Heavy Ions Physics

Einstein's theory of relativity describes the slowing of clocks under motion and gravity as time dilation-a property of time itself. This paper presents the Atryum Framework, an alternative interpretation that preserves all mathematical predictions of relativity while reinterpreting the underlying physics. We propose that what is called time dilation is actually universal process modulation: all physical processes (atomic, biological, cognitive) slow down under energy constraints, governed by a scalar modulation field ϕ. The static block universe of relativity is retained, and we introduce a navigational model of conscious temporal experience: along certain worldlines, entropy gradients are integrated to produce the subjective flow of time. This model describes how consciousness navigates the block universe, without claiming to specify its ultimate nature. A thought experiment comparing observers near a black hole and on Earth illustrates the invariance of the felt present under uniform process modulation. We provide a complete mathematical formulation based on a conformal transformation of the metric, derive field equations from an action principle, and introduce coupling constants α i that allow different matter types to respond differently to ϕ. This leads to a testable prediction: non-uniform modulation, where different clocks (atomic vs. biological) may diverge under extreme conditions. Existing bounds constrain |α A-α B | ≲ 3 × 10-9 , but future experiments near compact objects (where ϕ ∼ 0.1) could reveal the effect. The framework also offers a formal structure for the subjective experience of time through the Navigator Equation and the Non-Present Bound, providing a bridge between relativistic physics and the phenomenology of temporal flow.

This report presents the capabilities of the CMS experiment to explore the rich heavy-ion physics programme offered by the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The collisions of lead nuclei at energies √ s N N = 5.5 TeV, will probe quark and gluon matter at unprecedented values of energy density. The prime goal of this research is to study the fundamental theory of the strong interaction -Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) -in extreme conditions of temperature, density and parton momentum fraction (low-x). This report covers in detail the potential of CMS to carry out a series of representative Pb-Pb measurements. These include "bulk" observables, (charged hadron multiplicity, low p T inclusive hadron identified spectra and elliptic flow) which provide information on the collective properties of the system, as well as perturbative probes such as quarkonia, heavy-quarks, jets and high p T hadrons which yield "tomographic" information of the hottest and densest phases of the reaction.

Thomas Townsend Brown's observation of anomalous thrust on asymmetric capacitors in the 1920s launched the field of "electrogravitics"-and decades of theoretical confusion. This paper demonstrates, from the framework of Trans-Dimensional Unified Field Theory (TDUFT), that Brown correctly observed a real physical phenomenon but constructed an entirely incorrect theoretical explanation for it. We identify five critical errors in Brown's framework, including the absence of any gravity operator, any wave structure, any dimensional framework, and any viable symmetry-breaking mechanism. We then present the corrected TDUFT mathematics for antigravity: the gravity coupling law Glocal = G₀ / (1 + ΔD²)², the dimensional alternation mechanism, the arctan-bounded polarity oscillator, and the positive ion bias coupling that produces directional thrust. Finally, we propose two practical antigravity devices-a wearable Antigravity Belt and a cable less Antigravity Elevator-with complete engineering parameters, operating regimes, and an experimental strategy to validate their performance.

Meningiomas are the most common primary intracranial tumors, often treated surgically. However, complete resection is frequently limited by proximity to critical structures, necessitating adjuvant or definitive radiotherapy. Proton therapy offers dosimetric advantages over photon-based radiotherapy, particularly in sparing adjacent normal tissues. This study aims to systematically evaluate the effectiveness and safety of proton therapy for intracranial meningiomas across tumor grades and clinical scenarios. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines using PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane from inception to November 10, 2025. Studies were eligible if they reported clinical outcomes of proton therapy in ≥ 10 adult meningioma patients. Data extraction and risk-of-bias assessment were performed independently by two reviewers. Pooled complication rates and survival outcomes were calculated using random-effects models. Nineteen studies involving 1,431 patients were included. WHO Grade I tumors comprised 70.6% of cases; Grades II/III made up 25.2% and 4.2%, respectively. The most common proton dose regimens ranged from 13 to 70.2 Gy (RBE). The pooled complication rate was 16% (95% CI 5-27; p < 0.001; I² = 98.5%). Nine studies reported a statistically significant 5-year overall-survival proportion of 91% (95% CI 88-94; p < 0.001; I² = 49.3%). Radiologic local control averaged 71% (95% CI 50-86; I² = 88.2%). Proton therapy provides effective tumor control with acceptable toxicity, especially for low-grade or anatomically complex meningiomas. It is a valuable option for select patients, though further prospective studies are needed to optimize dosing and assess long-term outcomes.

