European Environmental Law

The concept of "integrated environmental protection" take into consideration all sectors of environment impacts (air, water, waste) like a complex instead of separated view on each sector particularly. The reason of this concept is that substances and emissions outflow from one environmental sector can cause transport to another environmental sector. New attitude in integrated process represents change until now applied segment system of assessment and permitting installations to the integrated permitting. It is a new aspect with which we haven't got practical experiences and make demands on both sites which are in this process involved. Integrated permit doesn't mean increased responsibilities contrariwise allow operators be actively connected to the permitting, transpose their own ideas in communication between competent authority and operator what existing practice doesn't allowed.

Rozwój przemysłu, transportu, urbanizacji, nieprawidłowa uprawa roli i  stosowanie dużych ilości nawozów sztucznych, erozja gleb, wycinka lasów na masową skalę, eksploatacja złóż naturalnych, skażenia chemiczne i  bakteriologiczne wód, gleby i  powietrza, odprowadzanie do wód ścieków komunalnych i  przemysłowych, produkcja dwutlenku węgla i wprowadzanie do atmosfery szkodliwych substancji chemicznych mają ogromny wpływ na degradację środowiska naturalnego i zmniejszenie różnorodności biologicznej organizmów żywych. Choć na degradację środowiska wpływ mają również zjawiska naturalne jak np. wybuchy wulkanów, trzęsienia ziemi, powodzie czy susze, to niestety, większość tych negatywnych działań skutkujących pogorszeniem stanu ziemi, wód i  powietrza wiąże się nierozerwalnie z  działalnością człowieka. Efekt jest taki, że wiele gatunków fauny i  flory bezpowrotnie zniknęło z  powierzchni ziemi, a  kolejnemu milionowi, jak twierdzą naukowcy, grozi zagłada.
Idea ochrony środowiska naturalnego narodziła się dopiero w  drugiej połowie XIX wieku, jako reakcja na dynamiczny proces industrializacji i rozrastania się miast oraz coraz większy stopień zanieczyszczania wód i  powietrza. Warto tutaj podkreślić, że Polska należy do krajów, w  których najwcześniej podjęto działania związane z  ochroną przyrody. Polskie przepisy prawne chronią środowisko naturalne przed jego dewastacją i  degradacją. Podstawowym aktem prawnym w  Polsce jest Ustawa o ochronie przyrody, która określa cele, zasady i formy ochrony przyrody żywej i  nieożywionej. Niezwykle ważna jest także ustawa Prawo Ochrony Środowiska, która określa jak powinniśmy korzystać ze środowiska, a czego nam nie wolno robić. Mamy też szereg ustaw, jak chociażby Ustawa o  ochronie wód czy ministerialnych rozporządzeń odnoszących się środowiska naturalnego. W Polsce dzięki ustawodawcy istnieje unikatowy na skalę europejską system finansowania zadań z  zakresu ochrony środowiska, a  mianowicie korzystający ze środowiska wnosi opłaty, które to przeznaczane są na finansowanie zadań z  zakresu ochrony środowiska.Warto też przypomnieć, że w Unii Europejskiej obowiązują jedne z najsurowszych na świecie norm w  zakresie ochrony środowiska. Obejmują one obecnie ponad tysiąc aktów prawnych i  wciąż trwają prace nad kolejnymi. Kwestie dotyczące degradacji środowiska naturalnego i  kar, jakie grożą za nieprzestrzeganie obowiązujących przepisów czy szkodliwą działalność skutkującą niszczeniem wód, powietrza i  ziemi rozstrzygają też przepisy polskiego Kodeksu Karnego. Oznacza to w  praktyce, że nie można bezkarnie dopuszczać się działań mających szkodliwy wpływ na stan środowiska. Ochrona prawna dotyczy nie tylko podejmowania szkodliwych czynności dotyczących ziemi, wód czy atmosfery, ale także fauny i  flory. Obecny rząd RP prowadzi politykę mającą na celu ograniczenie degradacji środowiska naturalnego. Najnowszym tego przykładem jest wdrożenie Programu Czyste Powietrze, którego celem jest ograniczenie emisji dwutlenku węgla do atmosfery oraz poprawa efektywności energetycznej w  domach jednorodzinnych, które są obecnie największymi emiterami zanieczyszczeń w  Polsce. Z  surowymi karami muszą się liczyć instytucje i  osoby, które dopuszczają się składowania odpadów w  niedozwolonych miejscach czy zanieczyszczania wód poprzez odprowadzanie nieoczyszczonych ścieków do wód, jezior czy innych zbiorników wodnych. Teraz, w  dużej mierze, w  gestii wymiaru sprawiedliwości leży to, czy kary za przestępstwa przeciwko przyrodzie, prowadzeniu działalności zagrażającej środowisku naturalnemu będą odpowiednio egzekwowane.

