GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS

Political dynasties remain a persistent challenge to democratic governance in the Philippines. This thesis critically examines the Marcos family, focusing on their consolidation of power, legal strategies, and implications for the rule of law. Using historical data, electoral records, Supreme Court decisions, and scholarly analysis, this research highlights the systemic weaknesses that facilitated the Marcoses' return to political dominance despite documented abuses during Martial Law. The study provides a balanced evaluation of legal, constitutional, and political mechanisms, emphasizing the impact on accountability, governance, and democratic integrity. It contributes to political and legal scholarship by exposing the interplay between law, power, and dynastic politics, while offering recommendations for institutional reform. Chapter 1: Introduction The Marcos family has had a profound and enduring impact on Philippine politics. Ferdinand E. Marcos Sr.'s authoritarian rule (1965-1986) is widely documented for human rights violations, corruption, and political suppression. Despite this history, the Marcoses regained political legitimacy, culminating in Ferdinand Marcos Jr.'s election as President in 2022. This thesis explores the legal, political, and structural mechanisms that allowed the Marcos family to reassert influence. It examines constitutional safeguards, electoral processes, and the enforcement of anti-dynasty provisions to assess the implications for governance and democracy. By analyzing the family's political strategies within legal and institutional contexts, the study highlights systemic vulnerabilities and lessons for policy reform.

Pemerintah negara-negara berkembang mengadopsi sistem Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) untuk mengurangi kemiskinan. Di Filipina, ESGP-PS merupakan sebuah sistem CCT dari Pemerintah. DSWD menyediakan dana kesehatan dan pendidikan bagi anak-anak dari keluarga sangat miskin. ESGP-PA menyediakan bantuan langsung tunai untuk pendidikan kepada anak-anak dari keluarga miskin. Bantuanyangdiberikan ESGP-PAmemiliki pengaruhbesarbagipenerimasehingga penting untuk mengetahui aspek psikologis yang akan berpengaruh dalam pembuatankebijakandanpenilaianefektivitasprogram. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa kepuasan tertunda (delayed gratification), orientasi identitas pribadi, rencana-rencama transisional penerima ESGP-PA di MSU-Iligan Institute of Technologi (2014Technologi ( -2015)). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif dan statistik inferensial. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa para penerima bantuan memiliki tingkat kepuasan tertunda yang tinggi dalamhal prestasidantingkatmenengah dalammakanan,uang,daninteraksifisikmaupun sosial. Mereka memiliki orientasi yang lebih tinggi terhadap identatis pribadi daripada orientasi identitaskolektifdan sosial. Identitas relasional (r=-.329, p= 000) dan identitas kolektif (r=-. 363, p=.000) berkorelasi negatif dengan kepuasan tertunda, sementara uang (F= 1.614; P=.004) mempengaruhi orientasi identitas social dengan signifikan. Hal-hal penting dalam rencana transisi para penerimabantuanadalahuntukmeraihkesuksesa,memilikipekerjaanyangbagus, dapat membantu keluarga, dapat menyelesaikan sekolah dan mendapat gelar akademik. Mereka takut tidak dapat mencapai impiannya, karena kesulitan keuangan dan faktor ekonomi. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah kesejahteraan psikologi penerima ESGP-PA dipengaruhi secara positif dan negatif oleh program ESGP-PA. Kata Kunci ; CCT, ESGP-PA, Kepuasan tertunda, Identitas

Women's empowerment refers to gender equality. Promotes participation of women in all levels of development planning and practice. In Malaysia, the public sector plays an important role in enhancing women empowerment such as the Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia program under the Malaysian Islamic Economic Development Foundation (Yayasan Pembangunan Ekonomi Islam Malaysia, YAPEIM). AIM program is specifically to encourage poor women involved in small business. AIM will assists and monitors them to ensure the success of their business. This can increase income and in turn eradicate poverty among women. Thus, increase empowerment of women. This paper therefore examines the impact of AIM program on the welfare of women who received AIM's microcredit assistance and engaged small businesses in the Northern Corridor Economic Region -Perlis, Kedah, Penang and northern Perak. The study employs Structural Equation Method (SEM) to assess the impact of AIM's micro-credit assistance among the participants. A total of 1,000 participants were randomly selected and interviewed. The results showed that the AIM's micro credit assistance program for the targeted group has increased their economic well-being.

