Power System analysis

This work presents the application of Artificial Neural Network Voltage Source Converter for improvement of the transient stability of the Nigerian 330kV transmission system. Enhancement of the dynamic response of generators, within a power system, when subjected to various disturbances, has been a major challenge to power system researchers and engineers for the past decades. The system was modeled in Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT) environment and MATLAB software was employed as the tool for the simulations. The eigenvalue analysis of the system buses was performed to determine the critical buses. A three-phase balanced fault was then applied to some of these critical buses and lines of the transmission network in other establish the existing transient stability situation of the grid through the observation of the dynamic responses of the generators in the case network when the fault was applied. This clearly shows that one of the most critical buses is Benin bus and critical transmission line, Ikeja West-Benin Transmission line within the network. To this effect, the inverter and the converter parameters of the HVDC were controlled by the artificial neural network and were installed along to those critical lines. The results obtained showed that 33.33% transient stability improvement was achieved when the HVDC was controlled with the artificial neural network. The voltage profile result and the damping were improved when the ANN was installed.

En un trabajo anterior se compararon los convertidores de corriente alterna/corriente alterna (AC-AC), típicamente utilizados para la regulación de frecuencia en microcentrales hidroeléctricas variando la potencia disipada en cargas lastres, con un rectificador trifásico a diodos tipo puente con un interruptor, en serie con la carga, conmutado con ángulo simétrico. En el mismo, se demostró que, con dicho rectificador, se logra mejorar el factor de potencia a la salida del generador eléctrico, excepto para potencias consumidas por los usuarios cercanas a su valor mínimo. Una vía para solucionar este problema consiste en emplear una terna de rectificadores monofásicos a diodos tipo puente con un interruptor, en serie con la carga, conmutado con ángulo simétrico. Así, el objetivo del presente artículo es comparar al rectificador monofásico mencionado y el convertidor de AC-AC, esquema empleado actualmente, respecto a parámetros de interés como es el factor de potencia a la salida del generador eléctrico de las microcentrales hidroeléctricas que regulan frecuencia por el método de carga lastre. Palabras Clave: Electrónica de potencia, convertidores y accionadores eléctricos, sistemas eléctricos y electrónicos de potencia, rectificadores controlados, convertidores AC-AC conmutados, factor de potencia, control de frecuencia.

Rural communities in Ethiopia continue to suffer from a shortage of clean energy despite the country's vast renewable energy resources. This study evaluates 4 scenarios of hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) for offgrid electrification of Oda Roba village, integrating photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT), battery (BT) storage, diesel generator (DG), and converter (CONV) systems. To identify the optimal model, each scenario was evaluated based on technoeconomic, environmental, and social development indices. Furthermore, 5 regression machine learning models were employed to forecast the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and CO 2 emission using 1938 simulation datasets. The results show that among the studied configurations, scenario 3 (PV/WT/BT/DG/ CONV) emerged as the most economical and environmentally sustainable solution to electrify the community. This system achieves an LCOE of $0.311/kWh, a 99.4% renewable fraction, a net present cost of $251,306.5, and minimal CO 2 emissions of 1260.97 kg/year. The system shows a strong economic feasibility with a 1.48-year fast payback period. Moreover, socioeconomic analysis revealed that scenario 3 has a job creation index of 0.328 and a human development index of 0.287. The break-even investigation demonstrated that the integrated system is more economical than grid extension. The application of machine learning showed that gradient boosting achieved exceptional accuracy in forecasting LCOE, while XGBoost proved to be the best in predicting CO 2 emission. The findings of this study highlight that a properly optimized HRES, by taking into account its technical-economic aspects, environmental situation, and social development index, can provide clean, affordable, and reliable energy for rural communities.

This paper presents an improved drive mechanism for Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6) High Voltage Circuit Breakers (HVCBs) deployed in 330/132kV transmission substations. The proposed system replaces the conventional servo-based permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) with a stepper motor-based PMSM configuration to overcome challenges associated with inadequate holding torque and delayed tripping response. The modified drive mechanism was modeled and simulated using MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results indicate that the proposed system delivers a peak torque of 120 Nm using a 10:1 gear reduction ratio, exceeding the required breaker load torque of 75 Nm. Furthermore, a reduction in tripping time of approximately 25% was achieved, demonstrating improved fault-clearing performance. The proposed mechanism enhances operational reliability, torque stability, and efficiency of SF6 HVCBs in high-voltage power systems.

