity, edge computing, and wireless communication to resolve the constraints of the conventional surveillance systems. The suggested architecture uses a mathematical model in optimal positioning of cameras, which involves field-of-view, tilt angle, and spacing formulae, and uses lowpower elements to improve energy efficiency and scalability. Such functionalities as real-time motion detection, automated alert generation and hybrid cloud-edge storage (consuming less bandwidth) are key. A pilot was used in a controlled office scenario, and its performance compared to a baseline system based on traditional DVR. Quantitative findings reveal that there was a 40% reduction in manual monitoring interventions and also the amount of energy used during the normal working situation was reduced by 30%. The motion detection accuracy of the system was 92% in the field of view that the camera was configured to cover. Nevertheless, the execution of the system is determined by the stability of the network connection when operating remotely, and the edgeprocessing latency rises as the video stream is of high resolution. Despite these shortcomings, the framework is a cheaper and modular method of sustainable security check in urban and limited resource settings.

espanolEn este articulo se obtiene el indice de fallas por impactos indirectos de una linea de distribucion siguiendo el procedimiento descrito en el estandar IEEE 1410 de 2010, pero cambiando los parametros de las distribuciones de la primera descarga de retorno (corriente pico y tiempo de frente) adoptados por CIGRE por los obtenidos de 38 mediciones de corrientes en la estacion experimental del Morro do Cachimbo en Belo Horizonte – Brasil, que son representativas de la zona tropical. Se encuentra como resultado que la tasa de fallas calculada con los datos de zona tropical es mayor a los que se obtienen con las curvas del CIGRE. Dichos incrementos pueden ser en el caso mas extremo de hasta 70%. EnglishIn this paper the indirect-lightning flashover rate of a distribution line is obtained following the procedure described in the IEEE Std. 1410 – 2010, but using other parameters of the first stroke distributions (peak current and front time) adopted by CIGRE. These parameters were t...

An electric rotating machine can be defined as any form of apparatus which has a rotating member and generates, converts, transforms, or modifies electric power, such as a motor, generator, or synchronous generator. Although there are many variations, the two basic rotating machine types are synchronous and induction machines. The recent increasing use of rotating machines among other distributed generators is due to a number of advantages including peak shaving, improvement of the quality of power and reliability, power efficiency, environmental friendliness among others. Despite the above mentioned benefits of distributed power generation in the power grid, they have one major drawback, unintentional islanding. If this islanding condition is not detected in time or goes undetected, the distributed generator loses synchronism with the rest of the utility supply. This may lead to out of phase reconnection of the two systems and thus destroying the distributed generators and even lea...

The increased use of distributed generation in the power system due to increased load demand has brought about many benefits to the power grids. This is due to the concerns about whether the technology in use currently in power generation and distribution, is sufficient to cover the future increasing demand with the limited supply. In response to this problem of increased load demand, efforts have been made to decentralize this infrastructure through the use of distributed generators. The benefits of using distributed generation include; improved reliability and increased efficiency in power supply, avoidance of transmission and distribution capacity upgrades, improved power quality and reduced line losses, minimize peak load demand, reduce voltage flicker, eliminate the need of having high spinning reserve among others. Despite these advantages, un-intentional islanding remains a big challenge and has to be addressed in integration of Distributed Generation to the power system. Unl...

Currently the greatest threat to the power systems reliability and security is the cascading of electric system failures thus causing power blackouts. For quite some time now, the world has been encountering many power blackouts as a result of these cascading failures. The cascading power failure instances pose great risks towards the integrity of power system network. This may finally lead to the splitting of the power system into various small unintentional islands. Hence, intentional or controlled islanding is then utilized as a preventive measure to mitigate the losses caused by unintentional islanding of the power system. Thus, by doing this, the entire power system is split into controlled island regions for the purposes of easy handling and control. In such situation, each islanded region should have sufficient generation to supply its connected loads in order to remain operative and stable. It should also be pointed out that intentional islanding is very important as it can ...