Komunitarni pravo jako cast sirsiho celku prava Evropske unie je autonomnim pravnim systemem. Jako takove je ovladano tež vlastnimi zasadami různeho původu i ucelu, který sleduji. Jednou z nich je zasada effet utile, do cestiny překladana jako zasada užitecneho ucinku (komunitarniho prava). Ackoliv dosud neni v nauce uznavana jako obecna zasada komunitarniho prava, v judikatuře Evropskeho soudniho dvora je casto zmiňovana a projevuje se nejen samostatně, ale i v dalsich zasadach komunitarniho prava, ktere souvisi s jeho aplikaci. S ohledem na vymezený rozsah nebudeme zkoumat v teto praci vsechny z nich, ale pouze zasadu nepřimeho ucinku, kterou podrobime bližsi analýze. Cilem teto prace je ověřit myslenku, že se jedna o zasadu, ktera je vlastni pouze komunitarnimu pravu, a to s ohledem na jeho nadstatni povahu. Jeji projevy v mezivladnim II. a III. piliři nejsou možne ani žadouci a dle výchoziho předpokladu jsou tež vylouceny. Testovan bude dopad zasady nepřimeho ucinku na interpret...

Principle 4 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (1992) states: ``In order to achieve sustainable development, environmental protection shall constitute an integral part of the development process and cannot be considered in isolation from it.''

Avrupa Birli i Hukuku her ne kadar uluslararas hukuk sistemi içerisinde ortaya ç km bulunsa da, Birlik hukuku, uluslararas hukuktan tamamen farkl , kendine özgü kurumlar bulunan, nevi ahs na münhas r (sui generis) bir yap arz etmektedir. Monist teori taraftarlar na göre Avrupa Birli i Hukuku ile uluslararas hukuk tek bir hukuk sisteminin parçalar d r ve bu nedenle her iki hukuk sistemine dahil hukuki i lemler bir di erinde do rudan geçerlidir. Oysa dualizm yanl lar Birlik Hukuku ile uluslararas hukuku iki farkl hukuk sistemi olarak kabul eder ve bir hukuk sistemine ait hukuki i lemin ötekisinde de geçerli olmas n , buna yönelik ayr bir i lemin yap lmas art na ba l sayar.

In December 2019, the European Commission released a mechanism to fight climate change, namely the European Green Deal. This policy was put in place to materialize the goals of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change of 2015, that is, to combat the issue of climate change along the lines of sustainable development and fight poverty. In the context of the European Green Deal, one of the key instruments envisaged to achieve the ambitious plans of the European Union (EU) is the so-called Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), which is the focus of this article and has been described as an 'extraterritorial outreach' for attempting to regulate matters outside the EU borders. This article seeks to answer is whether the CBAM is justified in line with the need to protect the environment and address climate change as well as increasing global economic welfare and reducing poverty. This article provides an overview of CBAM, analyzes the rationale behind CBAM as well as the various misgivings from third parties. It contextualizes CBAM in the context of free trade and examines whether CBAM is consistent with multilateral trade rules. It then provides the design of a CBAM based on the principles of international trade and sustainable development. The article concludes that, overall, the analysis of CBAMs, particularly regarding the fervency of the EU to make its CBAM compatible with both trade rules and climate change objectives, demonstrates states' growing interest in protecting the planet, while preserving economic values; it also indicates the importance of trade in managing those interests.