Ce mémoire est le résultat d'un effort constant qui n'aurait pu aboutir sans la contribution de l'ING. RIMOUDAL DAKO ANTOINE MULER et Dr MADOMGUIA DIANE. Je tiens ici à exprimer mes profonds remerciements pour leurs conseils, leurs disponibilités et leurs rigueurs scientifiques. J'adresse mes sincères remerciements : Pr MOHAMADOU ALIDOU, Directeur de l'Ecole Nationale Supérieure Polytechnique de Maroua (ENSPM) qui n'a ménagé aucun effort pour la réussite de ma formation. Dr MOHAMADOU SALI, Chef de Département d'Hydraulique et Maîtrise des Eaux de l'Ecole Nationale Supérieure Polytechnique de Maroua pour nous avoir donné une formation de qualité ; pour ses grandes qualités humaines et ses conseils.

Ce mémoire est le résultat d'un effort constant qui n'aurait pu aboutir sans la contribution de l'ING. RIMOUDAL DAKO ANTOINE MULER et Dr MADOMGUIA DIANE. Je tiens ici à exprimer mes profonds remerciements pour leurs conseils, leurs disponibilités et leurs rigueurs scientifiques. J'adresse mes sincères remerciements : Pr MOHAMADOU ALIDOU, Directeur de l'Ecole Nationale Supérieure Polytechnique de Maroua (ENSPM) qui n'a ménagé aucun effort pour la réussite de ma formation. Dr MOHAMADOU SALI, Chef de Département d'Hydraulique et Maîtrise des Eaux de l'Ecole Nationale Supérieure Polytechnique de Maroua pour nous avoir donné une formation de qualité ; pour ses grandes qualités humaines et ses conseils.

The increase in global and Nigerian demand for electricity due to technological advancements has brought about numerous challenges, including voltage instability, power factor problems, and high-power losses in electrical power distribution networks. This paper presents the placement of a Static Var Compensator (SVC) in the power distribution network of Town One Station, Kaduna, Nigeria, to investigate its impact on improving and addressing the network's poor voltage profile and reducing the active power loss experienced by the network. For analysis, the bus voltage, power, and the current passing through the chosen feeders were measured and noted appropriately. The network parameters, including route length, transformer parameters, and maximum power flow, were obtained from the Kaduna Electricity Distribution Company in Kaduna, Nigeria. The distribution network was modelled and simulated in the ETAP software environment, both with and without Static Var Compensator (SVCs). The results obtained from the simulation indicated that buses 5, 7, 8, and 47, among others, have a voltage magnitude of 0.743-0.932 pu, which is clearly outside the acceptable limit of 0.95-1.05 pu. Further results showed that the network experienced real and reactive power losses of 8,527 kW and 23,535 kVAr, respectively. After the placement of the SVC with a 5.75MVAR rating, the active power loss decreased from 8527 kW to 6751 kW, indicating a 20.82% reduction in total active power loss experienced by the network. Additionally, the minimum network's bus voltage improved from 0.743 to 1.02 p.u.

Consistent electricity supply is still a big problem in many rural areas of developing countries where the socio economic development is constrained by limited grid availability and poor infrastructure. This work summarised techno-economic analysis of hybrid microgrid system designed to improve access to electricity for a rural community in Ikot Ekpene Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. This system is based on solar photovoltaic (PV), micro hydro, diesel generation and battery energy storage system (BESS) to provide a steady and sustainable power supply. A comprehensive load analysis showed the peak demand to be about 7.5 MW, reflecting increasing residential and commercial activities within the community. The mathematical model of the hybrid system and the simulation were developed in MATLAB, and a genetic algorithm was used to determine the optimal sizes of the components and the operational schedule. The optimisation process aimed to enhance reliability, decrease operation cost and improve system performances. Results of simulation show the hybrid system can meet the demand of community load and work stably with the change of condition. The optimised system had a payback period of 0.65 years, an internal rate of return of 48 percent, and a positive net present value of ₦5,336,311, implying good financial viability. The combination of renewables and battery storage also significantly decreased reliance on diesel generation and bolstered the resilience of the system. The results of this study demonstrate the potential of hybrid renewable energy systems as a practical and sustainable solution for rural electrification in developing regions. The proposed framework provides valuable technical and economic insights for policy makers, energy planners and other stakeholders to scale up the generation of reliable electricity in remote areas.

This paper presentsvoltage regulation at Karu 132/33KV substation in Abuja, Nigeria using static var compensators. Flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) devices aremodern electrical equipments that have gained wide applications in power transmission and grid stability. To improve the power quality and stability through good voltage profile, the role of static var compensators was examined using PowerFactory Digisilent software models. From the results gotten, the voltage profile at the busbar was greatly improved hence proving the efficiency of such device.

