Forest fire

Az egyre rohamosabban fejlődő világban sorra jelennek meg új anyagok, melyeknek
tulajdonságait nem ismerjük és vizsgálatuk hagyományos vizsgálati módszerekkel nem
megoldható. Egy ilyen vizsgálati módszert szeretnénk bemutatni. Kutatásunk módszereként egy
kevésbé ismert mérési módszert alkalmaztunk, az ún. oxigén index (LOI) mérést. Az anyagok
éghetőségre vonatkozó mérések általában 21 százalékos oxigén tartalom mellett történnek. Ez
alól kivételt képez az oxigén index mérése. Ezen módszerrel olyan anyagokat lehet tesztelni és
összehasonlítani, amelyek normál légköri oxigén tartalomnál nem égnek, tehát a szokásos, vagy
hagyományos vizsgálati módszerekkel nem lehet őket vizsgálni. A mérés alkalmazása
várhatóan egyre inkább elterjed, részben az új anyagok megjelenése, részben a neméghető
anyagok szigorodó követelményei miatt. A LOI megadásával egy anyag tűzállósági
tulajdonságait egyértelműen meg lehet határozni.


We can notice in our world day by day that new and new materials are developed for the
market without knowing their exact features under fire stress; moreover we have not got a
method to measure or examine some features precisely. Authors present a new fire
investigating method in this paper called limited oxygen index (LOI). Traditionally materials
are investigated by methods where the rate of oxygen is 21 per cent. Method used by authors, called LOI is different from the traditional methods because it is able to measure the
flammability of materials even in different oxygen rate conditions. With this method we can
measure the flammability of such materials which cannot burn in normal conditions meaning
that, oxygen rate is 21 per cent. Because of the wide and quick spreading of new materials and
also the stricter requirements against them LOI can be more dominant in the future classifying
materials in fire protection view. Authors prove that using LOI method we can determine the
flammability of materials more precisely

Solar power is at the core of transitioning to clean, affordable, and dispatchable electric power due to its scalability and abundance of the sun. Today, the contributions of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels exceed 1-terawatt in installed capacity globally. However, only a small part of incident solar energy on PV panels gets converted to electrical power due to physical and environmental factors like PV material composition, soiling, PV orientation, excessive temperature, and degradation. Loss due to soiling is non-negligible in PV systems, thus, any small improvements that curtail soiling is a significant gain in terms of reliability and revenue recovery. The first step to achieving this is to quantify the impacts of local dust on PV efficiency at proposed PV installation site, because soiling is a site-specific problem. In this study, the impact of fine dust on the efficiency of PV systems is evaluated utilizing specialized environmental monitoring station installed at the test site. The study involves the physical implementation of soiling tests, and statistical analysis using analysis of variance (ANOVA) to validate the experimental results. This comprehensive approach shows that four soiling levels of dust examined results in array power loss of about 18.18%-55%, depending on the density of the applied dust. Applying one-way ANOVA test results in a statistically significant difference in the array power loss between the four soiling levels

The global poultry industry has encountered growing concerns related to foodborne illnesses, misuse of antibiotics, and environmental impacts. To tackle these issues, this study aims to develop an intelligent poultry farm with real-time environmental monitoring and predictive models. The primary objective is to combine a machine learning-based prediction model with internet of things (IoT) devices to gather and analyze environmental data, such as temperature, humidity, and ammonia levels, to forecast the conditions within poultry houses. These sensor data and additional information, such as feed consumption, water consumption, poultry weight, capacity, and poultry house dimensions will serve as inputs for supervised machine learning models. Among these models, the proposed random forest (RF) model, when augmented with timestamp features, achieves the highest accuracy rate of 96.665%, surpassing other models such as logistic regression (LR), k-nearest neighbor (KNN), decision tree (DT), adaptive boosting (AdaBoost), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), support vector machine (SVM), and multi-layer perceptron (MLP) in identifying poultry house conditions. Additionally, this study demonstrates how the trained model can be effectively applied in a web-based monitoring system, delivering real-time data to farmers for well-informed decision-making and ultimately enhancing productivity in smart poultry farming.

O artigo tem como objetivo analisar o processo de formação de cães de faro empregados em operações de busca e resgate de vítimas desaparecidas em desastres de causas naturais. Realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica sistemática de publicações científicas e manuais técnicos entre 2010 e 2025, além de um estudo de caso quantitativo da Operação Petrópolis (2022), uma das maiores ações cinotécnicas brasileiras. A metodologia contempla a análise dos critérios de seleção, treinamento e certificação dos cães, bem como o desempenho operacional em campo.

O estudo analisa a aplicabilidade do QR Code nas Operações do Corpo de Bombeiros Militar do Estado de Goiás (CBMGO), especialmente em campanhas de prevenção e segurança que tradicionalmente utilizam materiais impressos. A adoção do QR Code é compreendida como estratégia de modernização comunicacional, capaz de ampliar o alcance das informações com maior rapidez, engajamento social e economia de recursos públicos.

Grandes desastres relacionados a incêndios evidenciam o papel decisivo do dimensionamento das rotas de evacuação. O incêndio da Boate Kiss (Santa Maria, Brasil, 2013), que resultou em 242 mortes, demonstra como gargalos e capacidade insuficiente de saída podem comprometer criticamente os desfechos. Este estudo aplica modelagem computacional de evacuação utilizando o programa Fuga v.2.0 para simular cenários da casa noturna, testando configurações simplificadas e diferentes larguras de saída. Foi considerada uma população simulada de 1.000 agentes com perfis antropométricos discretizados e posições iniciais aleatórias.

Major fire disasters highlight the decisive role of evacuation route design. The Kiss Nightclub fire (Santa Maria, Brazil, 2013), which resulted in 242 deaths, demonstrates how bottlenecks and insufficient exit capacity can critically affect outcomes. This study applies computational evacuation modeling using the Fuga v.2.0 program to simulate parametric evacuation scenarios of the nightclub, testing simplified layouts and different exit widths. A simulated population of 1,000 agents was considered, incorporating discretized anthropometric body sizes, random initial positions, and realistic movement parameters. Results indicate that even compliance with the 4.4 m minimum exit width prescribed by ABNT NBR 9077:1993 would not have ensured safe evacuation under the conditions of the tragedy. Simulations show that an exit width on the order of 8.8 m would have been required for the Required Safe Egress Time (RSET) to approach the Available Safe Egress Time (ASET), estimated between 1 and 2 minutes due to rapid smoke development. Furthermore, internal barriers reduced the effective width to approximately 1.65 m, producing RSET values up to five times greater than the reference ASET. These findings highlight the relevance of performance-based assessment and computational evacuation modeling as complementary tools for evaluating evacuation safety in complex building configurations.