Son yillarda Li iyon pilleri tasinabilir elektronik cihazlar icin yeniden sarj olabilir piller olarak ana guc kaynaklari olmaya baslamislardir. Ticari Li-iyon pillerinde anot malzemesi olarak grafit yaygin kullanilan bir malzeme olmasina ragmen, daha yuksek performansli malzemelerin arastirilmasi hala aktif bir alan olmayi surdurmektedir. Ornegin, yuksek kapasite degerlerine sahip olmasindan dolayi kalay bu alanda kullanilabilecek potansiyel anot malzemelerinden biridir. Sn-Cu/MWCNT kompozitleri pirofosfat banyosunda bakir altlik uzerine pulse elektrokompozit kaplama teknigi ile hazirlanmistir. Bu calisma farkli is cevrimiile uretilen elektrokompozit anotlarin cevrim ozellikleri uzerine etkisini arastirmayi amaclamaktadir. Kompozit malzemeler CR2016 buton pilinde negatif elektrod olarak kullanildi ve elektrokimyasal olarak test edildi. Uretilen kompozit anot malzemelerin fiziksel ve kimyasal ozellikleri cesitli analiz teknikleri kullanilarak arastirildi. Sonuclar gostermistir ki, ke...

In the electric distribution systems, the “Smart Grid” concept is implemented to encourage energy savings and integration of the innovative technologies, helping the Distribution Network Operators (DNOs) in choosing the investment plans which to lead the optimal operation of the networks and increasing the energy efficiency. In this context, a new phase load balancing algorithm was proposed to be implemented in the low voltage distribution networks with hybrid structures of the consumption points (switchable and non-switchable consumers). It can work in both operation modes (on-line and off-line), uploading information from different databases of the DNO which contain: the consumers’ characteristics, the real loads of the consumers integrated into the Smart Metering System (SMS), and the typical load profiles for the consumers non-integrated in the SMS. The algorithm was tested in a real network, having a hybrid structure of the consumption points, on a time interval by 24 hours. Th...

Reconfiguring the link between buses is a crucial task to enhance the distribution system performance. Reconfiguration is a complex combinatorial process due to numerous feasible solutions. Therefore, to consistently find global optimum solutions within a short span of time is a challenging task. One of the factors that cause time consumption in finding optimal network configurations is the elimination of non-radiality network solutions during the optimisation process. To address this issue, this work proposes to store pre-determined network radiality solutions in a database. These sets of solutions are used in the network reconfiguration optimisation by a discrete evolutionary programming and a discrete evolutionary particle swarm optimisation techniques. These optimisation methods are based on a multi-objective problem which minimises power loss, voltage deviation, and a number of switching actions. Moreover, the quality of the solutions is measured in terms of computational time and consistency. To demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed technique, a comparative assessment is carried out on 33-bus and 118-bus distribution systems. It is found that the proposed technique outperforms other existing methods in terms of quality of the solutions.

Perencanaan sistem distribusi energi listrik adalah bagian yang sangat esensial dalam menindak lanjuti pertumbuhan kebutuhan energi listrik yang cukup pesat. Perencanaan sangat diperlukan karena berkaitan dengan tujuan pengembangan, yang harus memenuhi beberapa kriteria dari sisi teknis dan ekonomis baik dalam pelaksanaan maupun dalam perawatan. Perencanaan yang sistemik akan memberikan sejumlah proposal alternatif yang nantinya dapat dikaji akibatnya secara langsung karena akan berdampak pada aspek keandalan dan ekonomis suatu perencaan sehingga dapat ditentukan dengan baik letak dan kapasitas Daya suplai distribusi yang akan melayani areal beban tersebut dengan mempertimbangkan minimisasi susut energi dan investasi konstruksi, tanpa mengurangi kriteria, teknis dan estetika pada kawasan itu sendiri, yang dimana kawan yang sangat mengutaman  estetika biasanya menggunakan jaringan distribusi bawah tanah untuk menghindari bayaknya kabel semrawut terjadi padam listrik akibat kabel putu...

Perencanaan sistem distribusi energi listrik adalah bagian yang sangat esensial dalam menindak lanjuti pertumbuhan kebutuhan energi listrik yang cukup pesat. Perencanaan sangat diperlukan karena berkaitan dengan tujuan pengembangan, yang harus memenuhi beberapa kriteria dari sisi teknis dan ekonomis baik dalam pelaksanaan maupun dalam perawatan. Perencanaan yang sistemik akan memberikan sejumlah proposal alternatif yang nantinya dapat dikaji akibatnya secara langsung karena akan berdampak pada aspek keandalan dan ekonomis suatu perencaan sehingga dapat ditentukan dengan baik letak dan kapasitas Daya suplai distribusi yang akan melayani areal beban tersebut dengan mempertimbangkan minimisasi susut energi dan investasi konstruksi, tanpa mengurangi kriteria, teknis dan estetika pada kawasan itu sendiri, yang dimana kawan yang sangat mengutaman  estetika biasanya menggunakan jaringan distribusi bawah tanah untuk menghindari bayaknya kabel semrawut terjadi padam listrik akibat kabel putu...