The focus of this paper is on the intersection of Jean-Paul Sartre’s existential philosophy concept of human being, his aesthetic theory and consequent art production. After a short outline of his conception of human existence the first part introduces Sartre’s aesthetic views on art considered in two different and to a great extent antithetical forms: as an existential appeal to a situated freedom of man and on the other hand as a temporary escape from the real situation to the world of imagination. The purpose of the first part is to prove that this differentiation of arts, contrasting commited literature with poetry and all other kinds of imaginary art, is well-founded in the very principles of Sartre’s existentialism and that the aesthetics becomes functional connection between his philosophy and art. The second part offers an interpretation of French thinker’s concrete art work – short story The Wall – in the light of his own aesthetic conception. This work of art is shown as t...

W rozdziale zostały przedstawione rozkłady i interpretacja podstawowych zmiennych społeczno-demograficznych opisujących polską elitę rządową, w skład której wchodzą: ministrowie, sekretarze i podsekretarze stanu oraz wojewodowie sprawujący funkcje w okresie III kadencji (rząd Jerzego Buzka) i pierwszej połowy IV kadencji (rząd Leszka Millera) Sejmu w oparciu o przygotowaną bazę danych biograficznych elit. Rozdział podzielony jest na trzy części. W pierwszej z nich została zaprezentowana ogólna charakterystyka badanej grupy w zakresie zajmowanych stanowisk oraz przepływów osobowych między nimi, a także czas sprawowania funkcji. Drugą część, najobszerniejszą, zajmuje opis rozkładu podstawowych zmiennych demograficznych: wiek, płeć, miejsce urodzenia (liczba mieszkańców, województwo), wykształcenie (tytuły naukowe i zawodowe, typy uczelni, dyscyplina naukowa), zawód. Część trzecia jest poświęcona doświadczeniu politycznemu elity i obejmuje wcześniejsze funkcje sprawowane w administracji rządowej oraz staż parlamentarny i samorządowy. W zakończeniu rozważam kwestię stopnia otwartości polskiej elity rządowej.

A surprising verdict has emerged out of Nagaland's 2024 General elections result. After long being missing from the high corridor of electoral politics in Nagaland, Congress managed to defeat the formidable force of the ruling conglomerate led by Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party and Bharatiya Janata Party. In examining the 2024 verdict, the article underlines the need to locate the shifting dynamics of Nagaland electoral politics against the embedded web of historical and political processes that have come to define the Naga context.

Indonesia's border areas have 2 (two) functions, namely as state territory and as autonomous territory. The determination of state territory and autonomous regions in state border areas ultimately has consequences for the government's authority in managing borders, both for the central government and regional governments. This research aims to solve the problem regarding the importance of managing state border areas from the aspect of authority, whether it is more appropriate to be managed by the Central Government or Regional Government, by looking at two sub-districts, namely Ketungau Tengah District and Ketungau Hulu District as sub-districts that are on the border of state territory. between Indonesia and Malaysia which is located in Sintang Regency, West Kalimantan Province, Republic of Indonesia.

Indonesia's border areas have 2 (two) functions, namely as state territory and as autonomous territory. The determination of state territory and autonomous regions in state border areas ultimately has consequences for the government's authority in managing borders, both for the central government and regional governments. This research aims to solve the problem regarding the importance of managing state border areas from the aspect of authority, whether it is more appropriate to be managed by the Central Government or Regional Government, by looking at two sub-districts, namely Ketungau Tengah District and Ketungau Hulu District as sub-districts that are on the border of state territory. between Indonesia and Malaysia which is located in Sintang Regency, West Kalimantan Province, Republic of Indonesia.

Decentralization is a basic form of democratic government that transfer power, resources and empowers the local people as the decision makers for the local governing system. Since the inception in the Indian Constitution, decentralization was predicated to strengthen local political organizations, increase their democratic nature, and establish institutions that would cater to the interests and needs of the people. It envisages increasing local government institutions' accountability and performance which would enhance development and transparency of governance at the grass root level. There are various theoretical benefits associated with decentralization, and already three decades have passed since the introduction of the 73 rd and 74 th Amendment Act in 1992. However, in many instances, realizing these idealistic decentralization goals has proven to be extremely difficult. The study therefore seeks to examine if decentralization is improving service delivery at the local level as envisioned. Although, efforts were made to facilitate effective and accountable local governance, various factors have hindered decentralization to fully achieve its objectives. The study attempts to identify the 'missing link' which has hampered the efficacy of decentralized government in India.