-Ce travail présente deux méthodes de dimensionnement de systèmes de pompage photovoltaïque, une méthode analytique et une méthode graphique. Ces méthodes permettent de dimensionner une installation de pompage photovoltaïque pour satisfaire les besoins en eau d'une consommation bien déterminée. Elles sont basées essentiellement sur l'évaluation des besoins d'eau, le calcul de l'énergie hydraulique nécessaire, la détermination de l'énergie solaire disponible et le choix des composants.

A second critical text of 1973 by Taher Badakhshi on the current situation of the economy and politics in Afghanistan after the coup of Daoud Mohammadzai from the Barekzai Afghan tribe. It is a piece of political theory for educational purposes in terms of power analysis and a structural systemic approach to the violence and injustice of the ethnonationalist ruler family.

A critical text of 1973 by Taher Badakhshi on the current situation of the economy and politics in Afghanistan after the coup of Daoud Mohammadzai from the Barekzai Afghan tribe. It is a piece of political theory for educational purposes in terms of power analysis and structural systemic approach to the violence and injustice of the ethnonationalist ruler family.

This study conducted a simulation-based time-domain short-circuits fault evaluation and protection system reliability analysis in 300 MVA substations with 132 kV transmission lines in Asaba (Ibusa/Asaba), Delta State, Nigeria. The analysis focused on two primary parameters: protection system dependability and selectivity, to determine the conditions necessary for ensuring rapid fault clearance and stable substation operation under line-to-ground, double-line, and three-phase faults. Fault currents, voltages, and relay trip signals were generated and analyzed using MATLAB time-domain simulations. Results indicated that system dependability exceeded 97% and security surpassed 95% when total fault-clearing times remained below 120 ms. Relay coordination intervals of 0.2–0.4s, backup misoperation below 3%, and circuit breaker MTBF above 20,000 h ensured selective fault isolation. Extended fault durations beyond 120ms or improperly coordinated relay settings increased the likelihood of misoperation and voltage instability. It was concluded that uninterrupted substation operation depends on integrating time-domain fault evaluation, coordinated relay settings, and reliable breaker performance into protection management protocols. Accordingly, it was recommended that substation operators maintain precise relay coordination, implement continuous time-domain monitoring, and uphold breaker maintenance schedules. These actions will further enhance the protection reliability, reduce fault propagation risks and support safer, more stable operation of the 132 kV transmission network.

The Power Division Theorem (PDT) is a powerful formula which establishes the novel concepts (1)Operating with equal voltage at all the source nodes (Common Source node Voltage) decides the source currents, network minimum loss and other node voltages in the network (2) Each source current ratio to the total of source currents is the same in the solution for any common source node voltage(CSNV) , but other node voltages and minimum loss are different. (3)Therefore the operating voltage of the Power System is decided by the CSNV (4) All the node voltages decreases when the CSNV reduced and vice versa.(5) Only selection of (CSNV) is needed in the innovated Novel Direct Load Flow (NDLF) method. The method is derived/proved by the Loss Minimization Lagrangian PDT (LMLPDT) load flow approach presented in this paper (6) The Lagrangian multiplayer is equal to the total generation in all the solutions. (7) No need for selection of Slack Bus in the NDLF. The work presented is innovative and surpasses all the laborious existing methods applied with different concepts /approaches in power sharing, tracing, pricing, optimizing, system planning and operations. Also, very effective for Deregulated Power Environment (DPE).Most of the calculations /estimations required in Power System Analysis will be drastically reduced/eliminated. This is achieved by the fundamental PDT innovated by the basic concept of KCL Examples which include standard IEEE-5 Bus system to validate the NDLF method. The PDT must be included in the circuit theory subject of the entire universities/Institutions world over for recognition of such important theorem.

The increasing global demand for clean and reliable energy has intensified the need for optimised microgrid systems that integrate multiple renewable energy sources. This study presents a Multi-Objective Optimization of microgrid design with Hybrid Renewable Energy Sources for a Sustainable Environment. The research focuses on developing and analyzing an optimised hybrid energy system that combines solar photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine, battery storage, and optional diesel generation to achieve a balance between economic efficiency, environmental sustainability, and operational reliability. Using the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II), the optimisation framework was formulated with three key objectives: minimising the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE), minimising carbon emissions (CO₂), and minimising the Loss of Load Probability (LOLP). Simulation and optimisation were conducted using MATLAB, HOMER Pro, and Python-based tools. The results revealed that hybrid configurations significantly outperform single-source systems, reducing LCOE by up to 25% and CO₂ emissions by over 60%. The Pareto front analysis demonstrated the trade-offs among cost, reliability, and environmental performance, enabling decision-makers to select optimal system designs based on specific priorities. The study concludes that hybrid renewable micro-grids provide a technically feasible and economically sustainable pathway for decentralised energy generation. The optimised system design not only enhances energy security but also contributes substantially to environmental conservation and the global transition toward sustainable energy development.