We know the science of climate change; we know the economics of climate change; we also know the law of climate change. However, we do not know how countries may come together to cooperate on climate change mitigation. One way of doing so successfully is by putting together the climate regime with the international trading system via the creation of climate clubs, namely the coalition of the willing. This article aims to explain that, by building climate clubs and making use of the international trading system, we can reach a better future for all.

The present contribution seeks to provide an empirical overview of how the amended internal review mechanism established under the EU Aarhus Regulation is currently being deployed by civil society organizations to mobilize EU climate change law. This Article argues that the 2021 reform of the Aarhus Regulation has broadened the legal opportunity structure available to environmental organizations, which can now challenge a much broader set of EU administrative acts. However, this contribution holds that the internal review mechanism is being used strategically by environmental NGOs with the intention to contest-even before the EU judiciary-not only EU administrative acts, but also broader policy arrangements, representing the legal infrastructure of the EU ecological transition. In this regard, the Aarhus internal review mechanism can now be considered a real scientific dispute settlement forum, where NGOs and EU institutions can confront each other and disagree on the way scientific evidence is taken into account in the EU policymaking. Finally, the new specific features of the internal review mechanism are truly empowering only those organizations owning the necessary legal and technical expertise, allowing such NGOs to act as credible scientific interlocutors of the EU institutions on behalf of the wider public.

MARPOL Annex I is an international convention designed to minimize pollution of the seas from ships, aiming to preserve the marine environment through the complete elimination of pollution by oil and other harmful substances and the minimization of accidental discharge of such substances. It sets forth regulations concerning the discharge of oil, oily mixtures, and other related operational aspects from ships. Key components of Annex I include discharge criteria, construction and equipment standards, and operational requirements. The regulations vary based on vessel size, location (with stricter rules in Special Areas), and specific operations conducted on board. Compliance is ensured through surveys, certifications, and the maintenance of detailed records, such as the Oil Record Book. Annex I addresses general discharge conditions outside special areas, requirements for ships under 400 GT, Oil Record Book entries, oil discharge monitoring and control systems, cargo residue discharge quantities, and special area definitions and restrictions Reflection Paper

The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 (MARPOL 73/78), stands as the cornerstone of global efforts to safeguard the marine environment against pollution from operational or accidental causes by ships. This reflection paper examines the critical principles of MARPOL, drawing specifically from the provisions of Annexes I, II, III, IV, and V. It briefly introduces the Convention's role as a comprehensive framework, summarizes its key learnings related to oil, noxious liquid substances, packaged goods, sewage, and garbage, and then transitions into a personal reflection. The paper explores how the core principles of prevention, international cooperation, and stringent compliance shape the ethical framework and professional mindset of a future maritime officer. Furthermore, it details practical applications of these principles onboard, emphasizing adherence to specific discharge standards, proper documentation via mandatory record books, and the proactive reporting of incidents. The paper concludes with a firm commitment to not only meet the minimum requirements of the Convention but to actively champion its environmental protection spirit throughout a professional career at sea.

This reflection paper explores the significance of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) in ensuring maritime safety and environmental protection. The paper's purpose is to highlight the importance of these frameworks in maritime operations. Main points include key learnings from MARPOL regulations, personal reflections on the role of a future maritime officer, and practical applications of IMO and MARPOL principles onboard. The conclusion emphasizes the commitment to upholding these principles for a sustainable maritime industry.Through a review of key learnings, personal reflections, and practical applications, this paper underscores the importance of adhering to IMO and MARPOL regulations for sustainable maritime operations. As a future maritime officer, a commitment to upholding these principles is essential for safeguarding the marine environment.