Vietnam is widely seen as a development success, with rather rapid economic growth and a reported reduced role of the state, yet presents many paradoxes to conventional analytical frameworks. Two of relevance are accounts that stress a combination of a strongly hegemonic regime with weak internal sovereignty in terms of both the internal coherence of the apparat and its interactions with the rest of Vietnamese society, and also associated accounts that deny much role to intentionality in explaining apparent development success. This article will contextualise accounts of political intention and policy development towards water issues in Vietnam through an examination of two main empirics: the evolution of formal policy, understood as documents of the state, as well as of political intention, understood as documents of the ruling Party; and the by now extensive series of 'active' case studies that have examined donor as well as other projects in the sector. It will examine the notion, in the contexts suggested by the Vietnamese experience, that attempts to explain Vietnamese water policy, which have shown a tendency to shift away from assumptions that an analytical framework's categories may easily and without too much risk be extended across different contexts. Rather, comparisons of Vietnamese experience across contexts will tend, if they are to be persuasive, to shift to the use of languages that reflect ontological fluidity, in that what things mean is expected to change over time, without reference to an imagined transcendental and universal 'real'. In this sense, Vietnamese water policy may be usefully understood as an example of how 'success gives voice to the local'.

Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) was discovered in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, at the end of 2019. Expansion into Indonesia. To combat the spread of Covid-19 in Indonesia, the Indonesian government, through the Directorate General of Immigration, has implemented a number of measures aimed at preserving fundamental freedoms. Concerning the extent to which mobility tactics are compatible with Covid-19 from the standpoint of fundamental freedom. Subjective and deductive reasoning are employed in the analysis. Thus, it was determined that the Indonesian government used many measures to address immigration issues during the Pandemic Covid-19 period, including limitations on outsiders entering Indonesia's territory and administrative restrictions. The research was used to evaluate how immigration policies were implemented during the Covid-19 pandemic era.

Poverty in Malaysia and Nigeria as well as most developing countries are alarmingly visible. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth in recent years of Malaysia and Nigeria has not reflected in the poverty alleviation efforts from the governments of both countries. The need to review the past policies on poverty alleviation in these developing nations prompted this paper. Using secondary data sources, the poverty alleviation policy in Malaysia has made significant progress, while Nigeria is still struggling. Interestingly, after decades of poverty alleviation policies, Malaysia has been moving forward steadily although there are identifiable challenges to overcome while in Nigeria, the policies seems to have no progress due to lack of political will. Keywords: Poverty Alleviation; Policy; Developing Countries eISSN: 2398-4287© 2021. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (h...

CEL NAUKOWY: Celem artykulu jest odpowiedź na pytanie, czy udzielenie absolutorium jako prawny sposob rozliczenia Rady Ministrow z wykonania budzetu panstwa zwalnia jej czlonkow od odpowiedzialności konstytucyjnej, czy tez jej nie wyklucza. PROBLEM I METODY BADAWCZE: Zawarte wnioski zostaly sformulowane na podstawie przeglądu dorobku nauki, analizy przepisow prawa oraz oceny praktyki parlamentarnej. Analiza zagadnienia oparta jest na metodzie: systemowej, celowościowej i prawno‑historycznej. PROCES WYWODU: Po opisaniu istoty absolutorium, procedury jego udzielania, zmian prawnych, jakie w tym zakresie zostaly przyjete w latach 90. XX w., oraz skutkow z tego plynących, w kontekście sporu istniejącego w doktrynie co do konsekwencji jego udzielenia, autorka podjela probe powiązania zagadnienia absolutorium z kwestią mozliwości egzekwowania odpowiedzialności konstytucyjnej czlonkow Rady Ministrow przed Trybunalem Stanu. WYNIKI ANALIZY NAUKOWEJ: Upolitycznienie procedury kontroli wykonan...

As one of the developing countries, Indonesia needs to increase its economic growth in order to improve the country prosperity as well as to overcome poverty, unemployment, and inequality of income distribution matters. Additionally, Indonesia also needs to obtain both national and international economic competitiveness, specifically in facing Asean Economic Community. The aim of the research is to identify the role of investment to the Indonesian Economic Growth. The data used is the secondary data taken from The Central Bureau of Statistics and Indonesia Investment Coordinating Board. The data analysis technique used is Error Correction Model which is useful to examine the long-term correlation amongst economic variables and to capture the economic phenomena as well. The result of the research indicates that the domestic investment and foreign investment variables have a long-term relation with the economic growth. In a short-term, the domestic investment and foreign investment variables also show significant influences. There are positive and significant influences of the domestic investment to the economic growth. This research is expected to become a recommendation and information to the government and policy makers.

