Fdi and Job Creation

Africa has enormous unexplored markets, a young and expanding population, and immense natural resources, all of which are being used by several African governments to enhance the business climate and attract international investors. Africa has seen both positive and negative trends in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the recent decades, with some nations witnessing higher flows while others struggling to attract large international investments. FDI is majorly concentrated in industries such as natural resources, telecommunications, and infrastructure, but there is significant interest in sectors like agriculture, renewable energy, and technology as well. This research discusses patterns of inward FDI in Africa from 1990-2024 highlighting a persistent challenge despite notable economic and institutional advancements on the continent: inadequacy and inconsistency in inward FDI. This shortfall poses a hurdle for emerging economies reliant on steady FDI streams to foster private sector growth and advance SDGs. The extant literature studies Africa as a whole and undermines the significance of its regional diversity. This paper thus looks at the regional heterogeneity of North, East, West, Southern, and Central Africa.

South Africa controls only 0.13% of global shipping capacity while generating over 300 million tonnes of seaborne trade annually – a quantifiable mathematical market failure documented in the Comprehensive Maritime Transport Policy (CMTP) of 2017. The CMTP mandated legally binding “Year‑6” triggers (2023), including the gazetting of legislation to reserve government cargo for South African‑registered ships, the creation of a national shipping carrier (SASCO), and a cabotage framework. None of these triggers has been activated. This paper examines how the National Economic Development and Labour Council (NEDLAC) was used as a procedural veto point to block the Merchant Shipping Bill, freezing SASCO indefinitely. Simultaneously, the government concluded a 25‑year concession of the Durban Container Terminal Pier 2 to a foreign operator (ICTSI), directly contradicting CMTP principles. Independent research (Smith‑Godfrey, 2024) that dismantled the “concessionaire dogma” through seven comparative case studies was deliberately ignored. The essay argues that the market failure, combined with Section 217 of the Constitution, creates a legal duty for the state to act – a duty that has been breached. It concludes with policy recommendations to activate the Year‑6 gazette, operationalise three supranational legal shields, and freeze further concessions pending a CMTP‑aligned review.

Keywords: South Africa, maritime policy, CMTP, cabotage, NEDLAC, port concession, infrastructure capture, Section 217

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), is an investment made by a company or individual in one nation, into economic interests in another country. Unlike Foreign Portfolio Investment, in which investors simply purchase equity shares in a firm, FDI entails creating a long-term stake and large degree of control over the management of the foreign enterprise. In terms of India’s defence industry, FDI has played a critical role in increasing industrial capacity, pushing technical improvements, and increasing selfreliance in defence production.

Complexities in the Japanese distribution system are well-publicized. An emerging body of literature has documented recent changes in the Japanese distribution system. In this paper, it is examined whether foreign firms' accessibility to the Japanese distribution system has changed in a favorable direction in recent years. Furthermore, as foreign firms vary widely in terms of institutional barriers and complexity they face in the Japanese market, the authors also investigate the determinants of inter-firm heterogeneity in their assessment of the Japanese distribution system.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) on the strategic position of freight companies in Nairobi, Kenya. The study used the research question which included; what are the effects of SGR Marketing strategies on the strategic position of freight companies, what are the effects of SGR operational strategies on the strategic position of freight companies, and what are the perceptions about SGR on the strategic position of freight companies? in Nairobi, Kenya? The study adopted the use of descriptive design. Descriptive study is a more formalized study structured with clearly stated questions. The population of the study was 105 employees working with the freight companies in Nairobi. The employees included; the general managers, operations managers and executive managers within those organization. The study adopted the purposive sampling technique and the convenience sampling technique whereby, the companies under study were selected according to the convenience of accessing their offices. The sample size for the study was 105 employees of the freight companies in Nairobi. The study involved collection of primary data through a survey. The overall method for analyzing data was descriptive statistics. The researcher prepared the data through coding, editing, and cleaning to ensure orderliness, legibility, consistency and error reduction. The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) computer software was used for data analysis. The statistical studies, as well as compilation of the data gathered from the field was used in analyzing the data. After analyzing the data, the researcher presented the data inform of tables with frequencies and percentages to compare the data collected and charts were also used. The findings of the study indicated that the SGR has made freight companies form alliances and mergers with other companies and made them change their core services from longdistance services to door-to-door service in which most agreed. Most of the respondents disagreed that marketing strategies for freight companies have not improved on their customer service and relations because of SGR with most strongly disagreed with 26% and disagreed by 22%, and a mean of 2.701. Most agreed that they are spending more on sales and marketing by 32% and 12% strongly agreed and a mean of 3.058 and focusing DEDICATION To my lovely wife, Corazon who spent lonely moments while I was studying and my two wonderful children Hawi and Junior who missed spending quality time of play and guidance with me ix TABLE OF CONTENT STUDENT'S DECLARATION .