Firefighting is a high-risk career, partly because cancer incidence is higher among firefighters than in the general population. This elevated risk is associated with exposure to toxic compounds, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). However, few studies have examined firefighters' practices and habits related to cancer risk and its reduction. This research aimed to map some of these habits and their possible impact on health, focusing on personal protective equipment (PPE) use, storage, cleaning, and awareness of cancer risks. The study involved 137 Brazilian firefighters from the Federal District and Pernambuco. Results indicate that firefighters demonstrate good awareness of cancer risks and recognize that proper PPE use and frequent cleaning can reduce exposure. Nonetheless, challenges remain in adopting these practices, often due to inadequate infrastructure. The findings highlight areas needing improvement, including low frequency of PPE cleaning, unsuitable storage conditions, and insufficient decontamination procedures.

Firefighting is a high-risk career, partly because cancer incidence is higher among firefighters than in the general population. This elevated risk is associated with exposure to toxic compounds, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). However, few studies have examined firefighters' practices and habits related to cancer risk and its reduction. This research aimed to map some of these habits and their possible impact on health, focusing on personal protective equipment (PPE) use, storage, cleaning, and awareness of cancer risks. The study involved 137 Brazilian firefighters from the Federal District and Pernambuco. Results indicate that firefighters demonstrate good awareness of cancer risks and recognize that proper PPE use and frequent cleaning can reduce exposure. Nonetheless, challenges remain in adopting these practices, often due to inadequate infrastructure. The findings highlight areas needing improvement, including low frequency of PPE cleaning, unsuitable storage conditions, and insufficient decontamination procedures.

Highlights What are the main findings? • The Pseudo Tree Crown (PTC) data transformation method consistently improves the individual tree classification accuracy by at least 5% across various models and data variations. • Expanding the original to the green-band PTC implementation, the PTC framework exhibits robust, consistent behavior and high reliability across different data forms and transformations (including GRVI and PCA). What are the implications of the main findings? • By proving that PTC works beyond the green band, the framework can now be applied far beyond green-leaf species, unlocking its use for multiseasonal, senescent, or non-green canopy data, showcasing the advantages of PTC in terms of robustness, effectiveness, resilience, reliability, and flexibility. • PTC serves as the bridging of 2D top-down nadir imagery and true 3D structures. This injects geometric physical meaning and understanding back into classification processing, instead of strictly relying on the models' "auto-pilot".

A navegação consulta e descarregamento dos títulos inseridos nas Bibliotecas Digitais UC Digitalis, UC Pombalina e UC Impactum, pressupõem a aceitação plena e sem reservas dos Termos e Condições de Uso destas Bibliotecas Digitais, disponíveis em . Conforme exposto nos referidos Termos e Condições de Uso, o descarregamento de títulos de acesso restrito requer uma licença válida de autorização devendo o utilizador aceder ao(s) documento(s) a partir de um endereço de IP da instituição detentora da supramencionada licença. Ao utilizador é apenas permitido o descarregamento para uso pessoal, pelo que o emprego do(s) título(s) descarregado(s) para outro fim, designadamente comercial, carece de autorização do respetivo autor ou editor da obra. Na medida em que todas as obras da UC Digitalis se encontram protegidas pelo Código do Direito de Autor e Direitos Conexos e demais legislação aplicável, toda a cópia, parcial ou total, deste documento, nos casos em que é legalmente admitida, deverá conter ou fazer-se acompanhar por este aviso.

Há tempos, remexendo nos livros que eram de meu pai, encontrei um opúsculo, cuja capa colorida de vermelho, me despertou a atenção e, de imediato, me levou a olhar para o título que, mais me surpreendeu, não só pelo tema tratado, mas também pela data da sua edição. Trata-se da obra O fogo, flagelo das matas, uma edição policopiada, com apenas 27 páginas, que foi editada pela então Junta Nacional dos Resinosos, em Setembro de 1966 (fig. ), há precisamente 50 anos. o texto foi compilado, usando a expressão dos autores, pelo Eng.º Silvicultor A. M. cunha Lopes e pelo Regente Agrícola Manuel de oliveira Ferreira e Silva, com desenhos de Virgílio Dantas Valente.

-se três componentes principais: exposição, sensibilidade e capacidade de antecipação e resposta. A metodologia definida para a recolha e processamento de variáveis, de cariz natural ou antrópico e oriundas de fontes diversas, é apresentada através da descrição da sua aplicação no contexto da deteção remota e Sistemas de informação geográfica. Serão, ainda, apresentados alguns produtos cartográficos preliminares para a área de estudo nacional, a integrar na exposição, uma das componentes da vulnerabilidade. Vulnerabilidade, Risco de incêndio, Imagens de satélite, Prevenção, Cartografia.

Os incêndios florestais, motivados por causas antrópicas e naturais, constituem, na actualidade, a principal ameaça à floresta portuguesa. Por sua vez, as causas acidentais, que estão na origem de muitos deles, correspondem a um cluster específico em termos das suas causas.Os incêndios florestais nas imediações e/ou contiguidade da linha de caminho de ferro apresentam um valor relativamente reduzido no contexto geral dos incêndios em Portugal. No entanto, no conjunto das causas acidentais, revelam um quantitativo relativamente significativo, com consequências nos totais de área ardida e, sobretudo, na operacionalidade e interrupção temporária da circulação de composições ferroviárias.