Międzyresortowe komisje orzekające w sprawach o naruszenie dyscypliny fi nansów publicznych Ustawą z dnia 19 sierpnia 2011 r. o zmianie ustawy o odpowiedzialności za naruszenie dyscypliny fi nansów publicznych oraz niektórych innych ustawzwaną dalej ustawą zmieniającą-znowelizowano ustawę z dnia 17 grudnia 2004 r. o odpowiedzialności za naruszenie dyscypliny fi nansów publicznych (dalej: u.o.n.d.f.p.) 1. W uzasadnieniu do projektu wyżej wskazanej ustawy zmieniającej podniesiono, że potrzeba nowelizacji u.o.n.d.f.p. wynikała z dokonania jej oceny pod kątem występujących w niej niedociągnięć. Uznano, że ówczesne rozwiązania wymagały rozszerzenia i umocnienia, aby w pełni zagwarantowane było należyte przeprowadzenie postępowania dyscyplinarnego, a w rezultacie ukaranie osób odpowiedzialnych za naruszenie dyscypliny fi nansów publicznych w sposób adekwatny do popełnionego naruszenia. Wskazano również, że powodem podjęcia ingerencji ustawodawczej było niewystarczające wypełnianie funkcji represyjnej postępowania w sprawach o naruszenie dyscypliny fi nansów publicznych. System odpowiedzialności wymagał także modyfi kacji ze względu na zmiany w źródłach prawa fi nansowego oraz usunięcia wątpliwości interpretacyjnych 2. Dostrzeżono potrzebę poprawy skuteczności egzekwowania odpowiedzialności za naruszenie dyscypliny fi nansów publicznych, usprawnienia postępowania w sprawach

of preparing financing opportunities to these entrepreneurs; and (3) among the main issues faced by women-entrepreneurs lie in the repayment method, insufficient capital, lack of relevant trainingentrepreneurto increase skills and the lack of mentor system. The outcome of this study is anticipated to be able to improve the policy of entrepreneur development, especially increasing the number of women inthe field ofentrepreneurship. Apart from that, there are several criticial issues that need to be addressed by the government such as the need to coordinate institutions that offer micro-credit funding scheme, also the need to have a more transparent decision-making process in the distribution of financingallocation.

Some scholars' view of microcredit's potential as a tool of women's involved in a globalized capitalist economy. It seems that this scheme create opportunities for women to get involve in the entrepreneurship programme. In the case of Malaysia, AIM's microcredits programs is an individual-based lending, and a near exclusive focus on women as loan clients, have become platform to produce entrepreneur as well as antipoverty intervention. Microcredit aims to break the rural poor in developing countries especially groups of unable to access bank loans and poor villagers rely on local moneylenders. For these people, microcredit provides an alternative source of credit and offering collateral-free loans. Previous studies shown that microcredit has changed the socioeconomic of the participant in increasing empowerment, entrepreneur skills, transformational thinking and a desire to improve get out from poverty. The finding presented here provided the empirical evidence and augment previous research on the factor role of microcredit in promoting women's entrepreneurship skills and the effectiveness of AIM in encourage women to venture into the world of entrepreneurship.

Indonesia is the world's fourth most populous country, trailing only China, India, and the United States, with a population of 276,361,788 people. Efforts to fulfill the demand for rice as a staple food are concerning. The policies established by the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Trade do not match. The Ministry of Agriculture carries out a pro-rice production policy. The Ministry of Trade carries out a pro-rice import policy. This study included both descriptive and quantitative analysis. The type of data used in this research is annual time series secondary data with a research period from 1980 to 2020. The model used in this study was developed using the Two Stage Least Squares (2SLS) approach. The results showed that the Ministry of Agriculture's goal was to boost output, but this might lead to overstock and consequently reduce rice prices, according to the Ministry of Trade. The Ministry of Trade's rice import policy has always been withheld by the Ministry of Agriculture because, according to the Ministry of Agriculture, imports will lower the rice price, reducing farmers' income. This shows that production and trade policies are not wellsuited. Production policies, with an average annual increase of 2%, outperform trade policies, with an average annual increase of 141%.

Legal and political system is a subsystem in the community. Each perform a specific function to move the social system as a whole. A rill, a national banking law norms contained in Law no. 7/1992 concerning Banking as amended by Law no. 10/1998 provide less public protection arrangements (social protection) than in community settings (social deregulation). The Law. 7/1992 on banking, as amended by Law No. 10/1998 which does not restrict the ownership of commercial banks. In a company where there are differences in ownership of company shares a number of very big difference, it will be found the majority shareholder in one hand and minority shareholders, on the other by differences in the number of voting rights is striking. Lessons of the past shows that the majority principle causes ¬'s minority shareholders are in a position of powerlessness and disadvantage in enforcing their interests. Legal position of minority shareholders who number more weak and unable to deal with actions that harm the directors or commissioners of the company, it is caused by the position of the majority shareholder of which is identical with the company's second organ, both physically and interests.