This paper presents a Least Absolute Value (LAV) state estimator for power system using a new method called Recursive Least Squares (RLS). Also, a suitable model is used for state estimation of power system that includes a Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC). The IEEE 14-bus test system is used to show the validity of the proposed algorithm in estimation of power system states as well as the states of controllable parameters of UPFC.

This study conducted a simulation-based time-domain short-circuits fault evaluation and protection system reliability analysis in 300 MVA substations with 132 kV transmission lines in Asaba (Ibusa/Asaba), Delta State, Nigeria. The analysis focused on two primary parameters: protection system dependability and selectivity, to determine the conditions necessary for ensuring rapid fault clearance and stable substation operation under line-to-ground, double-line, and three-phase faults. Fault currents, voltages, and relay trip signals were generated and analyzed using MATLAB time-domain simulations. Results indicated that system dependability exceeded 97% and security surpassed 95% when total fault-clearing times remained below 120 ms. Relay coordination intervals of 0.2-0.4s, backup misoperation below 3%, and circuit breaker MTBF above 20,000 h ensured selective fault isolation. Extended fault durations beyond 120ms or improperly coordinated relay settings increased the likelihood of misoperation and voltage instability. It was concluded that uninterrupted substation operation depends on integrating time-domain fault evaluation, coordinated relay settings, and reliable breaker performance into protection management protocols. Accordingly, it was recommended that substation operators maintain precise relay coordination, implement continuous time-domain monitoring, and uphold breaker maintenance schedules. These actions will further enhance the protection reliability, reduce fault propagation risks and support safer, more stable operation of the 132 kV transmission network.

Voltage stability is a critical challenge in modern power systems, especially in developing nations such as Nigeria, where aging infrastructure, high load demand, and intermittent renewable integration threaten system security. Traditional methods for stability assessment rely on linearized models, sensitivity indices, or contingency simulations, which often fail to capture nonlinear patterns under stressed grid conditions. This paper presents a deep learning-based offline voltage stability monitoring framework for the Yauri 330 kV Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) substation. A hybrid Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Conditional Generative Adversarial Network (cGAN) is adopted to overcome data scarcity and improve the robustness of prediction. The framework incorporates theoretical formulations of LSTM cell dynamics, statistical evaluation of error metrics, and experimental validation using a 14-bus equivalent of the Yauri substation modeled in PowerWorld Simulator. Results demonstrate that GAN-augmented LSTM reduces Mean Squared Error (MSE) by 38% and improves prediction accuracy compared with baseline machine learning models. This study underscores the potential of artificial intelligence for enhancing grid reliability and provides a foundation for intelligent decision support tools in the Nigerian transmission network.

A rise in the need for the integration of renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power, has been attributed to the search for sustainable energy solutions. To strengthen community grids and improve access to electricity, this article investigates the potential of combining solar and wind hybrid systems. This is viable approach to address energy-related issues, like grid dependability, energy accessibility, and greenhouse gas reduction. This research focuses on the examination of the environmental, technological, financial, and operational effects, and features of hybrid solar and wind systems for grid support. To further demonstrate the practical uses and advantages of such hybrid systems; case studies are presented. This study attempts to shed light on how solar and wind systems can affect grid resilience, increase electricity accessibility, and shape the direction for sustainable energy in the future. The obstacles preventing the broad use of a hybrid system for grid support were investigated, and the intricacies required in implementing such systems at a large scale are comprehensively presented. It was observed that developments of demand-side management, energy storage technology, and hybrid system optimization algorithms would improve the dependability, effectiveness, and cost of the hybrid system. In summary, the motivation of this study was to provide an effective tool for the interaction of hybrid solar and wind systems in the changing the energy landscape, in order to provide communities with dependable access to electricity, and fostering a more sustainable future. This work offers stakeholders insights into utilizing the hybrid system for electricity access and shift towards cleaner and renewable energy.