The origin, acceleration, and anisotropy of suprathermal ions in the interplanetary medium during quiet time have remained poorly understood issues in solar wind physics. Using measurements (in the energy range of 0.12-1.33 MeV n-1) by the four detectors that are part of the Supra-Thermal and Energetic Particle Spectrometer (STEPS) of Aditya Solar Wind Particle Experiment (ASPEX) on board the Aditya L1 spacecraft, we address the variations in spectral indices with directions in shorter durations during 2024 January-November, which coincides with the maximum phase of Solar Cycle 25. Three out of four detectors on STEPS-Parker Spiral, Intermediate, Earth Pointing-are in one plane, while the fourth detector-North Pointing-is in a mutually orthogonal plane. The derived spectral indices are found to be-1.99 ± 0.06 regardless of directions, suggesting directionally near isotropic behavior during quiet times. It is also shown that the influence of the Compton-Getting effect is negligible in this assessment of directional isotropy. This result has important ramifications as directional isotropy is assumed while solving the Parker transport equation to explain the acceleration of energetic particles. Further analysis of elemental abundance ratios (3 He/ 4 He, Fe/O, and C/O) during the same quiet times obtained from the Ultra Low Energy Isotope Spectrometer on board the Advanced Composition Explorer spacecraft suggests possible contributions from the leftover ions from the previous solar energetic particle events in the quiet time suprathermal ion pool.

The origin, acceleration, and anisotropy of suprathermal ions in the interplanetary medium during quiet time have remained poorly understood issues in solar wind physics. Using measurements (in the energy range of 0.12-1.33 MeV n-1) by the four detectors that are part of the Supra-Thermal and Energetic Particle Spectrometer (STEPS) of Aditya Solar Wind Particle Experiment (ASPEX) on board the Aditya L1 spacecraft, we address the variations in spectral indices with directions in shorter durations during 2024 January-November, which coincides with the maximum phase of Solar Cycle 25. Three out of four detectors on STEPS-Parker Spiral, Intermediate, Earth Pointing-are in one plane, while the fourth detector-North Pointing-is in a mutually orthogonal plane. The derived spectral indices are found to be-1.99 ± 0.06 regardless of directions, suggesting directionally near isotropic behavior during quiet times. It is also shown that the influence of the Compton-Getting effect is negligible in this assessment of directional isotropy. This result has important ramifications as directional isotropy is assumed while solving the Parker transport equation to explain the acceleration of energetic particles. Further analysis of elemental abundance ratios (3 He/ 4 He, Fe/O, and C/O) during the same quiet times obtained from the Ultra Low Energy Isotope Spectrometer on board the Advanced Composition Explorer spacecraft suggests possible contributions from the leftover ions from the previous solar energetic particle events in the quiet time suprathermal ion pool. Unified Astronomy Thesaurus concepts: Solar energetic particles (1491); Solar wind (1534); Solar coronal mass ejections (310); Solar flares (1496); Interstellar medium (847)

We present triple-differential cross sections for electron-impact ionization of a 3p electron in Ar. Results from a fully nonperturbative close-coupling formalism using our B-Spline R-matrix approach are compared with those from a hybrid distorted-wave plus R-matrix (close-coupling) expansion as well as recent experimental data of Ren et al. (Phys. Rev. A 83 (2011) 052714). We find overall good agreement between the two sets of entirely independent theoretical predictions, but serious discrepancies with the published experimental data regarding the drop of the cross section with increasing detection angle of "scattered projectile", i.e., the faster of the two outgoing electrons. A detailed investigation of the dependence of the results on this angle suggests that obtaining reliable data, both experimentally and theoretically, is highly challenging in the regime where the largest discrepancies occur.

The theoretical and numerical approach used in a recent publication describing a nonperturbative treatment of ionization and simultaneous ionization plus excitation of helium by electron impact [Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 023203 (2011)] are presented in detail. A variety of comparisons between the present predictions, experimental data, and results from other nonperturbative theories, such as convergent close coupling and time-dependent close coupling, for ionization without excitation are presented. The overall excellent agreement with the other available data provides confidence in using the B-spline R-matrix-with-pseudostates approach for this benchmark system, as well as extending it to more complex situations for which no other nonperturbative methods are currently available.

The simultaneous radiation grafting of styrene onto poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene) (FEP) films was studied at room temperature. The effects of grafting conditions (type of solvent, irradiation dose, dose rate, and monomer concentration) were investigated. The degree of grafting was found to be dependent on the investigated grafting conditions. The dependence of the initial rate of grafting on the dose rate and the monomer concentration was found to be of 0.5 and 1.3 orders, respectively. The results suggest that grafting proceeds by the so-called front mechanism in which the grafting front starts at the surface of the film and moves internally toward the middle of the film by successive diffusion of styrene through the grafted layers. Some selected properties of the grafted films were evaluated in correlation with the degree of grafting. We found that the grafted FEP films possess good mechanical stability, which encourages their use for the preparation of proton exchange membranes.

We review the non-relativistic Green's-function approach to the kinetic equations for Fermi liquids far from equilibrium. The emphasis is on the consistent treatment of the off-shell motion between collisions and on the non-instant and non-local picture of binary collisions.