The COVID-19 pandemic in Lebanon has been compounded by the economic collapse and devastating Beirut port explosion, leading to a severe humanitarian crisis. This study aimed to assess the satisfaction of the Lebanese population with the government's response to the pandemic and evaluate the public perception of the economic crisis and the Beirut port blast's impact on the COVID-19 situation. This is a web-based cross-sectional study that utilized a self-administered questionnaire comprising closed-ended questions with predefined response options. To identify predictors of the governmental response score, a multiple linear regression analysis was conducted. A total of 2,384 participants were enrolled, with a mean COVID-SCORE of 15.38 ± 5.28 (out of 40 points). The majority of participants (2,163, 90.7%) expressed mistrust in the Lebanese government's ability to effectively address unexpected health threats related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Two-thirds of the participants (1,849, 77.6%) believed that the economic crisis had impacted the government's response to the pandemic. Nearly 70% of the participants perceived that the Beirut port explosion contributed to COVID-19 transmission. Government mistrust, along with the economic crisis impact, were significantly associated with lower satisfaction scores (P < 0.001). This study revealed a significant level of dissatisfaction among the Lebanese population regarding the government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic, underscoring a lack of trust in its ability to effectively manage the crisis. The compounding challenges arising from the Beirut port explosion, economic collapse, and depleted resources have further impeded Lebanon's ability to navigate the pandemic successfully. Urgent interventions and collaborative efforts are required to effectively manage the economic and political repercussions, rebuild a resilient healthcare system, and alleviate the humanitarian crisis in Lebanon.

Aims: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a spate of studies showing a close connection between inequitable access to health care, welfare services and adverse outcomes from the pandemic. Others have argued that democratic governments have generally failed relative to more autocratic ones, simply because autocrats can make the hard choices required for stemming the spread of viruses. We address this question by asking whether more ‘egalitarian’ forms of democracy matter, given that they contain more equitable health-care access and societal infrastructure, such as social capital and trust. Methods: We use standard regression techniques, including instrumental variables analysis addressing endogeneity on COVID-19 testing and deaths data as of the end of May and beginning of September. We use novel data from the Varieties of Democracy Project on health-system equity and egalitarian democracy. Results: Our results suggest that more equitable access to health care increases testing rates a...

The remarkable electoral success of the Zoram People’s Movement highlights an undercurrent of electoral transformation in Mizoram and marks both a continuity and a change in Mizoram’s electoral politics. Like in the past, the ninth Mizoram Assembly election not only leveraged a multiparty electoral contest within the framework of what Balveer Arora in a different context calls the ‘binodal’ system but also ensured that the Mizo National Front (MNF) lost after a term in power. In other words, this system perpetuates a system of a ‘revolving door’ wherein an alternate party has come to power in every one or two-election cycle since 1987.

supply is prioritized with domestically produced rice. Such is very important because at present rice is the stapple food for the majority of the Indonesian society, and the majority also wish to have a stable rice supply at an affordable price. Therefore, the government's role in the economy of rice in Indonesia is highly needed. Availability of food stuffs in Indonesia, including rice, is determined by the domestic production capacity as well as the domestic and global trade policies. According to Rusastra, Saliem, and Ashari (2010), the policies consist of the policies in food stuff production, supply, exports and imports, and some others. The rice sector is also the largest labor-absorbing sector because it includes the processes of production, processing, and trading as well as the supporting sectors, such as transportation (Saifullah, 2009). Rice policies have been adopted to reach the national stability, so rice policies need to be formulated prudently. The increase of rice domestic production has been a priority in the national development. This is shown in the agricultural revitalization which was launched in June 2005 and aimed at returning to the once-sustainable rice-selfsufficiency. Efforts for increasing rice production have been made by increasing productivity and expanding rice-farming. The increase of rice production is inseparable from the availability of irrigation water, fertilizer, qualified seeds, and rice-farming technology, but unfortunately it has been relied only on the island of Java as as the main rice-producer in Indonesia. Meanwhile, Java has faced major

Indonesia's border areas have 2 (two) functions, namely as state territory and as autonomous territory. The determination of state territory and autonomous regions in state border areas ultimately has consequences for the government's authority in managing borders, both for the central government and regional governments. This research aims to solve the problem regarding the importance of managing state border areas from the aspect of authority, whether it is more appropriate to be managed by the Central Government or Regional Government, by looking at two sub-districts, namely Ketungau Tengah District and Ketungau Hulu District as sub-districts that are on the border of state territory. between Indonesia and Malaysia which is located in Sintang Regency, West Kalimantan Province, Republic of Indonesia.