The main goal of this study is to analyse the most important causes affecting fire ignitions in Portugal mainland, between 1996 and 2010. The forest fire database was provided by the Portuguese Government Forest Services (National Forest Authority, AFN), that group the causes in six main categories (negligent usage of fire, accidental, structural causes, incendiary, natural and unknown). The analysis of the causes of the forest fires ignitions shows that the greatest part was not investigated (84%), whilst the knowledge of cause only occurred in 8% of fires. At national level, the results show that incendiary and the negligent usage of the fire are the most important motivations behind forest fires, with almost 40% of the identified causes. At regional scale, fires caused by negligence seems to be more common in the north due to traditional agricultural practices such as pasture renewal, the burning of agricultural and forest debris and hunting practices. In the Alentejo, accidental causes mainly associated with crop harvesting machinery, were the primary reason for the outbreak of forest fires. Causas de ignición Incendios provocados Incendios forestales Uso negligente del fuego Portugal El objetivo principal de este estudio es analizar las causas más importantes que afectan a las igniciones de incendios forestales en Portugal continental, entre 1996 y 2010. La base de datos de incendios fue proporcionada por los Servicios Forestales del Gobierno portugués (Autoridad Forestal Nacional, AFN), que agrupa las causas en seis categorías principales (uso negligente del fuego, accidentales, causas estructurales, incendiarismo, natural y desconocido). El análisis de las causas de ignición de los incendios forestales muestra que su mayor parte no ha sido investigada (84%), mientras que el conocimiento de la causa concreta sólo ocurrió en el 8% de los incendios. A nivel nacional, los resultados muestran que el incendiarismo y el uso negligente del fuego son las motivaciones más importantes, con casi el 40% de las causas identificadas. A escala regional, los incendios causados por negligencia parecen ser la causa más común en el norte del país, debido a las prácticas agrícolas tradicionales, como la renovación de los pastizales, la quema de residuos agrícolas y forestales y, aún, a las prácticas de caza. En la región de Alentejo, en el sur, las causas accidentales, asociadas a las cosechas con maquinaria de recolección, fueron la razón principal para la ocurrencia de incendios forestales.

Although routinely monitored by ground based air quality networks, the particulate matter distribution could be eventually better described with remote sensing techniques. However, valid relationships between ground level and columnar ground based quantities should be known beforehand. In this study we have performed a comparison between particulate matter measurements at ground level at different cut sizes (10, 2.5 and 1.0 μm), and the aerosol optical depth obtained by means of a ground based sunphotometer during a multiinstrumental field campaign held in El Arenosillo (Huelva, Spain) from 28 June to 4 July 2006. All the PM fractions were very well correlated with AOD with correlation coefficients that ranged from 0.71 to 0.81 for PM10, PM2.5 and PM1. Furthermore, the influence of the mixing layer height in the correlations was explored. The improvement in the correlation when the vertical distribution is taken into account was significant for days with a homogeneous mixing layer. ...

Magyarország területének viszonylag kis részét borítja erdőség. Megóvásuk az egész ország érdeke.
Nemzeti parkok, különösen védett természeti értékek, állat és növényvilág találhatók erdeinkben. A
napjainkra már egyre nagyobb bizonyságot nyerő globális felmelegedés a természeti viszonyok
megváltozását, szélsőségesebb megnyilvánulását okozza. Egyes területek szárazabbá, mások esetleg
csapadékosabbá válnak. Az elsődleges probléma nem maga a változás folyamata, hanem a változás
lefolyásának gyorsasága, valamint a szélsőségek egyre gyakoribb megnyilvánulása. Ez alól a hazai
természeti környezet sem kivétel, így erdeink jelentős része is szenved ezek hatásaitól.
Az időjárás csapadékossága és az erdőtüzek száma, valamint kiterjedése és súlyossága között
fordított arányú, sztochasztikus kapcsolat fedezhető fel. Így a szárazabb időszakok velejárója a felfellobbanó erdőtüzek megjelenése, ami mind a felhasználható eszközök tekintetében, mind taktikai
szempontból új feladat elé állítja a beavatkozókat, elsősorban a tűzoltókat. Ennek az új feladatnak való
megfelelést segítheti elő egy innovatív eljárás, a pilóta nélküli repülőgépek helyszíni felderítést
elősegítő alkalmazása.

A napokig tartó erdőtüzekről a média rendszeresen mutat be olyan képsorokat, amelyen a levegőből
történik az oltás, vagy a felderítés. Ez nyilván nem véletlen, hiszen ezek a képsorok egyrészt roppant
látványosak, másrészt a repülőgépek, helikopterek erdőtüzek elleni alkalmazása nemzetközi
viszonylatban ma már mindennapos gyakorlatnak tekinthető. A mindennapos alkalmazás ellenére a
végrehajtás módjáról mind a hazai, mind a nemzetközi szakirodalom meglehetősen szegényen számol
be. A következő sorok a légi tűzoltás taktikájának elméleti és gyakorlati kérdéseivel foglalkozik.
Tekintettel a téma eddigi feldolgozatlanságára az előadás csupán érinteni képes számos kérdést és
véletlenül sem próbálja meg a téma minden igényt kielégítő módon történő feldolgozását.
Az időjárás csapadékossága és az erdőtüzek száma, valamint kiterjedése és súlyossága között
fordított arányú, sztochasztikus kapcsolat fedezhető fel. Így a szárazabb időszakok velejárója a felfellobbanó erdőtüzek megjelenése, ami mind a felhasználható eszközök tekintetében, mind taktikai
szempontból új feladat elé állítja a beavatkozókat, elsősorban a tűzoltókat. Ennek az új feladatnak való
megfelelést jelenti a nemzetközi gyakorlatban már teljesen szokványos és a hazai példákat tekintve
pedig elterjedőben lévő légi tűzoltás alkalmazása.

The author try to present the possibility of using an Unmanned Aerial Systems for supporting efforts to extinguish forest fires and demonstrate the viability of the notion on the basis of both economy and efficiency. The fact that the lecture concerns forest fires is no accident. The proportion of forested areas in the district of Szendrő-which was the duty place of the author-is well in excess of the national average and also includes about 90 percent of the Aggtelek National Park, parts of which feature on the UNESCO World Heritage list. Therefore, for the author, improving preventive measures against forest fires and efficiency in extinguishing them is not only an option but also an obligation.

A légi tűzoltás köztudomásúan nagyon drága megoldás, bár kétségtelenül nagyon hatékony is. A utóbbi értelmezése azonban eltérő lehet a tűzoltás irányítását végzők és közgazdászok nézőpontjából. A közgazdasági szempontú hatékonyság sokkal szigorúbb, mint a szakmai értékelés szerinti, mivel a légi tűzoltás költségei nagyon magasak. Emiatt, szükségszerű azt a közgazdasági szempontú kritériumának oldaláról is megvizsgálni. A tanulmány olyan alapvető téveszmékre is rámutat, amelyek segítségével a marketing rendre túlértékeli az oltóanyagok képességeit, vagy magát a légi tűzoltást is. Nem kétséges, hogy nagyon bonyolult mindazon körülményeket és feltételeket számbavétele, amelyek a légi tűzdetektálást, felderítést, oltást befolyásolják, vagy csak az oltóanyag megválasztásánál szóba jöhetnek. Ennek ellenére, mégiscsak találhatunk néhány olyan rendezőelvet, amelyek a jelenleginél hatékonyabban segíthetnek az ezek közötti eligazodásban.