In this paper, comparison of geodesic dome is carried out for 20 meter diameter and class 1 division methods. Class1 method1 and class1 method2 both are used for different frequencies. Model of dome is generated in CADRE GEO 7.0 software. Analysis and design is carried out by STAAD Pro V8i SS5. Optimization is performed using STAAD in-built optimization tool.

Elektrikli araçların (EA) hızla yaygınlaşması, özellikle konut besleyicileri ve dağıtım trafoları sürekli yüksek güçlü yükler için tasarlanmamış olan ülkelerde, alçak gerilim dağıtım şebekeleri açısından yeni işletme zorlukları ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, yüksek penetrasyonlu elektrikli araç şarjının dağıtım trafoları ve güç kalitesi üzerindeki etkileri, Türkiye’de dağıtım sistemi işletmecileri (EDAŞ) tarafından işletilen elektrik dağıtım şebekeleri özelinde incelenmektedir. Konut tipi dağıtım trafosu seviyesinde toplanmış elektrikli araç şarj talebini temsil etmek üzere, yerel yük karakteristikleri ve eşzamanlılık faktörleri dikkate alınarak stokastik modeller geliştirilmiştir. Dağıtım trafolarının termal davranışı; IEEE C57.91 ve IEC 60076 standartlarına dayalı modeller kullanılarak, üst yağ ve sıcak nokta sıcaklık artışı, yaşlanma hızlanma faktörü ve yalıtım ömrü kaybı açısından analiz edilmiştir. Ayrıca, elektrikli araç şarj cihazlarının neden olduğu harmonik etkiler; akım distorsiyonu ve trafolardaki ilave kayıpların analitik ifadeleri üzerinden değerlendirilmiş, buna ek olarak alçak gerilim besleyicilerinde gerilim düşümü ve faz dengesizliği analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Alçak ve orta gerilim seviyesinde bağlanan hızlı DC şarj istasyonlarının tepe güç talepleri ve gerilim çökmesi performansı üzerindeki etkileri de incelenmiştir. Son olarak, akıllı şarj, yük kaydırma ve yerel enerji depolama entegrasyonu gibi azaltım stratejileri matematiksel olarak modellenmiş ve değerlendirilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, koordine edilmemiş yüksek penetrasyonlu elektrikli araç şarjının dağıtım trafolarının yaşlanmasını önemli ölçüde hızlandırdığını ve güç kalitesini bozduğunu; buna karşılık uygun şekilde tasarlanmış kontrol stratejilerinin mevcut Türkiye dağıtım altyapısı içerisinde bu olumsuz etkileri etkin biçimde azaltabildiğini göstermektedir.

The rapid increase in electric vehicle (EV) adoption introduces new operational challenges for low-voltage distribution networks, particularly in countries where residential feeders and distribution transformers were not originally designed for sustained high-power loads. This paper investigates the impact of high-penetration EV charging on distribution transformers and power quality, with a specific focus on Turkish electricity distribution networks operated by Distribution System Operators (EDAŞ). Stochastic models are developed to represent aggregated EV charging demand at the residential transformer level, considering local load characteristics and coincidence factors. Transformer thermal behavior is analyzed using IEEE C57.91 and IEC 60076-based models to quantify top-oil and hot-spot temperature rise, aging acceleration, and loss of insulation life under various EV penetration scenarios. In addition, the harmonic impacts of EV chargers are evaluated through analytical formulations of current distortion and additional transformer losses, alongside voltage drop and phase unbalance analysis in low-voltage feeders. The effects of fast DC charging stations connected at the LV/MV interface are also examined in terms of peak power demand and voltage sag performance. Finally, mitigation strategies such as smart charging, load shifting, and local energy storage integration are mathematically formulated and assessed. The results demonstrate that uncoordinated high-penetration EV charging can significantly accelerate transformer aging and degrade power quality, while appropriately designed control strategies can effectively mitigate these adverse effects within existing Turkish distribution infrastructure.