Balinese are known for their agrarian culture and strong social culture such as mutual cooperation, hospitality, and a high level of togetherness. This is the main attraction for tourists to visit Bali, because he higher level of tourist visits has an impact on the creation of a global network society which is also supported by various social media to interact massively between Balinese people and the global community that characterizes the conditions of the globalization era. Global network society as one of social capital strengthens local politics. But the shift in mindset and strategy in politics emerged in some Balinese people oriented to the short-term interest with nuanced materialistic effects of globalization era. This results in the occurrence of local political dynamics with the phenomenon of giving rise to conflicts, differences of opinion both in the internal family and society. In fact, if it is realized that the social culture possessed by the Balinese, if it is strengthened by a global network is social capital in the face of the dynamics of local politics. This paper emphasizes on maintaining social culture as a local wisdom of Balinese people, building a Global network society by utilizing the era of globalization and making these two components strengthen social capital in the face of the dynamics of local politics.

supply is prioritized with domestically produced rice. Such is very important because at present rice is the stapple food for the majority of the Indonesian society, and the majority also wish to have a stable rice supply at an affordable price. Therefore, the government's role in the economy of rice in Indonesia is highly needed. Availability of food stuffs in Indonesia, including rice, is determined by the domestic production capacity as well as the domestic and global trade policies. According to Rusastra, Saliem, and Ashari (2010), the policies consist of the policies in food stuff production, supply, exports and imports, and some others. The rice sector is also the largest labor-absorbing sector because it includes the processes of production, processing, and trading as well as the supporting sectors, such as transportation (Saifullah, 2009). Rice policies have been adopted to reach the national stability, so rice policies need to be formulated prudently. The increase of rice domestic production has been a priority in the national development. This is shown in the agricultural revitalization which was launched in June 2005 and aimed at returning to the once-sustainable rice-selfsufficiency. Efforts for increasing rice production have been made by increasing productivity and expanding rice-farming. The increase of rice production is inseparable from the availability of irrigation water, fertilizer, qualified seeds, and rice-farming technology, but unfortunately it has been relied only on the island of Java as as the main rice-producer in Indonesia. Meanwhile, Java has faced major

The Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 came into force on 15 September 2011. The Act introducesa new way of dissolving Parliament, replacing the prerogative power of the Monarch to dissolve theHouse of Commons. Under the provisions of the Act, the House&#39;s future terms are fixed to five years. Early general elections may be held when either of the following conditions is met. First, if a motionfor an early general election is agreed either by at least two-thirds of the whole House (including vacantseats). Second, if a motion of no confidence is passed and no alternative government is con-firmed by the Commons within 14 days by means of a confidence motion

Some challenges appear in this issue that the Indonesian border agencies indicate weaknesses in coordination, fragmented policy instruments, and disputes in implementing laws. There has little evidence in the previous study about the integration of border agencies in Indonesia and perspectives on the establishment of immigration and customs agencies. The questions may arise how important is the integrated border agencies is in the reform agenda in public sectors and bureaucracy from the perspectives of border officers. This study is to figure out the perspectives of border officers on the integration of two border authorities in Indonesia and what the ideal integration should be. This paper provides solutions for some issues of border protection in Indonesia with survey research and a step-by-step process of integration. This paper finds most immigration and customs officers at border controls exposed the importance of an integration initiative between the Directorate General of Immigration (DGI) and Directorate General of Customs and Excise (DGCE) in Indonesia through the Integrated Border Management (IBM) strategy. Therefore, initiating the integration of institutions between the Directorate General of Immigration and Directorate General of Customs and Excise, such as ICA Singapore or ABF Australia is more ideal border agencies rather than a joint-task force.