Aerial fire fighting is a very expensive solution, however no doubt, also very effective. But the meaning of efficiency for
fire managers can be different from the meaning of efficiency for economists. Economically efficiency is more strictly
than technical efficiency; since aerial fire fighting is very expensive, it isn’t useless to study it by the criteria of real
economical efficiency. This study points at principle mistakes used often by marketing to overrate the advantages of
some aerial product, agent or procedure. No doubt, it is very difficult to calculate with all circumstances and assumptions what is found during fire fighting process such as aerial patrol for detecting hot spots or fly for reconnaissance,
bombing just water or choose also agent, etc. but there are some theory what can help us to rate the economical effectiveness of aerial product, agent or procedure more precise than rated nowadays by the marketing.

In most countries the organizations responsible for managing disasters like civil protection, the fire service and special rescue teams operate parallel to the mili-tary in many aspects. Although the military applications of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) are dominant today, there is no doubt in their efficiency regard-ing the civilian use of the semi-military application, disaster management is an ideal field for transferring military experience to a civil one. This paper describes some initiatives using UAS to support disaster managers, which is – base on the above - on half way between the military and civil use. This paper focuses on strategic UAS application in disaster management using a time-scaled separation of the application, like pre-disaster activity, activity im-mediately after the occurrence of a disaster and the activity after the primary disaster elimination. Study faces to 5 disasters, like nuclear accidents, dangerous material releases, floods, earthquakes and forest fires. An earthquake is a rapid escalating disaster, where, many times, there is no other way for a rapid damage assessment than aerial reconnaissance. For special rescue teams, the UAS appli-cation can help much in a rapid location selection, where enough place remained to survive for victims. Floods are typical for a slow onset disaster. In contrast, managing floods is a very complex and difficult task. It requires continuous monitoring of dykes, flooded and threatened areas. UAS can help managers largely keeping an area under observation. Forest fires are disasters, where the tactical application of UAS is already well developed. UAS can be used for fire detection, intervention monitoring and also for post-fire monitoring. In case of nuclear accident or hazardous material leakage UAS is also a very effective or can be the only one tool for supporting disaster management. Results of this article are based on the study author made in the project called TÁMOP-4.2.1.B-11/2/KMR-2011-0001 „Research for Critical Infrastructure Protection”, at the National University of Public Service, Budapest, Hungary.

Topography exerts strong controls on vegetation vigor in mountainous regions, yet district scale assessments integrating recent NDVI trends with explicit topographic and climatic drivers remain limited in the Hindu Kush Himalaya. This study quantified spatiotemporal patterns of vegetation vigor and decline in Sindhuli district, Nepal, using MODIS MOD13Q1 NDVI time series from 2017 to 2023. Annual NDVI composites were generated, and linear regression was applied to derive pixel wise trend slopes. Topographic variables (slope, sin(aspect), cos(aspect), and solar radiation proxy) were extracted from the SRTM 90 m DEM. Climate covariates (annual rainfall from CHIRPS and mean temperature from ERA5 Land) were added. A random sample of 3,000 points was extracted for statistical modelling using ordinary least squares regression and Random Forest analysis. Spatial autocorrelation was tested using Moran's I. Maps were produced in R using the terra and ggplot2 packages. Results showed that mean NDVI across the district was 0.62 ± 0.11, with 28.4 % of the area exhibiting a negative NDVI trend indicative of vegetation decline. Solar radiation proxy emerged as the strongest predictor of both mean NDVI and NDVI trend (p < 0.001), followed by slope and annual rainfall. North and west facing slopes with high solar exposure displayed the most pronounced decline, while south facing slopes showed greater stability or slight improvement. Direct comparison between 2017 and 2023 confirmed a district wide NDVI decrease of 0.04 units. These findings demonstrate that topographic position, particularly solar radiation exposure, together with rainfall, is a primary driver of recent vegetation decline in Nepal's mid hills. Given the widespread presence of Eucalyptus plantations in Sindhuli district, the observed trends have direct implications for fuelwood productivity, rural livelihoods, and sustainable plantation management. The study provides the first district level topographic and climatic analysis of vegetation vigor in the Nepalese mid hills and offers practical recommendations for site specific plantation planning. The open source GEE and R workflow developed here can be readily adapted for monitoring other mid hill districts in the Himalaya.

Forest fires destroy the vegetation cover, increasing the propensity for soil erosion while vegetation recovers. Previous work in central Portugal has shown the relationship between vegetation, litter cover and soil properties (especially soil water repellence) and the increase in runoff generation and soil loss, with measurements made at the microplot, plot and hillslope scales. There is also evidence on the link between forest fires and severe flooding and erosion at the catchment scale. However, the link between processes operating at both scales is still unclear; studying this link is the main objective of project EROSFIRE 2. Current work on this project focuses on the simultaneous measurement of runoff and soil erosion at multiple spatial scales. The study area is the Colmeal catchment (ca. 20 ha), in central Portugal, which was almost completely burnt in August 2008. The catchment was instrumented at different spatial scales, including: -20 bounded micro-plots located on 5 slopes, collecting weekly runoff and sediment from areas of ca. 0.25 m2 (10 plots) and ca. 0.5 m2 (10 plots) -5 open slope-scale plots, collecting weekly runoff and sediment using gerlough troughs from areas with ca. 20 to 50 m2; -14 sediment fences, 10 located in regular hillslopes and 4 at the end of permanent gullies, with collection areas up to ca. 300 m2 and monitored at irregular intervals; -continuous runoff and sediment monitoring at the catchment scale (20 ha). Other data collected in the catchment includes rainfall at several points inside the watershed; soil water repellence in burnt and unburnt areas; vegetation recovery; continuous soil moisture monitoring on two of the slopes instrumented with plots and next to the hydrometric station; and microtopography transects on roads and gullies. These data are expected to complement the main monitoring network and help understand the processes linking runoff and sediment from small to large scales. This communication will present preliminary data from the Colmeal catchment, focusing on simultaneous measurements during large rainfall events in the autumn and winter of 2008/09. The results are expected to show how sediment is generated, transported and exported in the Colmeal watershed and contribute to understand and simulate erosion processes in burnt catchments.