In the analysis of reliability performance of distribution utilities as well as in continuity of supply regulation, criteria are needed for separating normal operation data from exceptional events. In recent years a number of statistical methodologies has been proposed for this purpose. We present here the new methodology that was adopted by the Italian regulatory authority at the beginning of 2008. The decision is supported by a statistical analysis of the number of faults on the MV and on the LV networks, for each 6-hour time interval in a three year time span, for different provinces and distribution companies. The new methodology is employed in the reward and penalty mechanisms that regulate the SAIDI, SAIFI and MAIFI indicators and, with some original provisions, also in the Guaranteed Standard on maximum restoration times.

In the analysis of reliability performance of distribution utilities as well as in continuity of supply regulation, criteria are needed for separating normal operation data from exceptional events. In recent years a number of statistical methodologies has been proposed for this purpose. We present here the new methodology that was adopted by the Italian regulatory authority at the beginning of 2008. The decision is supported by a statistical analysis of the number of faults on the MV and on the LV networks, for each 6-hour time interval in a three year time span, for difierent provinces and distribution companies. The new methodology is employed in the reward and penalty mechanisms that regulate the SAIDI, SAIFI and MAIFI indicators and, with some original provisions, also in the Guaranteed Standard on maximum restoration times.

Power cable is widely used in Extra High Voltage (EHV), High Voltage (HV) transmission, Medium Voltage (MV) sub-transmission, and MV / Low Voltage (LV) distribution applications. Basically, the protection principles used for cable are similar with the ones for overhead transmission line. However, the inherent characteristics of cables make its fault behavior more complicate than that of transmission lines, therefore, the cable protection schemes have some particular and unique features. The report discusses the cable characteristics, differences between cable and transmission line, cable fault characteristics, and protection schemes.

Penelitian ini membahas penerapan standar IEEE Std 1547-2018 dalam proses interkoneksi Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya (PLTS) ke sistem distribusi 20 kV, dengan studi kasus menggunakan sistem uji IEEE 14-bus. Analisis dilakukan dengan pendekatan metode Newton-Raphson melalui perangkat lunak ETAP untuk mengevaluasi dampak integrasi PLTS terhadap tegangan, rugi-rugi daya, proteksi, kualitas daya, dan keamanan sistem. Simulasi awal menunjukkan bahwa kondisi basecase mengalami tegangan kritis di bus 13 dan 14. Setelah interkoneksi PLTS-DG 5 MW, terjadi perbaikan tegangan dan penurunan rugi daya. Sistem juga memenuhi batas teknis kualitas daya (THD, step voltage, dan DC injection) serta proteksi sesuai batas waktu trip yang ditetapkan standar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa interkoneksi PLTS dapat meningkatkan efisiensi dan stabilitas sistem distribusi jika dilakukan dengan perencanaan yang tepat, serta memenuhi semua kriteria teknis dalam IEEE Std 1547-2018.

The rapid increase in installed wind power across the globe requires a finest and comprehensive assessment of the potential to mitigate the intermittent effect of wind resources in electricity generation. To deal with this challenging issue, the cubic spline interpolation method is proposed in this study in a novel approach, for estimating the wind turbine power output across all the seasons of the year using the selected wind turbine power curve. The findings of the study revealed that sea breeze phenomenon and differential heating and cooling of land and water has not only a large effect on the formed winds in this region during the seasons but also on the wind energy availability. However, seasonal resource analysis was also introduced in testing the performance of the chosen wind turbine using a typical household electricity demand, and the results revealed that monsoon and summer equivalent seasons correspond to best periods for wind energy production at the studied site. Final...

Nowadays, the electrical system is more complicated duet to the continuous growing. Power losses is the biggest challenges for distribution network operators. There are several causes for technical losses. Losses caused by unbalanced phase current are one of the main reasons which can be minimized by small investment through dedicating a technical line staff. As a result of connecting many single loads to three phase four wire power supplies, the current flowing in each phase will be unequal and accordingly there will be a current flowing in the neutral wire. Unbalancing currents in phases can lead to increase the conductor temperature and accordingly the conductor resistance is higher which contribute to increase the power losses. Loss reduction can lead to enormous utility saving. Besides, it increases system capacity and save more money which can be used later for future planted system. This study concentrated on the amount of copper losses in distribution networks as a result of...