Sejak penerapan sistem desentralisasi, daerah-daerah di Indonesia telah mempromosikan kearifan lokal dalam berbagai bentuk pembangunan termasuk politik, ekonomi dan administrasi. Penelitian ini menganalisa wacana politik dalam kebebasan beragama di Sumatera Barat dan Sulawesi Utara yang yang ditafsirkan sesual dengan filosofi kedua daerah tersebut. Penelitian ini menganalisa kebebasan beragama berdasarkan peraturan perundang-undangan tentang interaksi antar umat beragama di Indonesia. Banyak peraturan perundangan-uandangan daerah yang berada dibawah konstitusi negara mempertanyakan kebebasan beragama dan memainkan peran penting dalam wacana politik tentang kebebasan beragama di Indonesia. Penelitian ini juga menganalisa bagaimana pemahaman para stakeholders di Sumatera Barat dan Sulawesi Utara tentang kebebasan beragama. Data diambil dari pemimpin Muslim dan Kristen serta para pejabat pemerintah. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa filosifi Islam di Sumatera Barat telah mempengaruhi pemahaman kebebasan beragama masyarakat lokal, sedangkan filosofi keberagaman masyarakat di Sulawesi Utara telah membuat istilah kebebasan beragama dipahami sebagai pluralisme agama. Penelitian ini juga menganalisa hubungan Pemerintah Pusat dan Daerah dalam hal agama di Indonesia. Kata Kunci: Politik agama, pemerintah pusat dan daerah, hubungan antar umat beragama, dan kebebasan beragama.

Powołana 9 października 2020 r. nowa instytucja w systemie bezpieczeństwa narodowego budzi zainteresowanie głównie z uwagi na jej przewodniczącego - lidera rządzącej koalicji Jarosława Kaczyńskiego. Jednak status prawny Komitetu Rady Ministrów do spraw Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego i spraw Obronnych nie predestynuje tego organu do odgrywania kluczowej roli w zarządzaniu bezpieczeństwem i obronnością państwa.

Street vendors are one of the informal sectors that often cause problems in urban areas, such as the street vendors in Mojokerto City Square. The presence of street vendors is considered to have disturbed the orderliness and cleanliness of the city environment. Therefore, based on the Local Government Regulation of Mojokerto City No. 5 of 2005 concerning the Arrangement and Development of Street Vendor Activities, the government implemented a policy of street vendor relocation. This paper aims to analyze the implementation of street vendor relocation policy in the area of ​​Mojokerto City square. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach involving six key informants with interviews and documentation as the data collection method. This study indicates that implementing the street vendors relocation policy in the square area of ​​Mojokerto City is not entirely effective. Four factors influence the implementation of the policy, communication, resources, disposition, and bur...

Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) is a virus that emerged at the end of 2019. In less than a year, the virus led to a pandemic with cross-country spread [1]. The spread of Covid-19 brought from people entering a country is referred to as an imported case [2]. In Indonesia, the first case of Covid-19 is thought to have been a close contact of foreign nationals, which implies that Covid-19 was brought from abroad and then spread locally among people in Indonesia. The Immigration Department, as part of the Government’s duties to manage the traffic of people from and to Indonesia, has an important role in handling the Covid-19 pandemic. This involves controls and restrictions on people’s movement to enter and leave Indonesian territory, and also immigration service transformation for Indonesian citizens and foreign citizens. People sometimes view immigration policies as contradictory. However, immigration policy must prioritize public health security and the national economy. Th...

This study proves that the change in the structure of political opportunities alone is not enough to provide encouragement for social movements to succeed in electoral politics. The case of the labor movements in electoral politics in post-New Order Indonesia is proof of this. Even though it has a very large number of potential to become a large force of electoral politics and ability to mobilize masses, the labor movements in Indonesia is merely a spectator, not a player in electoral politics. There are four factors that cause this failure. The first is fragmentation among labor movements which were created as a result of the opening of political opportunities after the New Order. Second, labor apathy towards labor parties and labor cadres who run for elections. As a result, none of the labor parties succeeded in gaining seats in three elections in Indonesia after the New Order. Thirdly, repression and negative stigmatization to the labor movements by the New Order Regime had succeeded in preventing labor movement to consolidate themselves and to gain significant votes in elections. Fourth, increasingly severe requirements for party establishment and participation in elections. While in many places the opening of political opportunity structure is a determining factor in the success of social movements in electoral politics, the case of the labor movement in Indonesia proves otherwise. The opening up of a political opportunity structure has become a trap that hinders the success of labor movements in electoral politics.

The functionalist and neo-functionalist approaches to regional integration may have worked successfully in Europe to bring the European Union to the model which the supranational institution is today in contemporary international relations. But, this paper foregrounds the argument in spite of the great deal of efforts at regional economic integration in Africa for quite some decades now that it doesn't seem feasible for Africa to succeed with regional integration through the route of functionalism and neo-functionalism because of the security problematic in the continent. So, the discourse argues for a post-neo-functionalist approach to integration in Africa. Yet, post-neo-functionalism has the governance and leadership deficits in Africa to contend with. The developmental state in Africa may well come to the rescue to push the African integration process forward.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first diagnosed
in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 . Since then,
the infection has spread to all countries around the world.
The World Health Organization declared the infection a
pandemic on 11 March 2020 . In the Kurdistan Region
of Iraq, strict measures were taken to prevent the spread
of the infection. One measure included the closure of
schools and educational institutes . Due to the outbreak,
more than 90% of the world’s learners lost access to
schools, as educational institutes were closed in 190 countries
around the world