Early fire detection is critical to protecting forests from wildfires and enabling rapid responses to minimize fire spread. Existing forest fire detection methods cannot quickly detect forest fires and evaluate the fire risk of these sensitive areas. Hence, this research aims to develop a real-time forest fire detection, monitoring, and alert system. The development of the system started with assembling temperature and humidity sensors, a smoke sensor, an Arduino microcontroller, and a wireless fidelity module. Then, a fire monitoring and alert system was developed using Blynk. From the sensitivity flame sensor analysis with the fire, the flame sensor detected the presence of fire up to 60 cm. The sensor also indicated high temperature (45 °C) and low humidity (53.4%) at noon. Low temperature (29 ℃) and high humidity (88.4%) were identified in the morning. Moreover, the highest carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration of 1,800 ppm was recorded when the smoke from the fire was detected. The global positioning system module shows the accurate real-time location of the system displayed in the Blynk application. In conclusion, this system can detect and monitor early forest fires in real-time and can alert the authorities to protect forests from wildfires.

The proposed system aims to overcome challenges posed by large databases, data imbalance, heterogeneity, and multidimensionality through progressive sampling as a novel classification model. It leverages sampling techniques to enhance processing performance and overcome memory restrictions. The random forest regressor feature importance technique with the gini significance method is employed to identify important characteristics, reducing the data’s features for classification. The system utilizes diverse classifiers such as random forest, ensemble learning, support vector machine (SVM), k-nearest neighbors’ algorithm (KNN), and logistic regression, allowing flexibility in handling different data types and achieving high accuracy in classification tasks. By iteratively applying progressive sampling to the dataset with the best features, the proposed technique aims to significantly improve performance compared to using the entire dataset. This approach focuses computational resources on the most informative subsets of data, reducing time complexity. Results show that the system can achieve over 85% accuracy even with only 5-10% of the original data size, providing accurate predictions while reducing data processing requirements. In conclusion, the proposed system combines progressive sampling, feature selection using random forest regressor feature importance (RFRFI-PS), and a range of classifiers to address challenges in large databases and improve classification accuracy. It demonstrates promising results in accuracy and time complexity reduction.

Black carbon (BC) aerosol strongly absorbs solar radiation, which warms climate. However, accurate estimation of BC&#39;s climate effect is limited by the uncertainties of its spatiotemporal distribution, especially over remote oceanic areas. The HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observation (HIPPO) program from 2009 to 2011 intercepted multiple snapshots of BC profiles over Pacific in various seasons, and revealed a 2 to 5 times overestimate of BC by current global models. In this study, we compared the measurements from aircraft campaigns and satellites, and found a robust association between BC concentrations and satellite-retrieved CO, tropospheric NO2, and aerosol optical depth (AOD) (R(2) &gt; 0.8). This establishes a basis to construct a satellite-based column BC approximation (sBC*) over remote oceans. The inferred sBC* shows that Asian outflows in spring bring much more BC aerosols to the mid-Pacific than those occurring in other seasons. In addition, inter-annual variability of sBC* is ...

R. Yokelson, J. D. Crounse, P. F. DeCarlo, T. Karl, S. Urbanski, E. Atlas, T. Campos, Y. Shinozuka, V. Kapustin, A. D. Clarke, A. Weinheimer, D. J. Knapp, D. D. Montzka, J. Holloway, P. Weibring, F. Flocke, W. Zheng, D. Toohey, P. O. Wennberg, C. Wiedinmyer, L. Mauldin, A. Fried, D. Richter, J. Walega, J. L. Jimenez, K. Adachi, P. R. Buseck, S. R. Hall, and R. Shetter University of Montana, Department of Chemistry, Missoula, MT 59812, USA Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA University of Colorado, Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences (CIRES), and Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Boulder, USA Now at the Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen Switzerland National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA USDA Forest Service, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT, USA University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, USA School of Ocean and Earth Sciences ...

Forest disturbance and recovery are critical ecosystem processes, but the spatial pattern of disturbance has never been mapped across North America. The LEDAPS (Landsat Ecosystem Disturbance Adaptive Processing System) project has assembled a wall-to-wall record of stand-clearing disturbance (clearcut harvest, fire) for the United States and Canada for the period 1990-2000 using the Landsat satellite archive. Landsat TM and ETM+ data were first converted to surface reflectance using the MODIS/6S atmospheric correction approach. Disturbance and early recovery were mapped using the temporal change in a Tasseled-Cap "Disturbance Index" calculated from the early (~1990) and later (~2000) images. Validation of the continental mapping has been carried out using a sample of biennial Landsat time series from 23 locations across the United States. Although a significant amount of disturbance (30-60%) cannot be mapped due to the long interval between image acquisition dates, the biennial analyses allow a first-order correction of the decadal mapping. Our results indicate disturbance rates of up to 2-3% per year are common across the US and Canada due primarily to harvest and forest fire. Rates are highest in the southeastern US, the Pacific Northwest, Maine, and Quebec. The mean disturbance rate for the conterminous United States (the "lower 48" states and District of Columbia) is calculated as 0.9 +/-0.2% per year, corresponding to a turnover period of 110 years.

The effect of forest fire on soil is complex and relatively less understood than its above ground effect. Understanding the effect of fire on forest soils can allow improving management of valuable forest ecosystems as adequate and proper information is very important for efficient management. We have studied the recovery of soil properties after fire, using a chronosequence approach (two, five and fifteen years after fire and control). Soil samples were collected from each plot of four fire patches (B0, B2, B5 & B15) from three different depths viz. 0-10 (Top), 10-20 (Middle), and 20-30 cm (Bottom). Results: Soil organic carbon was lower than unburned plots after the fire and could not recover to the level of unburned plot (B0) even in 15 years. Total N, available P, and extractable K were lower 2-years and 5-years after the fire but are higher than unburned plot after 15-years. Available nitrogen (NO 3 -and NH 4 + ) remain unchanged or higher than B0 in burned patches. Soil pH, Bulk Density, Water Holding Capacity, and Electrical Conductivity was lower initially after the fire. Forest fires have affected soil properties considerably. The response of soil properties varied with years after fire and soil depth. Conclusion: Forest fires occur very frequently in the study area. Significant quantities of carbon and total nitrogen are lost to the atmosphere by burning of litter, duff, and soil OM. Because nitrogen is one of the most important soil nutrients, the recapture of N lost by volatilization during a fire must receive special attention. Long-term studies are required to better understand the recovery of soil nitrogen.