Bu tez çalışmasında, literatürde ilk kez elektrokimyasal polimerizasyon ile tek kullanımlık kalem grafit elektrot üzerine fenilüre herbisitlerin baskılanması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu amaçla ilk olarak fenilüre herbisitlerinden monuron ve metoxuron‟un çevrimli voltametri tekniği kullanılarak elektrokimyasal davranıĢları incelenmiĢ ve bu herbisitlerin elektropolimerizasyonu için en uygun monomerin p-fenilendiamin olduğuna karar verilmiştir. Optimum polimerizasyon koşulları belirlenerek (film büyütme hızı, ortam pH‟sı, monomer/kalıp molekül mol oranı, polimer film kalınlığı), kalem grafit elektrotlar üzerinde molekül baskılı polimerler elektrokimyasal olarak sentezlenmiĢtir. Daha sonra kronoamperometri tekniği ile kalıp molekülü polimer matriksinden sökme çalışmaları gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sökme basamağından sonra, sensörün performansını belirlemek amacıyla yaş (wet) adsorpsiyon ile geri bağlama çalışmaları yapılmıştır. En yüksek bağlanmanın her iki kalıp molekül için analitin 10-3 M de...

Electrical network infrastructure provision in South Africa has traditionally been based on a least-initial-cost approach for the last 15-plus years. The implications of this policy are not well understood in terms of the impact on customer service levels and reliability of the electrical network connecting these customers. The least cost approach in addition potentially has conflicting implications with current electricity regulatory requirements in terms of customer service levels and reliability. However, the trade-off ...

This paper presents the modeling and simulation of Solar Photovoltaic Emulator utilizing Buck Converter under MATLAB/Simulink software. The proposed model is designed using SimPower toolbox of Simulink block libraries. The characteristics of Photovoltaic Emulator model was tested by varying the value of load and considering the effect of irradiance and temperature variation. The output characteristics of Photovoltaic Emulator model is verified by comparing to the characteristics of the actual PV module. The Shell SP75 PV module is chosen as a reference for this simulation. The proposed Photovoltaic Emulator was found to be valid and accurate for any irradiance and temperature variations.

Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman's proposal for reform of power tariff policyannounced as part of the stimulus package following the pandemic -is of a piece with the recent comprehensive proposal to amend the Electricity Act 2003; put together, they erode the concurrent status accorded to electricity in the Constitution. If implemented, they will not only weaken the control of States over an industry supplying a basic human necessity such as electricity but also arm the Centre with a pincer-like weapon which could choke the distribution utilities/companies (DISCOM) and jeopardise the country's energy security.

The proposed Electricity (Amendment) Bill, 2020 aims to reduce subsidies and push for privatisation, especially in the distribution segment of the power sector Undertaking structural changes in a core sector at a time of crisis from the COVID-19 pandemic and its economic effects defies logic The proposed amendments are not only anti-people, but they also fail to address the long-term crises in the sector and will only accelerate its deterioration The central government must hold off on passing any hasty legislation on the subject and adopt a more scientific and less ideological approach to deal with the travails of the power sector © 2020 Economic and Political Weekly All rights reserved

Energy is essential for most activities, highlighting the crucial role of the energy sector in powering households, industry, commerce, and services in national development. The Brazilian energy sector is changing, with a gradual expansion and a recent full opening of the Free Energy Market (MLE) to Group A consumers. This article analyzes the growth of the MLE in the Northeast region, comparing its performance with the captive market from 2020 to 2025. The study examines attractiveness and migration trends using historical data. The methodology focuses on quantitatively analyzing the evolution of total monthly electricity consumption in the Northeast by contracting environment (captive vs. free), calculating year-on-year consumption growth, and systematically comparing growth trends. The results show a growing advantage in migrating to the free energy market, driven by regulatory and market factors, highlighting increased participation and competitiveness for consumers.

sponsors research and public service programs to enhance civic awareness of public policy issues and improve the quality of national, state, and local government. The Institute, a public service activity of Clemson University established in 1981, is a nonprofit, nonpartisan, tax-exempt public policy research organization. The Clemson University Restoration Institute was established in 2004 to drive economic growth by creating, developing and fostering restoration industries and environmentally sustainable technologies in South Carolina. CURI's Renewable Energy Team conducts research to develop bio-based and wind energy to reduce dependence on fossil fuels.