This study sought to examine the determinants of efficiency in cargo logistics of Bollore Transport and Logistics Kenya limited. The specific objectives of the study were; to establish the effects of customs processes on efficiency of Bollore Transport and Logistics Limited; to establish the effects of logistics infrastructure on efficiency of Bollore Transport and Logistics Kenya Limited; to determine the effects of information technology on efficiency of Bollore Transport and Logistics Kenya Limited and to assess the effects of government clearing procedures on efficiency of Bollore Transport and Logistics Kenya Limited. To strengthen the conceptual framework the researcher used theories such as resource base theory, the theory of constraints and system’s theory.  The study was primary data which was collected through the use of questionnaires with respondents at the Bollore Transport and Logistics Company. The sample size was 93. A modified Likert scale questionnaire was develope...

is an expert in customs, trade, and transport policy and regulation, leveraging two decades of legal specialization in international trade law. A former consultant at the Italian Ministry of Trade and at the Italian Cabinet of Ministers (Department for EU Policies), Danilo established in 2019 Desiderio Consultants Ltd. in Nairobi (Kenya), spearheading critical customs and trade reforms across Africa. His impactful research informs policy as a Senior Associate at the Horn Economic and Social Policy Institute (HESPI). Danilo also serves as Senior Customs and Trade Specialist at the World Bank.

This research project titled "The Implications of Foreign Investment on the Local Market in South Sudan" was conducted by BIDIT TUT NIT RIEK under the supervision of MR. ALITH JACOB MAJOK AYUEN (M.Ec.). It has been examined and approved as meeting the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Science in Economics at the University of Juba, school of Social and Economic Studies. SUPERVISOR'S NAME: MR. ALITH JACOB MAJOK AYUEN (M.Ec.) SIGNATURE: __________________________ DATE: __________________________ iii DEDICATION This research is dedicated to my brother in-law MR. DENG JOK LEER and his wife MRS. CHOL DAK TIOP, whose unwavering love, prayers, and sacrifices have been the foundation of my academic journey. I also dedicate this work to the resilient people of South Sudan especially the youth and local entrepreneurs whose strength and determination inspired the purpose of this study. May this research contribute, even in a small way, to a brighter and more inclusive economic future for our nation. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I am deeply grateful to the Almighty God for granting me the strength, wisdom, and perseverance to complete this research project successfully. I extend my heartfelt appreciation to my academic supervisor MR. ALITH JACOB MAJOK AYUEN whose insightful guidance, constructive criticism, and unwavering support have played a pivotal role in shaping this study from the proposal stage to its completion. I would like to thank the University of Juba, particularly the school of Social and Economic Studies and the Department of Economics, for providing me with the academic environment and resources needed to carry out this research. My sincere gratitude goes to all the respondents who took the time to participate in the survey and interviews. Their contributions provided valuable insights into the dynamics of foreign investment in South Sudan and its impact on the local market. Special thanks to my family and friends for their endless encouragement, moral support, and patience throughout this journey. Your belief in me has been a constant source of motivation.

This research project titled "The Implications of Foreign Investment on the Local Market in South Sudan" was conducted by BIDIT TUT NIT RIEK under the supervision of MR. ALITH JACOB MAJOK AYUEN (M.Ec.). It has been examined and approved as meeting the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Science in Economics at the University of Juba, school of Social and Economic Studies. SUPERVISOR'S NAME: MR. ALITH JACOB MAJOK AYUEN (M.Ec.) SIGNATURE: __________________________ DATE: __________________________ iii DEDICATION This research is dedicated to my brother in-law MR. DENG JOK LEER and his wife MRS. CHOL DAK TIOP, whose unwavering love, prayers, and sacrifices have been the foundation of my academic journey. I also dedicate this work to the resilient people of South Sudan especially the youth and local entrepreneurs whose strength and determination inspired the purpose of this study. May this research contribute, even in a small way, to a brighter and more inclusive economic future for our nation. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I am deeply grateful to the Almighty God for granting me the strength, wisdom, and perseverance to complete this research project successfully. I extend my heartfelt appreciation to my academic supervisor MR. ALITH JACOB MAJOK AYUEN whose insightful guidance, constructive criticism, and unwavering support have played a pivotal role in shaping this study from the proposal stage to its completion. I would like to thank the University of Juba, particularly the school of Social and Economic Studies and the Department of Economics, for providing me with the academic environment and resources needed to carry out this research. My sincere gratitude goes to all the respondents who took the time to participate in the survey and interviews. Their contributions provided valuable insights into the dynamics of foreign investment in South Sudan and its impact on the local market. Special thanks to my family and friends for their endless encouragement, moral support, and patience throughout this journey. Your belief in me has been a constant source of motivation.