- , Bericht der High Level Group v. 4.11.2002, abrufbar unter ! company/docs/modern/report_de.pdf; Lamfalussy Bericht, Schlussbericht des Ausschusses der Weisen über die Regulierung der europäischen Wertpapiermärkte unter dem Vorsitz von Baron Alexandre Lamfalussy v. 15.2.2001, abrufbar unter ocs!lamfalussy/wisemen/final-report-wise-men_de.pdf; LarosiCre Group, Report of the High-Level Group on Financial Supervision in the EU v. 25.2.2009, abrufbar unter _market/finances/docs/de_larosiere_report_en.pdf.

This paper aims to comparatively investigate the numerous and variegated regulatory, case-law, and doctrinal sources, both international and European, relevant to the topic of environmental liability. The objective, in particular, is to examine the aspects closely related to the role of the materially responsible party, generally identified as the operator, in order to demonstrate the possibility of extending such liability to States, either jointly or severally, thus promoting the establishment of new supranational mechanisms for oversight and sanctioning their activities. In fact, the international cardinal principle that attributes all the burdens of prevention and repair to those who produce pollution or create a threat thereof, does not prevent the meaning of responsible from also including the State in which the contaminating activity is carried out; nor that States can act and cooperate, in the name of primary prevention, to improve levels of environmental protection, especially with regard to global phenomena such as climate change and widespread pollution mainly caused by emissions of toxic substances produced by humans.

The paper is part of the global research on the issue of rural development oriented towards the development of policies and strategies accordingly. At the bottom of the paper is the general idea that development is always strategic and brings to the fore both the identification of problems and the potential for sustainable development of rural tourism in order to better guide the strategic measures of sustainable development of the community through tourism. To capture the elements of territorial specificity and the achievement of development objectives, the case studies was chosen as a research methodology using several methods, both quantitative and qualitative such as: secondary analysis of statistical data and relevant literature (reports, strategies, studies, monographs), semi-structured interviews with key local factors and PESTEL analysis, respectively SWOT analysis. The information obtained is the basis for developing strategic options for the sustainable development of rural tourism.

The terminology used in economic discipline (and also in economic policy) is as overwhelming as confusing, generating unnecessary misunderstandings or polemics both in the scientific plan and in the practical one. The paper aims to propose a conceptual "map" in this field, both from a structural perspective and from a dynamic one of this terminology. The research focuses on three priority axes: a) the axis of the nature of concepts; b) the axis of the logical properties of the concepts; c) the axis of the relationships of the concepts. Finally, the work will resume and examine in detail an abstract classification of change, which the author has already presented to the scientific community.

The relatively long time span between the start-up and the end of an oil/gas project coupled with the relatively fresh international experience of decommissioning techniques have all led to neglect in relation to the deep analysis and preparation required for the decommissioning of these assets. In fact, these and other factors have led to decommissioning being seen as an 'unknown art'. However, the maturity of the world oil and gas industry has made the costs of decommissioning offshore and onshore oil and gas installations more apparent. This necessitates a fresh consideration of the rules and regulations surrounding the oil and gas decommissioning business. The book attempts this fresh consideration. To this end, it is well organised and the topics discussed in the consecutive chapters flow smoothly and logically. The UK oil and gas industry have just started to experience and practice decommissioning of its long installed assets, therefore, the book is timely and touches upon key aspects of the decommissioning of oil and gas installations. Part A contains one chapter authored by Callum Falconer and Chris Wicks. The chapter presents the life cycle of offshore oil and gas projects and focuses on decommissioning as being a key part of this cycle. Part A of the book includes descriptions of the decommissioning process in general and gives insights into decommissioning oil and gas assets in the UK. It