The Optimal Distributed Generation Placement problem (ODGP) towards energy loss minimization depends basically on the network's layout and its load composition. Under load variations, different load compositions result, for each one of them, is highly possible to come up with a different optimal solution regarding the optimal siting and sizing of DG units. This paper examines the impact of these variations in order to verify how optimal solution should adapt to any load composition. A Local Particle Swarm Optimization Variant algorithm is proposed as the solution algorithm and numerous load composition snapshots for the IEEE-33 bus system are examined. Moreover, a methodology is proposed in order to highlight the critical nodes that prove to have an essential role to the solution. Finally, the possibility for the determination of a fixed solution with fixed installation nodes and constant power output that could yield near optimal energy loss reduction is examined.

Integration of distributed generation (DG) in existing distribution networks has been studied thoroughly during the past years as a measure of reducing grid's power losses. However, the optimal DG placement, known as ODGP, toward loss minimisation, has not been studied in depth by considering the possible impact of the reverse power flow (RPF) caused by extended penetration of distributed energy resources. This study uses a constriction factor embedded local particle swarm optimisation algorithm along with the appropriate particle formulation that solves the ODGP problem by taking into account the impact of possible RPF. In this study, the idea of RPF modelling is introduced by providing extended versions of IEEE test systems. Modified versions of the IEEE 30-bus and IEEE 33-bus test systems are modelled and results are presented in order to highlight the impact of RPF on the ODGP problem solution. The mathematical formulation is given, results and analysis for both extended systems are presented, while the importance of RPF for different conditions is assessed.

In this paper, a novel version of the Optimal Distributed Generation Placement (ODGP) problem regarding the siting and sizing of Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) units is presented, called Optimal RES placement (ORESP). Power losses constitute the objective function to be minimized, subject to operational constraints. The simultaneous installation of a mix of RESs is considered and the Capacity Factor (CF) ratio is used as an aid for taking into account: (a) the geographical characteristics of the area, in which the examined Distribution Network (DN) is placed, (b) the different weather conditions, and (c) the availability of RESs, all of that at the same time, while keeping the problem complexity at minimum. The contribution of this work is that the proposed methodology bypasses the weather uncertainties and, thus, the RESs’ power generation stochasticity and provides an adequate solution with minimum computational burden and time, since the proposed CF use allows solving the proble...

This guide provides a comprehensive yet accessible foundation in artificial intelligence for emerging leaders, researchers, and executives. Whether you're making strategic technology investments, pursuing academic research, or building AI-enabled products, understanding these core concepts will equip you to navigate and lead in the AI-driven economy.

and Commercial Electricity Consumers in Cape Town is my own work, except for excerpts and summaries whose sources are indicated and acknowledged in the references. I also certify that this work has not been submitted to any other university for any other degree or examination.

A good understanding of the financial value that electricity customers place on power supply reliability and the underlying factors that give rise to higher and lower values is an essential tool in the designing, planning and operating standards of power system networks. This research study is a first step toward addressing the current absence of consistent data needed to support better estimates of the economic value of power supply reliability. The economic value of power supply reliability is usually measured through power interruption costs faced by electricity customers. Examples of power interruption costs are retail losses for commercial customers and production losses for industrial customers. The aim of this research study was to develop Customer Interruption Cost (CIC) models for both commercial and industrial customers. The CIC models describe the consequences or financial costs faced

This research paper explores the critical importance of electricity safety in domestic, industrial, and commercial environments. It highlights the major causes of electrical accidents, preventive measures, and practical safety guidelines for users and technicians. The study also discusses the role of awareness programs, safety equipment, and proper maintenance in reducing electrical hazards. Emphasis is placed on public safety education in regions such as Pakistan, where electrical infrastructure requires careful management. The goal of this paper is to promote safer practices, reduce power-related incidents, and ensure efficient use of electricity.