The Port Authority (PA), as a continuous evolving entity, has been undergoing through radical changes in terms of operations and management structure due to intense port competitions, over the past 35 years. To become frontrunner in this business by creating the maximum value to their clients and themselves, currently the PA/PDC are witnessing the new trends like outward port internationalisations (PI), which has increased the arena of port competitions. Outward PI strategy consists of three forms, among them abroad strategic port partnership required highest level of commitments. vi 4.2.2. Geographical location of port within the host country: .

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the factors that will influence the economic growth. Factors that have impeded investment and economic development in these nations include political unrest, weak institutions, and restricted access to credit and finance. (OECD 2021). The region's current socioeconomic conditions provide an impetus for Balkancountries governments to induce more foreign investment as a mechanism for fostering economic growth FDI promotes economic growth in both the host country and the country of origin. The host country benefits from FDI by financing projects planned, developing new technologies and generating new jobs. Investing companies benefit from the expansion of markets and, consequently, the growth of their shares in international markets. The world is full of development opportunities, be it for countries that have just begun to modernise to the richest countries. Overall, the region's economic growth and development still have a lot of room for improvement, even though some Balkan nations have made strides in recent years. Higher rates of economic growth and development in the Balkans may be facilitated by policies aimed at enhancing political stability, bolstering institutions, decreasing corruption, encouraging investment, and expanding access to finance.

and the driving forces that led the Port of Rotterdam to be one of the best ports in the world. In this sense, I am truly indebted to all professors and staff of MEL for being able to guide me in that journey. All this support was very appreciated and important during my return to the academic environment after so many years.

Nowadays, society is increasingly developing and modernizing, and human needs are also increasing day by day. To satisfy the needs of businesses and companies, they must have innovative directions. The use of delivery and receipt services in logistics activities also plays an extremely important role in today's modern society. Logistics is a series of activities related to the operations of buying-selling, managing and transporting goods. To ensure this activity takes place quickly and smoothly, shipping units must build a standard logistics process. Effective logistics activities help improve national competitiveness. The development of logistics can lower transportation costs, lower product prices and shorten delivery times, enhance delivery capacity and take the lead in logistics production, sales and distribution activities. a commercial activity. Accordingly, traders organize the implementation of one or more tasks including: receiving goods, transporting, storing, storing, carrying out customs procedures or other paperwork, directly or indirectly. Consulting customers, participating in packaging, marking, delivery or other services related to goods as agreed with customers to receive remuneration. Logistics is an important service industry in the overall structure of the national economy, playing a role in supporting, connecting and promoting socioeconomic development of the whole country as well as each locality, contributing to improving competitiveness of the 4.0 economy and society at that time.

Recent aid and trade policies reveal a 'paradigm shift' in which traditional donors have moved away from a focus on poverty alleviation and returned to an approach firmly aimed at economic growth. In prioritising economic growth in their development agenda, donors encourage the private sector as an active partner in development. Dutch development aid is exemplary in following this international trend. By examining development projects financed by Dutch development aid in the Kenyan water supply and sanitation sector, this article analyses to what extent these projects achieve the policy objectives of increasing private sector involvement and investment in development projects. This analysis reveals that both private sector involvement and investment do not materialise in practice. Instead the policy impacts the landscape of non-profit development organisations by pushing them to adopt and incorporate behaviour and practices usually associated with the private sector or to pursue projects targeting the private sector. Rather than leading to increased private sector involvement, the policy thus stimulates a hybridisation of development organisations in which the boundaries between non-profit organisations and private sector companies become increasingly blurred. This process of hybridisation is supported by the Dutch Government as it needs these hybrid organisations to

Logistics clusters, which are the spatial concentration areas of many logistics processes and operations of logistics related firms, make significant contribution to the competitiveness of economies and logistics companies via the development of logistics infrastructure and the creation of synergy based on cooperation. Therefore, establishing logistics clusters in areas which are close to the production and consumption centres, national and international transportation corridors, have developed transportation infrastructure and high access to airports and ports and are essential. This study performed qualitatively to respond to the needs of developing and promoting clusters and clustering in the logistics industry of Turkey. In this regard, the current situation of logistics centres in Turkey has been investigated, and by comparing with the best practices in logistics clustering in the world, the importance of port-centric clustering has been emphasised. Finally, considering the proposed model in the literature and by benefiting current and ongoing logistics centre investments a port-centric hierarchical logistics clustering model has been proposed via heuristic decision technique.