Третья редакция включает значительный объём иллюстративного материала, который наряду с комментариями призван прояснить используемые в данной работе методические приёмы убеждения читателя в условиях заочного способа изложения. Увы, приведённая графика существенно увеличивает объём книги, однако это является вынужденной платой за использование современной письменной формы передачи материала вместо древней наглядно-демонстративной (очной) формы, сохранявшей высокую эффективность вплоть до времён Пифагора и других древнегреческих мыслителей.
Кроме того, поскольку предметом данной работы является ЯЗЫК, автор счёл уместным использовать стиль изложения, более близкий к живому русскому литературному языку, чем к строгой академической манере, традиционно доминирующей в подобного рода научных трудах.
В целом работа предназначена для широкого круга читателей, интересующихся проблемой оснований математики. В ней предлагаются ответы на следующие вопросы: с какой целью древние шумеры создали свою математическую систему, сохраняющую актуальность до настоящего времени? Почему современная цивилизация продолжает использовать математическую систему, восходящую к шумерской традиции, и, по мнению автора, будет пользоваться ею всегда?
Тем самым в ответах на указанные вопросы раскрываются философские основания математики как таковой, включая и современную математику, а также её начала — фундаментальные первоосновы, заложенные ещё древними шумерами. В конечном итоге работа стремится дать ответ и на главный вопрос: что такое математика?
Наряду с предлагаемой дефиницией математики, в рамках энтропийно-коммуникативной программы обоснования её начал в работе вводятся также определения алгоритма, социальной энтропии и Ноосферы.
В многолетнем философском споре о соотношении прикладной и чистой математики, а также о приоритете одной из них над другой, в данной работе последовательно проводится аргумент, восходящий к опыту древних шумеров, в пользу принципиального приоритета именно прикладной математики, фундамент которой был заложен ими ещё на ранних этапах становления цивилизации и отличался исключительной глубиной и прочностью замысла.
Все ключевые выводы предлагаемой теории сопровождаются математически корректной и строгой аргументацией, представленной в Приложении.

Koo et al.: Characteristics of tropospheric ozone depletion events in the Arctic spring the vertical extent of local ozone loss is surprisingly deep (1-2 km) at Resolute and Churchill, Canada. The unstable boundary layer during ODEs at Churchill could potentially provide a source of free-tropospheric BrO through convective transport and explain the significant negative correlation between free-tropospheric ozone and tropospheric BrO column at this site.

Foram realizados inventários da comunidade arbórea, da topografia e dos solos de um fragmento de floresta semidecídua com o objetivo de avaliar os impactos de um incêndio ocorrido em 1999, na estrutura da comunidade arbórea e na composição e diversidade de espécies, bem como as relações entre a severidade do incêndio e variáveis do ambiente físico. O fragmento florestal, com área de 57 ha, está localizado nas coordenadas de 21º09&#39;S e 44º50&#39;W, no município de Ibituruna, MG. Os inventários foram conduzidos em dois setores do fragmento. Na Encosta, foram realizados dois inventários: o primeiro, em 1997, antes do incêndio, foi feito em quinze parcelas de 5×50 m e o segundo, em 2001, posterior ao incêndio, em treze parcelas de 20×20 m. No Vale, foi conduzido em 2001 um inventário em 13 parcelas de 20×20 m distribuídas ao longo da linha de frente definida pela propagação máxima do incêndio. Nos inventários foram registradas a espécie, a circunferência à altura do peito (CAS) e a a...

Implementasi teknologi satelit mandiri Indonesia dicontohkan melalui satelit LAPAN-A3 yang dikembangkan oleh LAPAN dan IPB. Satelit ini berada di orbit LEO (ketinggian ±500 km) dan dilengkapi dengan sensor multispektral serta sistem Automatic Identification System (AIS) untuk pemantauan maritim dan pencegahan illegal fishing.

2 METEOROLÓGICAS 37 a Precipitaciones 39 Lluvia Nieve Granizo b Vientos 48 Normales según zona Tornados Huracanes Tormentas de polvo c Tormentas eléctricas 55 d Temperaturas extremas 57 Altas -Olas de calor Bajas -Olas polares Heladas 3 HIDROLÓGICAS 65 a Inundaciones 66 Rebalse de lagos, lagunas, embalses Activación de quebradas Salidas de cauce de ríos, canales Áreas inundadas b Tsunamis y seiches 70 Tsunamis Seiches B. AMENAZAS ANTRÓPICAS 79 1 FUEGO 81 a Incendios estructurales 83 b Incendios al aire libre (forestales, interfaz urbanorural, asentamientos informales 89 4 CORTE DE SUMINISTROS 95 a Agua 99 b Electricidad 101 c Combustible 103 d Comunicaciones 105 Telefonía TV Teléfonos de emergencia: • Conaf 130 Reportar incendios forestales, situaciones de riesgo en áreas protegidas o emergencias relacionadas con la gestión forestal. • Servicio de Atención Médico de Urgencias (SAMU) 131 Emergencias médicas graves, como accidentes, infartos, desmayos, o cualquier situación que requiera asistencia médica urgente. Emergencias relacionadas con incendios, también para rescates en accidentes vehiculares, derrumbes o cualquier situación que implique peligro de fuego o riesgo estructural. En caso de robos, asaltos, homicidios, agresiones, accidentes de tránsito u otros hechos que afecten la integridad de las personas Emergencias que requieran la intervención de la policía de investigaciones, como delitos complejos, tráfico de drogas o investigaciones criminales. • Cuerpo de Socorro Andino 136 Accidentes o extravíos de personas en la montaña • Búsqueda y salvamento marítimo 137 Emergencias en el mar o en zonas costeras, como rescates de personas en peligro en el agua, accidentes náuticos o situaciones de riesgo en playas. • Servicio de Búsqueda y Salvamento Aéreo 138 Reportar incendios forestales, situaciones de riesgo en áreas protegidas o emergencias relacionadas con la gestión forestal. • Obtener información general sobre servicios policiales, reportar situaciones no emergentes o recibir orientación en casos específicos.