Dieser zweiteilige Beitrag vermittelt einen Überblick über die wichtigsten Instrumente des Umweltrechts. Der erste Teil (JURA 2022, 1394 ff.) behandelte im Schwerpunkt das Planungsrecht, die direkten Instrumente (Ordnungsrecht) und das Verfahren. Der zweite Teil beschäftigt sich vor allem mit dem informalen Verwaltungshandeln, den indirekten (sog. ökonomischen) Instrumenten sowie der Umwelthaftung. Stichwörter: Umweltrecht, Instrumente des Umweltrechts, informales Verwaltungshandeln, Umwelthaftung V. Instrumente indirekter Verhaltenssteuerung 1. Allgemeines a) Begriff und Systematik Indirekte Umweltinstrumente sind influenzierende, nicht zwangsweise durchsetzbare staatliche Maßnahmen der Verhaltenssteuerung durch Setzung positiver oder negativer Anreize, die es dem Bürger überlassen, ob er dem Anreiz folgt oder nicht. 1 Die Rede ist von weicher Regulierung bzw. Steuerung. 2 Der Staat wirkt auf von ihm erwünschte Verhaltensweisen hin, ohne diese zu gebieten, oder sucht von ihm unerwünschte Verhaltensweisen zu verhindern, ohne diese zu verbieten. 3 Der Bürger entscheidet sich zwischen mehreren legalen Verhaltensweisen, wobei seine Entscheidung (u. a.) von den staatlich gesetzten Anreizen beeinflusst wird. 4 Systematisch lassen sich indirekte Umweltinstrumente in informationelle (V. 2.), ökonomische (V. 3.-V. 6.), konsensuale (V. 7.), informale (V. 8.) und (betriebs-)organisatorische Instrumente (V. 9.) untergliedern. 5 Von besonderer Bedeutung ist die Umwelthaftung bzw. -verantwortlichkeit (VI.), die den ökonomischen Instrumenten zugerechnet werden kann. 6 b) Vor-und Nachteile Indirekte Umweltinstrumente versprechen eine hohe Flexibilität, 7 weil sie ihrem Adressaten die Freiheit belassen, sich für oder gegen umweltfreundliches Verhalten zu entscheiden (»legal compliance«). Dadurch steigt zum einen ihre Akzeptanz, zum anderen die Motivation, sich über das gesetzlich gebotene Maß hinaus um Umweltschutz zu bemühen (»beyond compliance«). 8 Damit verbunden ist eine gesteigerte Kosteneffizienz sowie eine gewisse Entlastung der Verwaltung in einem Bereich wie der Umweltpolitik, der ohnehinaufgrund begrenzter sächlicher und personeller Mittel der Administrativeunter einem Vollzugsdefizit leidet. 9 Oft steckt in indirekten Instrumenten aber eine mittelbar-faktische Freiheitseinschränkung, etwa wenn dem Bürger aufgrund der wirtschaftlichen Nachteile einer Maßnahme praktisch kaum mehr eine Wahlmöglichkeit verbleibt. Oftmals versagen dann Rechtsschutzmechanismen, weil diese traditionell auf die Abwehr direkter Eingriffe ausgerichtet sind, wasgerade bei informalen *Kontaktperson: Wolfgang Kahl, ist geschäftsführender Direktor des Instituts für deutsches und europäisches Verwaltungsrecht der Universität Heidelberg sowie der Forschungsstelle für Nachhaltigkeitsrecht, ebendort.

This essay examines the evolving role of environmental non-governmental organizations (ENGOs) in enforcing European Union environmental law (EUEL), focusing on their legal standing (locus standi) to challenge violations at both EU and national levels. Despite the EU’s ratification of the Aarhus Convention, which aimed to enhance access to justice in environmental matters, ENGOs continue to face significant barriers—particularly due to restrictive standing requirements established by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) under the Plaumann doctrine. The essay analyzes the four primary legal avenues available to ENGOs: infringement proceedings initiated by the European Commission, internal review mechanisms under the Aarhus Regulation, direct actions for annulment before the CJEU, and challenges through national courts with potential preliminary references to the CJEU. It highlights the dual enforcement model of EUEL—centralized at the EU level and decentralized via national courts—and the increasing reliance on ENGOs as watchdogs and intermediaries in environmental governance. While recent reforms, such as the 2021 amendment to the Aarhus Regulation, have expanded the scope of internal review, persistent challenges remain, including the Commission’s gatekeeping role and the CJEU’s reluctance to broaden standing at the EU level. In contrast, CJEU case law has promoted a more expansive interpretation of standing for ENGOs in national courts, aligning with the Aarhus Convention’s objectives. The essay concludes that, although incremental progress has been made, particularly at the national level, substantial obstacles persist in ensuring effective judicial protection for environmental interests within the EU, leaving the full realization of ENGOs’ access to justice an ongoing challenge