Religion and culture are two inseparable things. Grounded religious values require traditions and culture that develop in society. This article aims to analyze the religious and cultural understanding of multiculturalism in the people of Manado City. This research is a qualitative descriptive study with data sources coming from the literature and interviews. The data were analyzed using the maqâshid al-syarî`ah approach. The results of the study show that the city of Manado as an area with a multicultural population strongly adheres to the religious understanding that every religion in principle loves, respects, and respects each other. The philosophy of sitou timou tumou tou, torang samua basudara, mapalus, democracy, anti-discrimination and friendship are believed and guided in carrying out all social activities in Manado society. If viewed from the perspective of maqâshid al-syarî`ah, then it is included in the category of maslahat al-'ummah.

COMPONENTS OF THE PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION Preamble  "We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.

Since Indonesia&#39;s independence until the reformation of the Indonesian nation, the country&#39;s political system has not been one that is purely derived from the socio-cultural values of the Indonesian nation itself, but rather one that utilizes the political culture of the Dutch colonial government. This has been the case from the time of Indonesia&#39;s independence until the nation&#39;s reformation. The existence of political parties in Indonesia is also impacted as a result of this. The purpose of this study is to investigate the roles that political parties have played in Indonesia&#39;s political system since the country&#39;s recent reforms. In this investigation, a qualitative strategy is combined with a descriptive research approach. The findings of the study indicate that after the reform in Indonesia, political parties are not able to properly function as pillars of democracy in the political system in Indonesia. Instead, political parties in Indonesia prefer to sac...

Street vendors are one of the informal sectors that often cause problems in urban areas, such as the street vendors in Mojokerto City Square. The presence of street vendors is considered to have disturbed the orderliness and cleanliness of the city environment. Therefore, based on the Local Government Regulation of Mojokerto City No. 5 of 2005 concerning the Arrangement and Development of Street Vendor Activities, the government implemented a policy of street vendor relocation. This paper aims to analyze the implementation of street vendor relocation policy in the area of ​​Mojokerto City square. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach involving six key informants with interviews and documentation as the data collection method. This study indicates that implementing the street vendors relocation policy in the square area of ​​Mojokerto City is not entirely effective. Four factors influence the implementation of the policy, communication, resources, disposition, and bur...

Street vendors are one of the informal sectors that often cause problems in urban areas, such as the street vendors in Mojokerto City Square. The presence of street vendors is considered to have disturbed the orderliness and cleanliness of the city environment. Therefore, based on the Local Government Regulation of Mojokerto City No. 5 of 2005 concerning the Arrangement and Development of Street Vendor Activities, the government implemented a policy of street vendor relocation. This paper aims to analyze the implementation of street vendor relocation policy in the area of ​​Mojokerto City square. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach involving six key informants with interviews and documentation as the data collection method. This study indicates that implementing the street vendors relocation policy in the square area of ​​Mojokerto City is not entirely effective. Four factors influence the implementation of the policy, communication, resources, disposition, and bur...

Tłumaczenia: na język angielski ALBERT POL na język rosyjski ANDRZEJ KUBIK W wypadku wykorzystania tekstów i informacji z "Przeglądu Sejmowego" w innych publikacjach prosimy o powołanie się na nasze czasopismo. U w a g a. Artykułów nie zamówionych nie zwracamy. Zastrzegamy sobie prawo do skrótów w tekstach nadesłanych do publikacji.

Legal and political system is a subsystem in the community. Each perform a specific function to move the social system as a whole. A rill, a national banking law norms contained in Law no. 7/1992 concerning Banking as amended by Law no. 10/1998 provide less public protection arrangements (social protection) than in community settings (social deregulation). The Law. 7/1992 on banking, as amended by Law No. 10/1998 which does not restrict the ownership of commercial banks. In a company where there are differences in ownership of company shares a number of very big difference, it will be found the majority shareholder in one hand and minority shareholders, on the other by differences in the number of voting rights is striking. Lessons of the past shows that the majority principle causes ¬'s minority shareholders are in a position of powerlessness and disadvantage in enforcing their interests. Legal position of minority shareholders who number more weak and unable to deal with actions that harm the directors or commissioners of the company, it is caused by the position of the majority shareholder of which is identical with the company's second organ, both physically and interests.