Converting available biomass from municipal, agricultural and forest wastes to biomethanol can result in significant environmental and economic benefits. Keeping these benefits in mind, one plausible scenario discussed here is the potential to produce energy using bio-methanol in five of the western United States. In this scenario, the biomethanol produced is from different biomass sources and used as a substitute for fossil fuels in energy production. In the U.S. West, forest materials are the dominant biomass waste source in Idaho, Montana, Oregon and Washington, while in California, the greatest amount of available biomass is from municipal wastes. Using a 100% rate of substitution, bio-methanol produced from these sources can replace an amount equivalent to most or all of the gasoline consumed by motor vehicles in each state. In contrast, when bio-methanol powered fuel cells are used to produce electricity, it is possible to generate 12 to 25% of the total electricity consumed annually in these five states. In the State of Washington, thinning "high-fire-risk" small stems, namely 5.1-22.9 cm diameter trees, from wildfire-prone forests and using them to produce methanol for electricity generation with fuel cells would avoid C emissions of 3.7 -7.3 Mg C/ha. Alternatively, when wood-methanol produced from the high fire risk wood is used as a gasoline substitute, 3.3 -6.6 Mg C/ha of carbon emissions are avoided. If these same "high-fire-risk" woody stems were burned during a wildfire 7.9 Mg C/ha would be emitted in the State of Washington alone. Although detailed economic analyses of producing methanol from biomass is in its infancy, we believe that converting biomass into methanol and substituting it for fossil-fuel-based energy production is a viable option in locations that have high biomass availability.

Remote sensing technologies have become transformative in environmental monitoring, enabling large-scale, cost-effective, and consistent assessment of ecological systems. This study examines both technological applications and governance, focusing on operational methodologies and evolving legislative and ethical frameworks shaping remote sensing in environmental surveillance. Concentrating on urban and peri-urban areas, high-resolution multispectral satellite data (Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS) were integrated with synchronized ground-based measurements to explore interactions among vegetation cover, land surface temperature (LST), and fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅). Advanced processing included radiometric calibration, atmospheric correction (FLAASH), and supervised classification (Random Forest) to ensure data fidelity. Vegetation was quantified using NDVI, while LST was derived with the split-window technique and analysed against EPA-standard PM₂.₅ through multivariate regression. Results revealed a 35% variation in foliar coverage (32-67%), with inverse correlations between vegetation density and both LST (20.1-25.7 °C) and PM₂.₅ (10.8-17.2 µg/m³). Site I showed a 59% higher particulate load than Site H, underscoring the combined effects of urban heat island intensity and reduced green space. Beyond technical outcomes, the study highlights policy implications, including aerial data privacy, cross-border data sharing, and aligning technological capacities with environmental regulation, establishing a foundation for ethically grounded applications of remote sensing in sustainability.

Numerous applications require aerial surveillance. Civilian applications include monitoring forest fires, oil fields and pipelines, and tracking wildlife. Applications to homeland security include border patrol and monitoring the perimeter of nuclear power plants. Military applications are numerous. The current approach to these applications is to use a single manned vehicle for surveillance. However, manned vehicles are typically large and expensive. In addition, hazardous environments and operator fatigue can potentially threaten the life of the pilot. Therefore, there is a critical need for automating aerial surveillance using unmanned air vehicles (UAVs). This paper gives an overview of a cooperative control strategy for aerial surveillance that has been successfully flight tested on small (48 inch wingspan) UAVs. Our approach to cooperative control problems can be summarized in four steps: (1) the definition of a cooperation constraint and cooperation objective; (2) the definition of a coordination variable as the minimal amount of information needed to effect cooperation; (3) the design of a centralized cooperation strategy; and (4) the use of consensus schemes to transform the centralized strategy into a decentralized algorithm. The effectiveness of the solution will be shown using both high fidelity simulation and actual flight tests.

Data satelit dapat menunjukkan lokasi geografis secara visual kondisi ekstrim hidrometeorologi seperti banjir dan kekeringan baik frekuensi, durasi, dan cakupan luasannya. Kondisi ekstrim tersebut menegaskan tren kenaikan yang signifikan dalam kejadian bencana selama beberapa dekade terakhir. Data dari Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Nasional (BNPB) mencatat beberapa kejadian bencana hidrometeorologi yang terjadi di Indonesia selama Tahun 2025 yaitu epidemi (4), tsunami (1), erupsi gunung api (18), gempa bumi (52), gelombang pasang/abrasi (37), kekeringan (40), karhutla (625), longsor (896), cuaca ekstrim (1.53K) dan banjir (2.1K). Indonesia yang merupakan negara kepulauan di Cincin Api Pasifik memiliki kerentanan tinggi terhadap perubahan iklim sehingga rawan akan kejadian bencana. Data BNPB menunjukkan bahwa bencana hidrometeorologi mendominasi jenis bencana yang terjadi, menyebabkan kerugian ekonomi dan korban jiwa yang substansial setiap tahunnya (BNPB, 2024). Indonesia berada dalam urutan ke 8 negara penyumbang emisi terbesar.

Recebido para publicação: 10/06/2012 -Aceito para publicação: 15/05/2013 Resumo É importante se determinar onde, quando e porque ocorrem os incêndios florestais, com vistas a estruturar os serviços de prevenção e combate dentro de limites economicamente viáveis. Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de comparar o comportamento histórico dos incêndios florestais ocorridos no período de 2002 a 2011 no Distrito Florestal de Monte Alegre, estado do Paraná, Brasil, e nas empresas florestais da Província de Pinar del Río, Cuba. Foram consideradas as distribuições temporal e espacial dos incêndios, tendo sido analisada também a eficiência do serviço de proteção. Os registros de ocorrência de incêndios foram fornecidos pela Klabin S/A e pelo Corpo de Guardabosques de Pinar del Río. Os resultados mostraram um maior número de ocorrências e uma menor área queimada em Monte Alegre. Os incêndios se concentraram nos meses de agosto a outubro (77,97% do total) em Monte Alegre e de março a maio (86,80%) em Pinar del Río. A cobertura vegetal mais afetada nas duas regiões foi "Pinus spp." e a principal causa foi "incendiário" (71,66% do total) em Monte Alegre e "raios" (39,26%) em Pinar del Río. Conclui-se que há uma similaridade no perfil dos incêndios para os dois lugares, com exceção da época de incêndios. Palavras-chave: Estatísticas de incêndios; época de incêndios; prevenção de incêndios.

Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida para a Floresta Nacional de Irati, localizada no estado do Paraná, com base em dados meteorológicos e de ocorrência de incêndios florestais. O objetivo foi analisar o comportamento temporal do índice de perigo de incêndios denominado Fórmula de Monte Alegre (FMA), bem como validar suas classes de perigo para a região. Para isso, inicialmente foram calculados os índices, com base nos dados meteorológicos obtidos junto ao Instituto Agronômico do Paraná (IAPAR) e agrupados em classes. Posteriormente, para validação das classes, foi realizada a correlação entre os índices de perigo calculados com os dias de ocorrências de incêndios, registrados pelo Corpo de Bombeiros de Irati, disponíveis para o período de 2005 a 2007. Os resultados permitiram concluir que: a) no período de 1971 a 2007, 46,24% dos dias se concentraram nas classes média e alta de perigo de incêndios, mesmo comportamento observado quando isolados os anos 2005 a 2007 (52,76%); b) as classes de perigo, apesar de estarem ajustadas para a região, foram aprimoradas, diminuindo o número de dias das classes de perigo de incêndios alto e muito alto, o que possibilitará um melhor planejamento e menor custo de prevenção de incêndios florestais.

Polusi udara menjadi salah satu tantangan lingkungan dan kesehatan masyarakat yang paling kritis di dunia, khususnya di kota-kota berkembang yang mengalami urbanisasi pesat. Esai ini menganalisis sebuah penelitian yang berfokus pada kota Lahore, Pakistan, salah satu kota paling tercemar di dunia, yang menerapkan teknik machine learning untuk memprediksi kualitas udara dan mendukung perencanaan kota berkelanjutan. Dengan menggunakan data historis selama 20 tahun dari Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS), empat model time-series dievaluasi, yaitu SARIMA, SARIMAX, LSTM, dan NAR. Model NAR (Non-linear Autoregressive) menunjukkan performa terbaik dengan nilai RMSE terendah sebesar 23,52 dan DTW sebesar 5.023, membuktikan keunggulannya dalam menangkap dinamika polusi yang bersifat non-linear. Proyeksi hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Indeks Kualitas Udara (AQI) Lahore diperkirakan meningkat sebesar 16% pada tahun 2030, dengan kondisi berbahaya yang berlangsung selama tujuh bulan dalam setahun. Temuan ini menegaskan besarnya potensi pendekatan berbasis data dalam menjembatani penelitian akademis dengan pengambilan kebijakan perkotaan yang efektif dan berkelanjutan.

Perlindungan hutan di tingkat lansekap memerlukan manajemen kolaboratif yang melibatkan pemangku kawasan hutan (KPH, BKSDA, pemilik konsesi, pemerintah daerah) serta integrasi masyarakat lokal dalam strategi perlindungan hutan.

Dinamika eksternal perlu mendapat perhatian besar karena ragam ancaman dan tekanan hutan berasal dari dinamika populasi di bentang alam, bentuk-bentuk pemanfaatan hasil hutan (kayu maupun bukan kayu), pembukaan lahan, kegiatan pertambangan rakyat, perburuan satwa liar, bahkan kebakaran hutan.

Dalam penanganan sengketa kehutanan perlu mengadopsi ragam bentuk penyelesaian konflik (negosiasi, mediasi, hukum lokal/adat) tidak hanya tunggal yakni penegakan hukum formal semata-mata.

New Zealand forests burn less frequently than tussock grasslands, heath or shrublands. Species composition, past disturbance and stand condition determine inflammability and fuel load, and consequent fire intensity and spatial extent. Before people arrived, fires were ignited by lightning during drought years on the eastern sides of both islands. Volcanism occurring every 300-600 years was associated with fires in the central North Island. A review of radiocarbon-dated charcoal from the eastern South Island, and of evidence for fire in pollen profiles from the North Island, provide the basis for an assessment of fire frequency. Forest fires have occurred on both New Zealand's islands throughout the Holocene at least every few centuries, until the last millennium when frequency increased. The ' return time ' of fire at any one place in the forested landscape was probably one or two millennia. Burned areas usually succeeded to forest again before the next inflagration. Consequently fire adaptation is infrequent in the New Zealand flora, and Polynesian forest clearance was rapid and largely permanent. There is an indication of an increase in fire frequency in the late Holocene, and a clear signal associated with people approx. 700 years BP. Separating the earliest anthropogenic fires from the background level of natural burning will be difficult without additional evidence.

There are different aspects of disaster management however in a limited scale accidents are usually responded immediately by firefighters even if the event can escalate to disaster in time. Firefighters can barely influence the initial conditions of the interventions. The differences in the environment and complexity result in volatility, uncertainty and ambiguity of information available. Thus, the effectiveness and safety of the intervention is a vital task, which can be achieved by improving the components such as the fire prevention, the quality of the operational work, the level of firefighter's safety and the quickness of making decision. The present paper concluding that fire prevention means strategic level achievement, quickness of making decision, and tactical level of managing crisis situation. Authors give an overview of the complexity of the situations of the firefighters work in emergency from the level of strategy to tactics.

A beavatkozó tűzoltók számos esetben azt tapasztalják, hogy az eset érintettjei láthatóan másként viselkednek, mint ahogyan az a hétköznapi életben megszokott. Ez egyrészt természetes, másrészt azonban nyilvánvaló, hogy az érintett részéről nem érzékelt
veszélyeket is hordozhat magában. Lehet persze a fordítottja is: külsőleg nem látható,
hogy megváltozott volna az érintett viselkedése, holott pontosan ez jelentheti azt, hogy
ő bajban van. A szerző ezekre az anomáliákra kíván cikkében rámutatni.
A szakirodalmi anyagok feldolgozásán túl a szerző elsősorban a saját, tűzoltói és oktatói pályafutása alatt szerzett tapasztalataira épít. Ennek eredménye a kényszerhelyzetekben tapasztalható megváltozott viselkedésformák eddig még nem rendszerezett
módon történő összefoglalása, valamint olyan, a gyakorlatban alkalmazott, de nem
megfogalmazo