In recent years, interest in electric railway system as a transportation solution for large urban areas has grown significantly. This increased attention stems from several key advantages, including environmental friendliness, high performance, reduced maintenance costs, and lower energy expenses. Railway electrification system rely on supplying power to trains through single-phase transformers. However, these transformers can cause issues such as current imbalances and harmonics at the system connection point, which may impact critical loads. Additionally, fluctuations in source voltage can influence the system's performance. This study examines the causes of unbalanced loading in railway electrification system and introduces an innovative unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) specifically designed for integration into low-voltage railway electrification system. The proposed UPQC aims to restore current balance, minimize harmonics, and enhance overall power quality. Furthermore, it addresses the mitigation of voltage sags in the power distribution network. The simulation results generated through MATLAB programming demonstrate the UPQC's effectiveness in enhancing system performance. The findings reveal that the UPQC reduces source current imbalance to less than 1.6% and total harmonic distortion (THD) to below 4.89% across all test scenarios. Additionally, the UPQC successfully maintains a load bus voltage of 25 kV during single-phase-toground and unbalanced three-phase-to-ground fault conditions.

A microgrid is an electrical power system with interconnected distributed energy resources and loads that can be operated in conjunction with the grid or islanded, with the purpose of supplying reliable uninterrupted electric power to critical loads or providing power in off-grid conditions. Modern power systems are integrating distributed energy resources like wind power, solar photovoltaic (PV), battery energy storage systems, and advanced control to guarantee system reliability, especially during abnormal conditions caused by natural disasters or cyberattacks. This paper presents reliability experiments and analysis of a dual PV-node microgrid under various test conditions, including normal operation, short-term PV outages, and prolonged singlenode outages. Each node consists of a PV array, a maximum power point tracker (with associated data logger), a battery bank, associated circuits (combiner box, disconnects, breaker, lighting arrestor), an inverter, and loads. The results show that the microgrid was able to maintain a stable power supply to the loads under the above three test conditions, thus, demonstrating the effectiveness of the dual-node configuration in enhancing microgrid reliability.

This paper evaluates the power quality in a residential photovoltaic system in Colombia. Power quality parameters were monitored in a residence in Barranquilla with a 4.44 kW system connected to the grid, analyzing its behavior over time and comparing it with regulatory limits. Graphical and statistical analysis tools were used to identify deviations and problems in the network based on current regulations. The results show a voltage unbalance reaching 9.84% and a current unbalance of up to 147.7%, with a total demand distortion of up to 17.1% and a k-factor >70%. These results show high unbalance and harmonics in the supply source, affecting network stability, efficiency, and equipment life. The research confirms that the injection of energy from photovoltaic systems can affect power quality in low-voltage networks, highlighting the need for mitigation strategies. The implementation of advanced controls in inverters, active filters, and FACTS devices is proposed, along with strengthening the regulation of harmonic distortion and load balancing in residential networks. Given the accelerated growth of photovoltaic generation in Colombia, it is essential to evaluate its long-term impact to ensure the stability of the electrical system and maximize the benefits of distributed generation in the country.

In this review paper author shows a three-phase line-interactive uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system along with the series-parallel power-line conditioning capabilities. In this system for harmonic and reactive power compensation author used Synchronous reference frame (SRF)-based controller that can be generated from any configuration of non-linear loads. General line conditions UPS system works on the principal of compensating the input currents and output voltages. Here author introduce a new technology which consist of two three-phase pulse width modulation (PWM) converters. First called series active filters and second called parallel active filters. This two are used to perform the series and parallel active power-line compensation. The series active filter works as sinusoidal current source in phase with the input voltage, drawing from utility sinusoidal and balanced input currents with low total harmonic distortion (THD). The parallel active filter works as sinusoidal ...

Recent work has identified that classification models implemented as neural networks are vulnerable to data-poisoning and Trojan attacks at training time. In this work, we show that these training-time vulnerabilities extend to deep reinforcement learning (DRL) agents and can be exploited by an adversary with access to the training process. In particular, we focus on Trojan attacks that augment the function of reinforcement learning policies with hidden behaviors. We demonstrate that such attacks can be implemented through minuscule data poisoning (as little as 0.025% of the training data) and in-band reward modification that does not affect the reward on normal inputs. The policies learned with our proposed attack approach perform imperceptibly similar to benign policies but deteriorate drastically when the Trojan is triggered in both targeted and untargeted settings. Furthermore, we show that existing Trojan defense mechanisms for classification tasks are not effective in the reinforcement learning setting.