Elektrik enerji üretim sistemlerinin optimal işletimi problemi, içerdiği kısıtlar bakımından nümerik yöntemler ile çözümü zor bir problemdir. Bu tür problemlerin daha kısa sürelerde kabul edilebilir çözümlerinin elde edilebilmesi için çeşitli optimizasyon algoritmaları sıklıkla kullanılmaktadır. Son yıllarda bu tür algoritmaların, daha kararlı ve daha iyi çözümler elde edebilmek üzere geliştirilmesi oldukça yaygındır. Bu çalışmada daha önce birçok problemin çözümüne başarıyla uygulanmış diferansiyel gelişim algoritmasına (DE), karşıt tabanlı öğrenme kavramı iki farklı şekilde entegre edilmiştir. Geliştirilen algoritmaların performanslarının ve kararlılıklarının test edilmesi için iki farklı problem çözümü yapılmıştır. Bu problemlerden ilki altı adet multimodal test fonksiyonunun optimizasyonu, ikincisi ise optimal güç dağıtımı probleminin çözümüdür. Problem çözümü için IEEE 30 baralı 6 generatörlü sistem örnek olarak seçilmiştir. İletim hattı kayıpları Newton Raphson metodu ile AC y...

A reliable and high-quality power supply is essential for promoting economic growth and improving socioeconomic conditions within a country. However, maintaining power quality is challenging due to bus voltage fluctuations caused by changing loads over time. These voltage fluctuations can be addressed by properly designing and installing substations. Modeling a distribution substation allows for the analysis of various aspects such as voltage magnitude, phase angle, active and reactive power flow, as well as system losses can be analyzed. This study uses Electrical Transients Analysis Program (ETAP) software, known for its accuracy in Load Flow Analysis (LFA), to examine the load flow dynamics of a 33/0.4 kV substation. The study employed the adaptive Newton-Raphson technique, which was applied in real time using actual manufacturer data. The research has two main objectives. First, it optimizes voltage control to ensure a reliable power supply. Also, to upgrade transformers and integrate a capacitor bank to improve the network's power factor. This approach enhances the voltage profile, reduces power losses, and minimizes input current. Consequently, it contributes to a more efficient power system. The results showed that upgrading transformers and integrating capacitor banks improve voltage profiles, reduce power losses, and alleviate transformer overloads.

Transportation plays a crucial role in Nigeria's economic development but is also a major contributor to environmental degradation, accounting for approximately 20% of the country's total greenhouse gas emissions. This study investigates the potential of electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid vehicles (HVs) as sustainable alternatives to conventional fossil-fuel-powered transportation in Nigeria. Through a comparative analysis of both technologies, the research examines their technical viability, economic affordability, and environmental impact. The study highlights that while both EVs and HVs offer substantial benefits in reducing emissions and improving air quality, their adoption in Nigeria faces significant challenges, including high upfront costs, limited infrastructure, and low public awareness. Additionally, the study evaluates existing policy and regulatory frameworks and emphasizes the need for government interventions such as incentives, investment in charging infrastructure, and public education campaigns to promote clean transportation. Findings from this research provide insights for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and researchers seeking to advance sustainable transportation initiatives in Nigeria. The study concludes that a well-structured and supportive policy environment, along with strategic investments, is essential to accelerate the adoption of electric and hybrid vehicles and contribute meaningfully to Nigeria's climate goals.

One of the major challenges with most swarm intelligence algorithms in multimodal optimization is premature convergence. Search engines are using web spiders to crawl the web in order to collect copies of the web sites for their databases. These spiders usually use the technique of breadth first search which is non-guided or blind that depends on visiting all links of any web site one-by-one. We have studied various swarm intelligence algorithm with the search engine to enrich the literature. In this work, we develop a Web-based Crawler Using Bee Swarm Intelligent Algorithm. The methodology used is Structured System Analysis and Design Methodology(SSADM) in this approach. We implemented with PHP programming language and MySQL as database. The expected results show links into different module in a closed system, which appear to be more productive, fast and more flexible when compared with existing web crawlers. This work could be beneficial to the government, research communities and any other organisations that deals with information retrieval.

In distribution systems, the generation and transmission of reactive power over long distances are economically impractical. However, this study proposes an efficient solution to meet the demand for reactive power by strategically integrating capacitor banks at load centers. Distribution systems commonly face issues such as high power losses and poor voltage profiles, primarily due to low power factors resulting in increased current and additional active power losses. This article focuses on assessing the static effects of capacitor bank integration in distribution systems. The study involves the deployment of 3.42MVAr capacitor banks in 20kV, 4-bus-bar systems and 1.164MVar capacitor banks in 0.4kV, 2-bus-bar systems. The impact is thoroughly analyzed through measurements and pre/post-installation studies. Load flow analysis, conducted using Power World software for simulation modeling, predicts power flows, voltage levels, and active power losses across system branches.