Tento přispěvek se zabýva otazkou osobni působnosti nařizeni Brusel I ve světle jeho probihajici revize. V soucasne podobě je osobni působnost nařizeni založena na podmince bydlistě žalovaneho v některem clenskem statě EU. Z tohoto pravidla existuje jen několik malo výjimek. Dle připravovane revize by se mělo nařizeni aplikovat i v situaci, kdy bude mit žalovaný bydlistě mimo EU. Tento přispěvek rozebira soucasný stav osobni působnosti nařizeni, navrhovanou změnu a jeji dopad na jednotliva ustanoveni v nařizeni. Přispěvek se snaži potvrdit nebo vyvratit hypotezu, že univerzalni osobni působnost nařizeni neni vhodna pro pravidla o přislusnosti.

ARRÊT DE LA COUR (quatrième chambre) 9 juin 2011 * Dans l'affaire C-383/09, ayant pour objet un recours en manquement au titre de l'article 226 CE, introduit le 25 septembre 2009, Commission européenne, représentée par M mes O. Beynet et D. Recchia, en qualité d'agents, ayant élu domicile à Luxembourg, partie requérante, contre République française, représentée par MM. G. de Bergues et S. Menez, en qualité d'agents, partie défenderesse, * Langue de procédure: le français. I -4895 COMMISSION / FRANCE LA COUR (quatrième chambre), composée de M. J.-C. Bonichot, président de chambre, MM. K. Schiemann, L. Bay Larsen (rapporteur), M me A. Prechal et M. E. Jarašiūnas, juges, avocat général: M me J. Kokott, greffier: M me C. Strömholm, administrateur, vu la procédure écrite et à la suite de l'audience du 21 octobre 2010, ayant entendu l'avocat général en ses conclusions à l'audience du 20 janvier 2011, rend le présent Arrêt

Imperial College London European Energy and The European Energy and Environmental Law Review invites the submission of Environmental Law unsolicited articles from scholars, practitioners and students of energy and environmental Review law. The Editors are willing to consider proposals for articles but is unable to make any commitment as to publication prior to submission of the final script. Book reviews are also welcome. Letters in response to articles can only be considered for publication if they do not exceed a maximum of 500 words. Aims and Scope European Energy and Environmental Law Review is a bimonthly journal which presents comprehensive coverage of the latest developments in energy and environmental law throughout Europe. In addition to this, European Energy and Environmental Law Review contains concise, accessible articles which explore and analyse significant issues and developments in energy and environmental law and practice throughout Europe. European Energy and Environmental Law Review enables the reader to keep abreast of significant and topical aspects of energy and environmental law, including the legal issues relating to renewables, energy security, energy efficiency, energy competition law, energy liberalisation process, electricity and gas markets, climate change; sustainable energy, land, air, fresh water, oceans, noise, waste management, dangerous substances, and nature conservation. Its succinct, practical style makes it ideal for the busy professional, while the authority, scope,and topicality of its coverage make it an invaluable research tool.

Under the proposed renewables Directive, Member States would commit to delivering additional renewable energy so that collectively they would generate 20% of energy from renewable sources by 2020. The requirements for each Member State are linked to their GDP. The Proposal offers two options for inter–Member State cooperation, based upon the assumption that it may be advantageous to develop additional renewables in countries with good resource basis to meet the target in countries with higher GDP. Either Member States can transfer guarantees of origin for renewables between governments or they can implement a system for private international trade of guarantees of origin. The paper discusses the economic and legal implications for national support schemes and suggests possible extensions and amendments to enhance legal certainty for investors. The Proposal also makes provision for national action plans to support Member States in the implementation of national frameworks. We discuss...