Transportation capacity shortage at seaports is one of the most significant key problems that decision makers face in today’s maritime ports, which may cause supply chain management (SCM) failure. Applying business process reengineering (BPR) to get the best allocation of capacity resources may help in solving this problem. This paper aims to optimize a solution to the transport capacity shortage problem of a seaport by using a Solver technique, taking into consideration the capacity allocation of the exports and imports at the port. The proposed technique is applied to data from a real case study of Egypt’s Alexandria port, in which the overall supply chain management performance is measured by considering the suitability of BPR. The computational results show the effectiveness of the proposed technique for finding one of the best scenarios for the capacity allocation of the exports and imports, especially two types of goods which have allocation priority: dry bulk goods (imports) ...

This paper focuses on the advantages of the companies that act in cooperation/clusters, as an approach to prevent the possible gain of interest for competitive products. Companies operating in the forwarding, transportation, and logistics sector are seeking original methods to become competitive. Price has lost its importance when selecting transportation and logistics services providers. Nowadays, it is the quality of service rates that is considered most important, followed by reliability, flexibility, and the product range. We will examine the rest of the factors influencing customers' choice of freight forwarding, transportation, or logistics operators, in this paper.

This paper explores the pivotal role of business law in driving foreign direct investment (FDI) and underpinning Sri Lanka's remarkable journey towards economic recovery. After years of conflict, Sri Lanka has demonstrated unwavering determination to achieve ambitious economic goals and foster sustainable growth. FDI has emerged as a catalyst for economic activity, job creation, and infrastructure development, making it a cornerstone of the nation's progress. FDI inflows provide access to foreign capital, advanced technologies, and expertise, revitalizing industries, promoting innovation, and stimulating trade and commerce. As foreign investments flow into the country, new business ventures emerge, existing enterprises expand, and industries experience a revitalization, resulting in increased job opportunities for the local workforce.

Keywords: Sri Lanka, economic recovery, foreign direct investment, business law, trade, commerce.

The competition in space between rail and sea transport is of great significance to the integration of Eurasia. This paper proposes a land and sea transport spatial balance model for container transport, which can extract a partition line on which transport costs by rail and sea are equal given a destination. Four scenarios are discussed to analyse the effects of different factors on the model. Then the model is empirically tested on current rail and sea transport networks to identify the transport competition pattern in Eurasia. The location of destinations, the freight costs, and time costs are the three main factors affecting the model. Among them, time costs are determined by the value of a container and its contents, the interest rate, and by time differences between land and sea transport. The case study shows that Eurasia forms a transport competition pattern with a land area to sea area ratio of about 1:2; this ratio, however, changes to 1:1 when time costs are considered. Further, the land and sea transport balance lines are consistent with the theories of geopolitics, which indicate that the same processes may exist in the spatial pattern of geo-economics and geopolitics in Eurasia. According to the balance lines, we get a spatial partition, dividing Eurasia into the land transport preferred area, the land-sea transport indifference area, and the sea transport preferred area. The paper brings a new perspective to the exploration of geopolitical economic spatial patterns of Eurasia and provides a practical geographic theory as an analytic basis for the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative.

Container forecasting typically focuses on its intermodal nature, container sizes and port container terminals. This leads to a commodity-blind approach to container forecasting, where the twenty-foot-equivalent is the forecasting output. The standardized unit is also increasing into many non-standard forms, indicated by the three main container market segments. This research deconstructs these segments and provides methodological and actual commodity-based container forecasting results for South Africa where intermodal solutions are still in its infancy and investments need to be made based on accurate forecasting.

The following organisations made publication of this document possible: The CSIR is one of the leading R&D, technology and innovation institutions in Africa, with a track record spanning 60 years. The Centre for Logistics is home to extensive expertise in operations research, quantitative modelling and logistics. It has a long history in research and consulting in various industries, and is the originator of the Annual State of Logistics Survey for South Africa. USB-ED Consulting offers customised business solutions which combine the theory and practice of business science. This allows for strong research-based methodologies when assisting clients in fields such as strategy-setting, market research and change management. The Department of Logistics offers undergraduate and postgraduate programmes in logistics, as well as academic and professional research and the production of accredited publications.

This paper analyzes capacity building in transportation, logistics, and security in Africa. It is one of the first few research studies that reflects the reality of the development of Africa’s infrastructural capacity for transport, based on the notion of the Physical Internet. Grounded on the analysis of the economic, environmental, and social impacts of transport logistics on the continent, the research sheds light on the deficit in infrastructure capacity of African countries. To this end, the study provides a set of recommendations for capacity building across African transport sectors.