Recent work has identified that classification models implemented as neural networks are vulnerable to data-poisoning and Trojan attacks at training time. In this work, we show that these training-time vulnerabilities extend to deep reinforcement learning (DRL) agents and can be exploited by an adversary with access to the training process. In particular, we focus on Trojan attacks that augment the function of reinforcement learning policies with hidden behaviors. We demonstrate that such attacks can be implemented through minuscule data poisoning (as little as 0.025% of the training data) and in-band reward modification that does not affect the reward on normal inputs. The policies learned with our proposed attack approach perform imperceptibly similar to benign policies but deteriorate drastically when the Trojan is triggered in both targeted and untargeted settings. Furthermore, we show that existing Trojan defense mechanisms for classification tasks are not effective in the rein...

This article analyzes power transformers and their components, types of damage, factors causing them. The advantage of this review article is that it was initially conducted a theoretical analysis based on published articles on power transformer damage in recent years. Then a statistical analysis was carried out on damaged power transformers in real condition. In the theoretical analysis, the articles published in the databases in recent years were first identified by keywords, and then sorted according to their relevance to the topic. A statistical examination of the damaged power transformers was performed utilizing the theoretical approach. According to the results of the analysis, damage to power transformers in 6(10) kV networks occurs mainly in 100 kVA, 160 kVA and 250 kVA power transformers. One of the factors that cause the power transformer to fail is the irregular implementation of restrictions on the power supply to electrical consumers. And these failures mainly damage the windings of the power transformer. We hope that the materials in this analytical article will serve as a crucial resource.

In this paper, the specific application of axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) machines as an in-wheel direct drive machine used in hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) is presented. Meanwhile a brief study of the merits and demerits of different structures for this type of machine, the most suitable structure for this application is introduced. The general design procedure and common methods for determining the parameters of the final design is presented. A new method to determine the design parameters, based on HEV velocity profiles, is proposed. Using the conventional and the proposed methods, different structures of AFPM are designed and performance analysis of them is done using finite element method. Characteristics of each AFPM are extracted and used in HEV model. The results show that, the overall efficiency of the hybrid car is improved using the electric car designed by the proposed method. Based on the results of the proposed design method, a sample of the AFPM is built and the ...

The blue swimming crab (BSC) fishery resources across waters of
Southeast Sulawesi, which are connected to Fisheries Management Area (FMA) 713 and FMA 714, have been under significant pressure due to intensive fishing over the past 2–3 decades, and their habitat has experienced degradation. Several studies on BSCs have been conducted and so far have only focused on specific locations. The aim of this study was to compare growth patterns and condition factors (CF) of BSCs from the waters of Poleang, connected to FMA 713, and Lasongko Bay, connected to FMA 714. BSC samples were collected from catches of local fishermen using traps and gillnets, in July-August 2024. Each sample from study locations was sexed, carapace width (CW) was measured, and
body weight (W) was recorded. The sex ratio data from both study locations indicated that males were preponderated over females, however the sex ratio was not significantly different (X2 count < X2
table). The relationship between W and CW of BSCs was analyzed using equation: W = a*CW^b, and condition factor (CF) was calculated using equation: CF = [(W)*100]/[CW^3]. Results showed that both male and female BSCs from each study location exhibited isometric growth patterns (b = 3) (tcount < ttable) and had a very strong correlation between W and
CW (r > 0.95). The CF values for male and female BSCs from both study
locations were fairly good and positive: CF values for BSCs from Poleang waters (FMA 713) were 7.5778 (male) and 7.6241 (female), which were relatively similar to those from Lasongko Bay (FMA 714), at 7.0150 (male) and 6.8207 (female). These data indicate that environmental conditions in both study locations are highly supportive for the growth and sustainability of BSC population. Therefore, the management of these BSC resources should be maintained or improved to ensure the sustainability and health of population.

There is always a need to modernize energy delivery of traditional power grids, using intelligent devices and big data technologies, this make them smart. The modernization is performed by deploying equipment such as sensors, smart meters, and communication devices, and by invoking procedures such as real-time data processing and big data analysis. A large data is generated by Smart grids all the time which needs to be analysed. This paper presents definitions and background of smart grid and big data. There are many challenges faced in collecting and analysing this data. In this paper current studies and research developments of big data applications in smart grid are discussed. This paper also summarizes the application leveraged by big data technologies, challenges and opportunities are pointed out in this