The “European relaunch” of the 1980s has been widely analyzed within economic historiography. After the crises of the 1970s, European integration resumed with a strong focus on completing the internal market, the core of which is Lord Cockfield’s 1985 White Paper. This comprehensive document outlined 300 directives aimed at dismantling the physical, technical and fiscal barriers that segmented the European market, with a targeted
completion timeframe of eight years. As such, the White Paper is significant in the history of European integration, yet it has been understudied in the academic literature.
Through Cockfield’s work, my research seeks to identify the new economic identity that emerged in those years, focusing on the interplay of political and economic-industrial influences, as well as the relationships among various economic cultures that characterized this unique moment, akin to a laboratory for identity redefinition.
The direct study of the concrete drafting process of the White Paper and the entire course of its implementation until 1992 offers the opportunity to introduce new elements that can enrich previous interpretations of the 1980s in Europe .

A temática discutida na pesquisa é atual e de interesse global, envolvente de variados âmbitos do conhecimento. A compreensão a respeito das evoluções tecnológicas e científicas repercute no ordenamento jurídico nacional em especial no tocante aos institutos da responsabilidade civil. Referida abordagem busca ampliar a proteção dos indivíduos, ante as incertezas produzidas com o uso indiscriminado de produtos e serviços que futuramente poderão ser revelados prejudiciais à saúde e ao meio ambiente como um todo. A investigação se vale do método dedutivo de raciocínio, pesquisando a doutrina, o texto constitucional e a legislação infraconstitucional.

Palavras-chave: Responsabilidade civil; Novas tecnologias; Risco do desenvolvimento; Princípio da prevenção.

The sub-national level, e.g. regional and city governments, could be added as well, as these are increasingly active in climate mitigation and adaptation: cf. E. Scanu and G. Cloutier, 'Why Do Cities Get Involved in Climate Governance? Insights from Canada and Italy' 2015 Environnement Urbain/Urban Environment 9, available at: .openedition .org/ eue/ 635. See further recital 62 of the preamble to the 2018 RES directive, Directive

Die vorliegende Fallauflösung beschäftigt sich mit der Wirkung des Völkerrechts in der EG-Rechtsordnung und mit ihren Parallelen zum Verhältnis von Völkerrecht und innerstaatlichem Recht. Zunächst soll ein Überblick über Sachverhalt gegeben werden, damit wir die anschließenden rechtlichen Fragen besser verstehen und beantworten können. Die Klägerin 1 des deutschen Ausgangsverfahrens führte in den Jahren 1990 bis 1992 Weine aus (Rest-) Jugoslawien in die Europäische Gemeinschaft ein und meldete die in den freien Verkehr entnommenen Parteien am 07. Mai 1992 unter Berechnung des Zolls zum Präferenzzollsatz an. Das beklagte Hauptzollamt 2 berechnete für die Ġmporte nicht den Präferenzzollsatz, wie er im Kooperationsabkommen zwischen der EG und der (ehemaligen) Sozialistischen Föderativen Republik Jugoslawien 3 vom 02. 04. 1980 4