An analysis of the effectiveness of Transportation Logistics on Customer service delivery. A Case study of DHL A: To be completed by the Student. I certify that this dissertation meets the preparation guidelines as presented in the Faculty Guide and Instructions for Typing Dissertations. …………………………………………………………/……………/……………/ Signature of Student Date B: To be completed by the Supervisor. I certify that; (a) This dissertation is suitable for submission to the Faculty. (b) This dissertation has been checked for conformity with the Faculty guidelines. …………………………………………………………/……………/……………/ Signature of Supervisor Date C: To be completed by the Chairperson of Department. I certify to the best of my knowledge that the required procedures have been followed and the preparation criteria have been met for this dissertation. ………………………………………………………/………………/……………/ Signature of Chairperson iii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my father mother, brother Joe and all my family members who gave me support when it was needed most. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost I would like to thank the Almighty God for leading me through. This project was never an individual attempt but numerous people were ready to lend a hand in making it a success. I would like to express my sincere gratefulness to few individuals for their contribution in the production of this study. This project was never an individual effort but several people were helpful in making it a success. In addition I would like to thank my dissertation supervisor Mrs Mupfiga for her countless effort during the whole study. I would also want to thank my friends to mention but just a few Keith Chipengo, Charles Chiruka, Phineas Makuyana and Maxwell Museva for their unwavering support. Furthermore I would also like to thank the customers, management and employees of DHL Company for their support during my data collection process.

The study explored the impact of maritime transport financing on trade in South Africa. Using the Autoregressive Distribution lag model, we examine the impact of maritime transport financing on total trade in South Africa during the period 1994 to 2019. The results confirm a long and short-run positive relationship between maritime transport financing and total trade. The findings suggest an overall, substantial investment in maritime transport has the potential to promote trade flows in South Africa. We recommend more investments towards maritime transport infrastructure to ensure a significant increase in exports, and to stimulate economic development in South Africa.

The role of efficient ports in the socioeconomic prosperity of national and regional economies cannot be overstated. However, their ability to effectively deliver on this role is easily undermined by circumstances in the wider socioeconomic context, particularly poor hinterland connectivity. In order to enhance international trade connectivity, many advanced and advancing economies continue to invest significant resources in developing efficient ports and hinterland transport networks. The situation is different in many parts of the developing world, particularly Africa where poor economic connectivity and inefficient gateway ports result in prohibitively high transportation costs. Focusing on the Northern trade and transport Corridor in the East and Southern Africa (ESA) region, this paper examines how poor hinterland connectivity undermines the performance of Mombasa Port. It concludes that, although the port's management has in recent years invested significantly in performance-enhancing initiatives, their success is limited by a constricted economic environment that is characterised by poor hinterland connectivity and chronic logistics bottlenecks along the arterial corridor.

Maritime transport is a strategic function with over 80% of global trade by volume. Throughout the last century, seaborne world trade volume, has seen a general trend of increases but continues to be largely determined by developments in the world economy and trade. In 2018, according to UNCTAD Africa is having 7% of the share of maritime trade in export and 5% imports by volume, but only 4% of container trade, despite his economic potential. This can be explained by the low quality of the infrastructure of the port, but also of the hinterland. This paper aims to explore global hub port criteria in an international context in order fill in the gap on the basic criteria that can make a hub port in Africa. In addition, it will investigate the driver of the development of a hub port in Africa, an overview of the top three major African hub ports (Tangier Med, Port Said and Durban) is provided. The results and interpretations of this finding could have a significant effect on the Africa...

I the undersigned hereby declare that the thesis entitled ―Assessment of Service Quality Cargo Transport in the case of Trans Ethiopia PLC. ” submitted by me for the award of degree of master of MBA (specialized in International Business) from Mekelle University is my original work and has not been presented for the award of any degree, diploma, fellowship or any other similar titles to any other university or institutions and that all the source materials used for the thesis have been dully acknowledged.

Port reforms around the world have opened regional container port terminal markets. The emergence of a wide array of global terminal operators has led to a differentiation in entry strategies driven by their respective objectives and by factors exogenous to the firm. This paper looks at antecedent factors that play a role in a company's entry strategy in a public-private partnership (PPP) setting by performing binomial logistic regression on a large sample of container terminal deals over the period 2002-2010. More specifically, it analyses to what extent firm-specific, external, project and cross-cultural factors play a decisive role in the choice between direct PPPs (i.e. stepping into a new PPP arrangement such as a new concession agreement) and indirect PPPs (i.e. stepping into an existing PPP arrangement through acquisitions). The empirical findings demonstrate the pivotal role of some firm specific characteristics (market experience and business model), external factors (host country development and market openness, government effectiveness, market concentration degree, and market saturation) and project-related factors (project size, number of partners involved, and equity joint venture with the Port Authority), also unveiling some preliminary results in relation to cross-cultural variables.