Inadequate electricity supply is a global challenge that needs solutions. This situation has compelled the purchasing of fossil fuel-generating units for use in residential, commercial, and industrial sectors to generate electricity. However, using fossil fuel generating units cause greenhouse gas emissions, bringing about environmental pollution and ultimately resulting in climate change. In particular, educational institutions require adequate and reliable power supply to ensure proper learning and teaching, which is lacking in developing countries like Nigeria. Fortunately, Nigeria has enormous renewable energy sources such as solar energy, which can be utilized through photovoltaic (PV) modules to generate clean energy fed into a

Power flow and state estimation are fundamental processes in the operation and planning of power systems. This paper presents a brief review, implementation, and evaluation of these techniques on a benchmark IEEE three-generator, six-bus network. The Newton-Raphson method is employed to solve the nonlinear AC power flow equations, with results validated against industrial software (PSSE). Additionally, weighted least squares algorithms were implemented for both DC and AC models. While the DC estimator achieved an acceptable residual of 5.57 MW in active power estimation, it still exhibited measurable accuracy loss on high-R/X or voltage-deviation branches, with line-flow mean absolute percentage errors increasing by ∼1-3% and bus angle deviations reaching up to 19 • relative to AC estimator results. Ultimately, an overview of how classical estimation and analysis techniques can be practically applied and evaluated for both industrial and benchmarking purposes in power systems engineering are presented and discussed in detail.

In recent years, utilities have been faced with rising number of complaints about the quality of power due to sags and interruptions. There are a number of reasons for this, the most important being that with influx of digital computers and other types of electronic controls customers in all sectors (residential, commercial and industrial) have more sensitive loads. Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is a series connected power electronic based device that can quickly mitigate the voltage sags in the system and restore the load voltage to the pre-fault value. It is recognized to be the best effective solution to overcome this problem. The primary advantage of the DVR is keeping the users always on-line with high quality constant voltage maintaining the continuity of production. In this paper a fuzzy logic control method for DVR that protects a sensitive load, to counter voltage sag under unbalanced loading conditions is presented. DVR along with other parts of the distribution system are simulated using Matlab/ Simulink

This work gains technical learning from the operation of a combined cycle gas power project aimed at achieving high energy efficiency from naphtha. This formed a bridge between theoretical and practical knowledge. In the olden days, the Power Stations were constructed to run either on coal or with water (that is getting collected in the catchment area), which are called thermal or hydropower stations, respectively. The power stations are operated on gas either in open cycle or in combined cycle mode. As the operation in open cycle is costly, the power producers prefer running the gas power station only in combined cycle mode rather than in simple cycle mode because of the cost consideration. These power stations have become much more popular because of the many considerations described in this paper, along with process optimization in leaning industry towards fuel efficiency and integration of renewable energy systems. Working principle of protection schemes and operations become further explored topics under this research paper. All types of major power system protection schemes, as applied in this paper, entail future scopes.

Dünyada üretilen elektrik enerjisinin büyük bir kısmını karşılayan termik santrallerin çalışma maliyetinin minimize edilmesi önemli rol oynamaktadır. Bununla birlikte termik yakıtlı santrallerin minimum ve maksimum aktif güç değerleri arasında çalışması istenilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, genetik algoritma (GA) kullanarak Türkiye'de bulunan 380 KV, 14 bara ve 6 adet termik santrallerin ekonomik yük dağıtım (EYD) analizi yapılmıştır. Yapılan analizde, genaratörlerin üretim kısıtlamaları, hat kayıpsız ve hat kayıplı durumları göz önünde bulundurularak sistemin toplam maliyetinin minimum olacak şekilde generatörlerin optimum çalışma koşulları belirlenmiştir.

The traditional power flow analysis utilizes a static state power flow with a peak load value. However, real-world scenarios demand rapid responses to fluctuations in system loading and associated time periods. As a result, the MATPOWER program is modified to solve the power flow analysis from a steady state to multi-period. This analysis involves solving the power flow over a given time scale. This paper employed energy demand and photovoltaic (PV) system profiles to implement the power flow analysis on the grid. For this purpose, the IEEE 33 bus radial distribution system was adapted. The multi-period power system analysis was categorized into two distinct cases. The penetration levels of loads and PV installations, which highlighted the analysis of power system loss and the voltage stability index for the electrical power system. The simulation results indicated that higher load penetration levels significantly influenced energy loss, a factor that was superior to the impact on the voltage stability of the grid. Notably, in Sub-Case 8, energy loss was minimized when PV was positioned in the system's high-load areas. Thus, optimal PV installation was determined by considering multi-period load and PV profiles for the power flow analysis. The yield point could be adjusted using tools from the modified MATPOWER to address power flow across multiple time periods. This yielded accurate results, as evidenced by a comparison to the DIgSILENT ® program, with the base case presenting an error of 0.06%.