Katalogizace v knize -Národní knihovna ČR Kosař, David Nestátní subjekty v definici uprchlíka / David Kosař. -1. vyd. Brno: Masarykova univerzita, 2013. -170 s. (Edice S, řada teoretická Právnické fakulty MU ; č. 457) ISBN 978-80-210-6463-8 (brož.) 314.151.3-054.73* 341.43* 342.72/.73* 341:342* -uprchlíci -právo azylu -občanská práva -mezinárodní a vnitrostátní právo -monografie 341 -Mezinárodní právo [16] Poděkování Tato kniha by nevznikla bez podpory řady lidí a institucí. Za podporu při zpracovávání této knihy vděčím zejména Daliboru Jílkovi, který podnítil můj zájem o uprchlické právo. Za bohaté diskuse k azylové problematice bych pak rád poděkoval spoluautorům komentáře k zákonu o azylu (Zákon o azylu. Komentář. Praha: Wolters Kluwer ČR, 2010): Věře Honuskové, Miroslavu Jurmanovi, Haně Lupačové a Pavlu Molkovi. Ze zahraničních kolegů patří můj dík nejvíce Jamesi Hathawayovi a kolegům z akademické síti ODYSSEUS, kteří mě zasvětili do evropského azylového acquis. Tato kniha by rovněž nevznikla bez podpory pražské kanceláře UNHCR; grantu A. C. Heltona od American Society of International Law a grantu Masarykovy univerzity v rámci Projektu rektora MU na podporu tvůrčí činnosti studentů. Tímto bych chtěl rovněž poděkovat Věře Ištvanové za bezmeznou podporu při vyhledávání často obskurních publikací o uprchlickém právu a za perfektní knihovnický servis. Za bohaté připomínky k manuskriptu této knihy děkuji Haně Lupačové a Václavu Stehlíkovi. Při závěrečné editaci mi pak výrazně pomohli mí vědečtí asistenti Daniela Dušková a Zdeněk Křivka -i jim patří velký dík.

This paper examined the role of environmental law in shaping sustainable business practices, particularly in the context of green entrepreneurship. The exploration highlighted how regulatory frameworks influenced environmentally responsible business operations, emphasizing both the benefits and challenges associated with compliance. While environmental laws have encouraged sustainable practices, concerns such as high compliance costs, regulatory complexities, and inconsistent enforcement were noted. The paper further explored the importance of green financing, circular economy strategies, and corporate sustainability initiatives in promoting eco-friendly businesses. Additionally, the evolving landscape of global environmental policies and their implications for entrepreneurship were considered. The study provided insights into the legal, financial, and strategic dimensions of sustainable business models, offering perspectives on how regulatory support can be enhanced to foster business adaptability.

Comunicação ao XVI Congresso Mundial de Direito Agrário "Desafios do Direito Agrário no Contexto Atual / Compreensão Jurídica à COP 30", da UMAU - União Mundial dos Agraristas Universitários (para o Direito Agrário e Direito Agroalimentar). Belém do Pará, Brasil. Dias 10 a 13 de setembro de 2024. Publicada no Journal of Sustainable Institutional Management, 12(JSIM), e0175, 2025.

This contribution weighs in on the obligations arising for the EU as a contracting party to the Aarhus Convention with regard to granting broader possibilities for private parties (individuals and non-governmental organizations) to appear before the EU Courts (the Court of Justice and the General Court) in matters pertaining to the climate domain. This relates to those cases where, by virtue of claiming a breach of their Aarhus Convention rights, private applicants consider themselves “directly” and “individually” concerned by a specific climate legal act adopted by the EU institutions. In this vein, the paper explores the relevance of Article 9(3) of the Convention for the EU climate litigation context, including whether and how this provision can trigger the duty of the EU Courts to make access to justice more widely available to private applicants launching climate lawsuits before them.
Article 9(3) requires each contracting party to ensure that, where they meet the criteria laid down in its national law, members of the public have access to administrative or judicial procedures to appeal against “acts and omissions by (...) public authorities which contravene provisions of its national law relating to the environment.” Applied with respect to the EU as a party to the Convention, this provision can be interpreted as creating an obligation for the EU institutions which extends beyond strictly the “environmental matters” realm to equally cover the climate one. 
To test this hypothesis, the paper takes a critical view on two cases brought before the EU Courts – Carvalho et al. v Parliament and Council and Sabo et al. v. Parliament and Council, scrutinizing the legal options available for private applicants to seek a full or partial annulment of EU legislative acts which they allege hinder the EU's climate ambitions as well as “directly” and “individually” affect them as applicants. In this sense, the EU Courts’ hitherto missed opportunities for extending the Aarhus Convention obligations to the climate arena will be discussed, including the yet untapped potential of these courts to act as fora for climate litigation at the EU supranational level.