This paper uses a multistage approach to investigate the role of Italy in the Northern African countries, both in terms of trade and investment. In particular, we show that Italian import flows for two typically Made in Italy industries, namely textile and clothing on one hand, and leather and footwear on the other hand, are strongly related not only to export flows of the same sector, but also to a set of variables capturing features of the Italian and the foreign country. In this way, we supply a first result supporting the hypothesis of an international fragmentation of production. To offer this outcome additional strength, we endow the present contribution with information on the attractiveness of the Northern African countries, looking at the volume of inward FDI flows and stocks, but with no industry disaggregation, due to data unavailability. Although we start from a global perspective, we rapidly shift to consider only the Italian investments in the area, with a breakdown by outward region. Thanks to the availability of a detailed dataset made available by the Bank of Italy, we are able to provide further evidence on the Italian internationalisation in the North of Africa. Indeed, our second result highlights the remarkable heterogeneity across countries and the emergence of the major role played by Tunisia.

Maritime transportation is one of the most important global activities, especially for archipelagic countries. Inland components that exist within the seaport system, such as port authorities who manage passenger and cruise services even for container unloading and loading areas, have become an important aspect to improve performance and determine competitive strategies for seaports. The importance of this interdependence between ports with passenger services and container seaports led us to investigate the impact of the “sea toll” program on seaport resilience and competitiveness. Although the concept of a “sea toll” was initiated by the US government in 2011, there are only a few, if any, studies or clear standards related to the development of “sea toll” systems in archipelago countries. We conducted an empirical study in Indonesia through an online survey of key stakeholders of seaports, including shipping companies, seaport authorities, commodities companies, and government. Th...

Maritime transportation is one of the most important global activities, especially for archipelagic countries. Inland components that exist within the seaport system, such as port authorities who manage passenger and cruise services even for container unloading and loading areas, have become an important aspect to improve performance and determine competitive strategies for seaports. The importance of this interdependence between ports with passenger services and container seaports led us to investigate the impact of the “sea toll” program on seaport resilience and competitiveness. Although the concept of a “sea toll” was initiated by the US government in 2011, there are only a few, if any, studies or clear standards related to the development of “sea toll” systems in archipelago countries. We conducted an empirical study in Indonesia through an online survey of key stakeholders of seaports, including shipping companies, seaport authorities, commodities companies, and government. Th...

The  paper  is  analytical  trying to  analyze  the  relationship between fourth industrial revolution technologies at seaports and economic  growth,  through  theoretical  and  empirical  analysis studying  first  the  nature  of  relationship  between economic growthandtechnology  theoretically  using  economic  growth model,  then  testing  causality  between  economic  growth  and logistics  performance  index  (LPI)  as  proxy  of  fourth  industrial revolution  at  seaports,  the  test  results  found  that  LPI  directly cause economic growth. Then the paper studied the relationship between  seaports  and  economic  growth  theoretically  studying seaports    infrastructure    and    ports    activity  using    different economic  models,  then  studied  empirically  using  panel  model including22  countries  in  Middle  East  and  North  Africa (MENA)  region,  analysis  period  is  21stcentury  the  up  rise  of innovation at seaports the data collected starting from year 2007 the  start  of  calculating  LPI  by  world  bank and till  2019  due  to data  availability.  Explanatory  variables  (Exports, containers volume as proxyof seaport activity and ports infrastructure) are found to be positively significant to economic growth. Seaports recommended  to  apply  Fourth  industrial  revolution  innovations to  improve  its  performance,  which  will  further  positively  affect economic growth

In this paper, we describe the submission guidelines for preparing papers for the Asian Journal of Business and Management (AJBM). Use this document as a template with Microsoft Word 6.0 or later. Define all symbols used in the abstract. Do not cite references in the abstract. The abstract body is typed in Times New Roman, 10 pt. italic and in bold face. Entrepreneurship is now becoming an important means and a valuable additional strategy to create jobs and improve livelihoods and economic independence around the world. Problems of unemployment as experienced in the past and present world of ours have contributed to all source of vices in our society such as political hooliganism, armed robbery, cultism, child trafficking, vandalism, kidnaping, ritual killing etc. The author of this research work presumed that the major constraint to entrepreneurship development, processes, entrepreneurship education is due to lack or shortage of relevant entrepreneurship information.  To address t...

The maritime industry in Lithuania is based on the public, state, and private sectors, and on the interests, activities and partnership of business companies operating in the aforementioned sectors. Despite the management of the public sector in Lithuania being criticized for showing performance shortcomings, the state of Klaipeda's seaport management and performance results refutes this criticism. The overall result of partnerships and cooperation is obtained-it reflects the port's competitiveness level in the region. According to a report conducted by the International Monetary Fund, the potential output growth in 2014-2015 has declined since the global financial crisis. Policy actions are required to boost the productivity levels, and to foster capital growth. In order to achieve these objectives, it is essential to know the company's financial situation better, because the better the financial state of the company, the more new port service users, cargo owners, shipping lines, and investors it attracts. The standard analysis of financial indicators is insufficient. Hence the method of integrated analysis is applied. The results of it might be considered as guidelines for both the state seaport authorities in order to improve the port's competitive position in the region, and for the private companies for their business development.