This paper explores the fundamentals and advancements in solar energy systems, highlighting their growing importance as a clean, renewable, and sustainable source of power. As the world faces increasing energy demands and environmental concerns, solar energy offers a viable alternative to fossil fuels. The study covers the essential components of solar power systems, including photovoltaic panels, inverters, energy storage units, and grid integration. Emphasis is placed on the factors affecting solar efficiency such as panel orientation, climatic conditions, and system design. The paper also examines recent innovations and practical challenges in implementing solar energy at residential, industrial, and grid levels. By analyzing case studies, performance data, and technological developments, the report aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how solar energy can contribute to a cleaner, more energy-secure future.

An issue that has been plaguing protection engineers for a considerable amount of time is the extraction of negative phase sequence components from three-phase alternating current voltages and currents. In this research, a unique numerical threephase filtering approach is presented for the purpose of extracting the negative phase sequence components from sampled three-phase observations. In order to calculate either the absolute value of the negative phase quantity or the relative value of the negative phase sequence to the positive phase sequence measured at the operating point, the algorithm has been designed to be appropriate for use in a numeric relay. This is because the method has been developed to be suitable for use in its intended application. The purpose of this study is to illustrate the capabilities of the method by presenting findings that indicate that the amount of negative phase sequence components can often be retrieved within thirty milliseconds after a disturbance by using a simple post-extraction smoothing filter. A notional sampling rate of 1200 samples per second was used in this example, together with an automated frequency tracking method, in order to ensure that the sampling clock and the power system frequency remained in perfect sync with one another.

The inability of distribution system to return expected profit is undermining its integrity. This is highly due to power loss occurring on the distribution feeders. It was on this background, that this work presented the Simulation of Technical Losses in Enugu Metropolis Networks with a Case Study of Kingsway Line 1 33kV and Power House 11kV feeders. This research was implemented using the method of simulation and analysis with the help of Electrical Transient and Analysis Program, ETAP software. The work was carried out using practical field data and network extracted from Enugu Electricity Distribution Company, EEDC. The case study networks were characterized, modelled and simulated on ETAP environment using specific parameters. From the results of the simulation/analysis the technical loss, was calculated in the 33kV network to be at 2.28% and 3.02% for the 11kV network. In order to reduce technical loses to its barest minimum, the 11kV and 33kV distribution line cable sizes were upgraded by 50% and 20% respectively. Then a shunt capacitor was installed at two places in the 33kV network which were at Kingsway line1 feeder and Shoprite substation. At the 11kV network, the shunt capacitor was connected at the Nigerian Construction and Furniture Company, NCFC load center. This modification led to the improvement of the voltage at the injection substations in the 33kv network. The average voltage improved to 0.99PU. The 33kV distribution line loss experienced an 11% reduction from the initial loss. The technical loss in the 33kV network achieved an 8.9% reduction and technical loss dropped from 2.28% to 1.47%. The 11kV distribution line loss experienced reduction of 54% drop from the initial loss. The technical loss in the network dropped by 49% and technical loss dropped from 3.02% to 1.9%. The total technical losses for both feeders were calculated as 3.37% which was about 57% in reduction.

Hybrid renewable electricity structures (HRES) offer a promising technique to address the intermittency of standalone renewable resources, but their overall performance under variable environmental situations remains tough. This study evaluates a solar-wind-battery hybrid gadget via Python-primarily based dynamic modeling, integrating real-global datasets for sun irradiance, wind velocity, temperature, and residential load profiles. The system's efficiency, reliability, and price had been analyzed underneath each ideal conditions (excessive irradiance, stable wind) and risky conditions (low irradiance, erratic wind). Results show sun dominates electricity production (62 % contribution) during best situations, even as wind supplements nighttime demand. Volatile situations substantially increase the Loss of Load Probability (LOLP) from 0.8 % to 12.4 % and elevate the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) by way of 64 %, highlighting essential sensitivity to environmental fluctuations. The 100-kWh battery reduces grid dependency but proves inadequate at some point of multi-day low-generation intervals, requiring capacity expansion. Sensitivity analysis exhibits a 20 % wind speed discount will increase LCOE by means of 36 %, demonstrating wind's disproportionate fee impact as compared to solar. While HRES drastically beautify reliability over single-source systems, they require optimized garage and different era to cope with intermittency. Future paintings should explore AI-driven predictive manipulate and inexperienced hydrogen integration to stabilize long-time period overall performance, presenting actionable insights for resilient hybrid device layout in climate-susceptible regions.