The competition in space between rail and sea transport is of great significance to the integration of Eurasia. This paper proposes a land and sea transport spatial balance model for container transport, which can extract a partition line on which transport costs by rail and sea are equal given a destination. Four scenarios are discussed to analyse the effects of different factors on the model. Then the model is empirically tested on current rail and sea transport networks to identify the transport competition pattern in Eurasia. The location of destinations, the freight costs, and time costs are the three main factors affecting the model. Among them, time costs are determined by the value of a container and its contents, the interest rate, and by time differences between land and sea transport. The case study shows that Eurasia forms a transport competition pattern with a land area to sea area ratio of about 1:2; this ratio, however, changes to 1:1 when time costs are considered. F...

Ghoneim, Helmy-Maritime Transport and Related Logistics Services in Egypt FOREwORd Eleven years after services were included in the multilateral trading system, the WTO's General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) remains an unfinished project. It continues to arouse scepticism among its original proponents-given the arguably low level of liberalisation attained so far-as well as deep concern among others with regard to the policy orientation of its provisions. In the context of international negotiations, the GATS was the result of a complex process of political quid pro quos that catapulted services to the forefront of the Uruguay Round negotiations. By and large, major service providers in the US and Europe acted as demandeurs for rules and for a process that would lead to global trade expansion in the services sector. Their counterparts in developing countries were confused, and their development concerns-omnipresent in the process-were ultimately left appallingly vague. The absence of data, commercial insecurity and a crippling perception of an unfavourably tilted playing field prevailed in development circles throughout the negotiations. Broad public policy issues remained off the negotiating table. Difficult tensions-arising, for instance, from the fundamentally different approaches of diverse public law traditions, to the role of the state in the provision of certain services-permeated the discussions. The eight years of talks to design the GATS represented a hugely rich, creative and analytical effort, characterised by complexity, technicality and a high degree of politicisation. * The United Nations Provisional Central Product Classification (UNCPC) is a classification of products based on the physical characteristics of goods or on the nature of the services rendered and provides a framework for collection and international comparison of the various kinds of statistics related to goods and services.

The aim of this paper is to construct an Augmented Dynamic Model of Job Creation for Malaysian Manufacturing Sector. The previous studies on job creation model focus on the static model where the job creation influenced by real wages, real output, assets, expenditure of research and development (R&D), lag of R&D, export and foreign labour. However, the aggregate rate of unemployment in Malaysia could not explain the dynamic of labour market. The dynamic of labour market can be explained more precisely through the formula of job flows (including job creation and job destruction). Therefore, in this study, the augmented dynamic model of job creation constructed by added several variables including interaction variables. The augmented dynamic model of job creation is developed by using GMM model based on data 2005 to 2015 for Malaysian manufacturing sector. The augmented model of job creation is expected to be effective and informative guide policy maker to face unemployment rate espec...

This paper analyzes capacity building in transportation, logistics, and security in Africa. It is one of the first few research studies that reflects the reality of the development of Africa’s infrastructural capacity for transport, based on the notion of the Physical Internet. Grounded on the analysis of the economic, environmental, and social impacts of transport logistics on the continent, the research sheds light on the deficit in infrastructure capacity of African countries. To this end, the study provides a set of recommendations for capacity building across African transport sectors.

This article focuses on the growth of financial centres in Sub-Saharan Africa. The continent is in a long-term growth trend that is deepening its integration into the global economy. We know little about the structures being put in place by states and private actors to steer this process. International Political Economy (IPE) has concentrated research on financial centres in industrialised economies, with more recent interest in Asia. There is a dearth of information on Africa’s growing financial networks and the ways they are connecting with transnational capital networks. The argument being made is that the swift rise of the use of the term ‘gateway’ reveals important changes taking place in the distribution of power nodes on the African continent. Countries using the term – notably South Africa, Nigeria and Kenya – are regional powerhouses. All three aim to an emerging economy status in the next two decades. Intrinsic to this goal is the growth of a financial centre that serves t...

This article shows that the social benefits can be annihilated by a bad negotiation or a regulation failure resulting in an over-tariffication. The example of the toll highway Dakar/Diamniadio in Senegal is revealing. This article gives an analysis as well as an economic and financial evaluation showing that the State had additional margins in tariffs negotiation.

The objective of this paper is to feed reflection on the strategy to be adopted that can strengthen the link between education, employment and economic development in Togo. This reflection, which will be done through a succinct analysis of each of the three constituent elements of the triptych, is useful for a better steering of education and training policies in the country.

BRICS are on the rise in the world economy, and indeed this fact has a reflection on Africa in terms of growing engagement with the region. The effects of these increasing trade, investment and aid flows on the development prospects of Africa are a key issue in the political economy of the continent. This article pays attention to a specific case of this growing present: India in Senegal. Based on fieldwork in Senegal, we present and analyse the features of the Indian presence in the country, and assess the possible developmental impact in terms of contribution to economic development.

Transportation capacity shortage at seaports is one of the most significant key problems that decision makers face in today’s maritime ports, which may cause supply chain management (SCM) failure. Applying business process reengineering (BPR) to get the best allocation of capacity resources may help in solving this problem. This paper aims to optimize a solution to the transport capacity shortage problem of a seaport by using a Solver technique, taking into consideration the capacity allocation of the exports and imports at the port. The proposed technique is applied to data from a real case study of Egypt’s Alexandria port, in which the overall supply chain management performance is measured by considering the suitability of BPR. The computational results show the effectiveness of the proposed technique for finding one of the best scenarios for the capacity allocation of the exports and imports, especially two types of goods which have allocation priority: dry bulk goods (imports) ...

Problem-The expansion of global trade and supply chain integration has put great emphasis on logistics, particularly in the intermediary sector, freight forwarders. Whilst in developed countries freight forwarders benefit from competitive markets and trade facilitating policies, this sector in West coast Africa exhibits low logistics performance levels. In order to address such issues, one needs to analyse the problem and identify the causes; this thesis focuses on identifying the bottlenecks in the freight-forwarding sector in west coast Africa.

Climate change is nowadays one of the most urgent challenges facing humanity. Therefore, each company, considering its good reputation, devotes a lot of attention to introducing pro-ecological solutions. This is done both at the level of processes carried out in the company and at the staff level. Regardless of the industry, there is an improvement in the awareness not only of employers but also employees in the matter of jointly caring for the environment in which they live. A number of new technological solutions are being introduced and employees are trained to stimulate and develop pro-environmental behaviour. In addition, reports are prepared containing information on the current situation in the company regarding the implementation of ecological solutions. Hence, the environmental policy of companies, regardless of the company's industry, plays an extremely important role in improving the state of the environment. The article presents examples of solutions used by one of the leading logistics operators with a range not only local or European but also global.

This paper develops a programme model with equilibrium constraints for decision-making regarding a multihub port location in West Africa. To consider the high security risks associated with inland areas of West Africa and the poor reliability of inland transport systems, this model takes the lowest regional generalised transport cost as the optimisation goal and simultaneously optimises three features: the choice of ports to invest in, the port expansion plans and the inland safe-corridors (railway lines) design. By introducing a few complementary conditions, the model can reasonably portray the influence of a large number of shippers' noncooperative game relationships on the location of the hub ports. To solve this model, a hybrid active set algorithm embedded with the Frank-Wolfe method is proposed. Using the above model and algorithm, we designed an optimal investment quota-setting and investment plan for the Chinese government involving the hub port construction in West Africa.

Weak infrastructure, a low level of development and 'underdevelopment' generally can and does inhibit the metamorphosis of the commodity form within peripheral sites of production. Anti-commodity tendencies can also be manifest as 'the commons' refusing commodification, or as goods and resources destined for commodification but which resist the full evolution into the commodity form. This is deeply symptomatic of crisis and breakdown. What follows is an examination of a pivotal local crisis which erupted within the spine of East Africa's transport system during late colonialism, that has received little acknowledgement. The essence of the severe financial crisis which beset East African Railways and Harbours [E.A.R.H.] lay in its prescribed role as the provider of cheap transportation to underwrite the profitability of Kenya's settler economy, a function which it had long struggled to sustain. The function of E.A.R.H. as a state monopoly was to facilitate commodification, fulfilling the transition from goods to commodities. How could E.A.R.H., after years of overwork and neglect, renew its infrastructure to continue in this role of enabling local production? The work draws upon Marx's work in Capital in an attempt to address these questions. The recurrent crises which beset capital dominate the wage bargaining process where the terms and conditions of commodification are periodically contested. The work brings into view labour power as the anti-commodity par excellence, a living substance whose bearers simultaneously embrace and defy commodification.

Featured Application: From the findings of this study, we provide the results of an investigation on the application of the "sea toll' system for the archipelagic countries. All stakeholders of the sea port can measure the resilience and competitiveness of the implementation of the "sea toll" system. Furthermore, they can evaluate, improve innovation and, finally, have an impact on the performance of the "sea toll" system.