Continuously increasing connection of Renewable Generators using Power Electronics (PE) in transmission and distribution levels has raised the interest of utilities to assess the impact of these devices on the protection systems currently installed in substations. Traditional protection systems have been so far developed for systems where short-circuit current sources are synchronous generators. The response of a synchronous generator during short circuit faults is well-known and widely described in literature [1]. The response of PE-based generators or HVDC links is based on the control strategies developed by manufacturers considering grid codes imposed by utilities or specific requirements applicable for specific projects. The response of PE devices differ from the well-known response of synchronous generators and could cause difficulties for certain protection functions like fault detection. Work Package 4 of the MIGRATE project, a 4-year EU funded project that started in 2016, is dealing with the assessment of the behavior of protection systems in scenarios with high penetration of PE. Closed loop RTDS simulations have been performed in order to test the behavior of protection devices from four different manufacturers. During the performed tests, it was noted that negative sequence control on PE-based generators has a strong impact on power system protection, which is relevant, considering that the latest network codes released by ENTSO-e include the possibility of establishing requirements for negative sequence current injection. This article is focused on the impact of negative sequence control on the behavior of faulted phase selection algorithms based on the comparison of the angle of negative sequence and zero sequence currents and superimposed quantities, and how different negative sequence control strategies affect its behavior.

Stand-alone hybrid power generation system for a cow farm in Jordan is economically and technically optimized to meet the daily electrical load of the farm. A combination of photovoltaics, biogas generators, diesel generators, wind turbines, and batteries are used to determine the best scenario for the farm's power generation. In accordance with the price and technical data of the components, the systems were first studied technically and economically, and then simulated using hybrid optimization model for multiple energy resources (HOMER) software to identify the best configuration. Several options were analyzed to determine the best configuration. The optimized hybrid system includes photovoltaics, a biogas generator, batteries, and a diesel generator. The optimum configuration had a levelized cost of energy of $0.06 per kWh and a net present cost of $2,100,000. The renewable fraction of the total system electrical yearly production was 94%. Furthermore, the results showed tha...

Energy consumption is known as the catalyst for economic growth. However, the association of CO 2 emissions with energy consumption has prompted policymakers to pursue types of energy that ensure sustainable development. Thus, this paper analyses the marginal impact of Biomass energy consumption and foreign direct investment (FDI) on CO 2 emissions in West Africa by employing spatial econometric models. The robust LM lag and the robust LM error test result implied that the spatial lag model was the best model to explain the spatial effects of the exogenous variables. From the result, the spatial parameter (ρ) revealed that CO 2 emissions have endogenous geographical impacts. Thus, indicating that a rise of CO 2 emissions in a neighboring country results in an increase in a focal country by 0.302%. The results also revealed that biomass energy consumption significantly lessens environmental pollution in a country by 0.048% and that of its neighboring countries by 0.012%. An increase in FDI in a focal country increases CO 2 emissions in its environment and its surrounding countries by 0.076% and 0.042% respectively.Thus, the investment in biomass energy projects in the West African region must increase significantly. This could help fight the environmental problems and these projects could be done by attracting foreign investors through FDI in funding. Overall the study spotlighted some policies suggestions for the West African energy market in achieving a carbon-neutral environment.

This paper introduces a new data-driven bottom-up monitoring approach for distribution systems. In this approach, local estimations of the subsections into which the system is split are performed independently, thus leading to a scalable architecture. The monitoring approach is focused only on the estimation of voltage magnitude rather than the complete state of the system. This reduces the measurement requirements significantly, thus addressing economical and technical concerns for existing systems, while staying open to accommodating further incremental improvements in the available data and data quality. The estimation of each section is realized via an artificial neural network (ANN), for which a set of parameterizations is available to cope with different operating conditions. The estimation convergence is achieved even with relatively few measurements, although accuracy varies depending on the available measurements. At the Medium Voltage (MV) level, where reconfiguration is common, a configuration identification unit chooses the right ANN, the one trained for the actual network configuration. The estimation process is computationally simple and can be executed on low-cost hardware, as demonstrated in this paper by the implementation on a BeagleBone Black board. To demonstrate the concept, a prototype and a laboratory setup have been developed. The experimental test results are presented both for an Low Voltage distribution system and an MV distribution system.