We have studied the impact of multiply charged solar wind O 7+ and Fe 9+ ions on the surfaces of Mercury, the Moon and on a Ceres-size asteroid using a quasi-neutral hybrid model. The simulations showed that heavy O 7+ and Fe 9+ ions impact on the surface of Mercury non-homogenously, the highest flux being near the magnetic cusps-much as in the case of impacting solar wind protons. However, in contrast to protons, the analyzed heavy ions do not create high ion impact flux regions near the open-closed magnetic field line boundary. Dawn-dusk asymmetry and the total ion impact flux were each found to increase with respect to the increasing mass per charge ratio for ions, suggesting that the Hermean magnetic field acts as a mass spectrometer for solar wind ions. The Moon, in contrast, does not have a global intrinsic magnetic field and, therefore, solar wind ions can freely impact on its surface when this body is in the solar wind. The same is true for a, non-magnetized, Ceres-size asteroid. The impact of multiply charged ions on a solid surface results in a large variety of physical processes, of often intimately inter-related atomic reactions, e.g. electron exchange between solid and approaching projectile, inelastic scattering of projectile, electronic excitation in the projectile and/or the solid, ejection of electrons, photons, neutral and iodized surface particles, and eventual slowing down and stopping of the projectile in the solid. The electron transfer process between impacting heavy ions and surface constituents can result in soft X-ray (Eo1 keV) and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) photon emissions. These processes will eventually damage the target surface. Analysis of the hybrid Mercury model (HYB-Mercury) suggests that, at this planet the damaging processes result in non-homogenous ageing of the surface that is controlled by the intrinsic magnetic field of the planet and by the direction of the interplanetary magnetic field. In the corresponding Lunar model (HYB-Moon) and in the non-magnetized asteroid model (HYB-Ceres), surface ageing is demonstrated to take place on that side of the body that faces toward the flow of the solar wind.

CERN, together with ITEP and TRINITI (Russia), is developing a CO 2 laser ion source. The key design parameters are: 1.4×10 10 ions of Pb 25+ in a pulse of 5.5 µs, with a 4-rms emittance of 0.2×10 -6 rad m, working at a repetition rate of 1 Hz. This device is considered as one candidate source for LHC heavy ion operation. The status of the laser development, the experimental set-up of the source consisting of the target area and its illumination, the plasma expansion area and extraction, beam transport and ion pre-acceleration by an RFQ, will be given.

A laser ion source using a CO2 laser focused onto a solid target is under study at CERN for the production of high currents of highly charged heavy ions, for possible use in the preinjector for the large hadron collider. A new expansion and extraction layout was installed in this test facility, improving the alignment and making the target to extraction distance more flexible. A two solenoid beam transport system was studied for providing the matching of the beam to a radio-frequency quadrupole. An electrostatic beam transport using gridded electrostatic lenses was designed and constructed as an alternative to a magnetic system. Results show an increased overall current transmission for the electrostatic case. Investigation of the laser parameters required for the production of 1.4×1010 Pb25+ ions in a 5 μs pulse, has been performed using the TIR-1 laser facility at power densities up to 1014 W cm−2 for a focal spot size of 65 μm. The results of the latest scaling are presented.

Work supported by the U. S. Department of Energy under contract W-31-109-ENG-38. The proposed Rare Isotope Accelerator (RIA) Facility includes a post-accelerator for rare isotopes (RIB linac) which must produce high-quality beams of radioactive ions over the full mass range, including uranium, at energies above the coulomb barrier, and have high transmission and efficiency. The latter requires the RIB linac to accept at injection ions in the 1+ charge state. A concept for such a post accelerator suitable for ions up to mass 132 has been previously described [1]. This paper presents a modified concept which extends the mass range to uranium. A high resolution separator for purifying beams at the isobaric level precedes the RIB linac. The mass filtering process will provide high purity beams while preserving transmission. For most cases a resolution of about m/∆m=20,000 is adequate at mass A=100 to obtain a separation between isobars of mass excess difference of 5 MeV. The design for a device capable of purifying beams at the isobaric level included calculations up to 5th order. The RIB linac will utilize existing superconducting heavy-ion linac technology for all but a small portion of the accelerator system. The exceptional piece, a very-low-charge-state injector,

Convenors: M. Bedjidian1, P. Crochet7, S. Frixione9, D. Kharzeev11, R. Vogt22,23 Editors: R. Vogt22,23, S. Frixione9 Contributing authors: M. Bedjidian1, D. Blaschke2,3, GT Bodwin4, N. Carrer5, B. Cole6, P. Crochet7, A. Dainese8, A. Deandrea1, S. Frixione9, P. ...

Calculations of the effective nuclear charge for elements with 1 ≤ Z ≤ 118 have been performed in a Dirac-Fock approach including all relativistic effects as well as contributions from quantum electrodynamics. Maximum charge density for every subshell of every element in the periodic table were also computed in the same framework as well as atomic radii based on the total charge density. Results were compared with the extensively cited works of Clementi et al., obtained in the 1960's with Roothan's self-consistent-field method.

Zinc K‐shell radiative and radiationless transition rates are calculated using the multiconfiguration Dirac–Fock method. Correlation up to the 4p orbital is included in almost all transition rate calculations. Calculated radiative transition rates and transition probabilities are compared with Scofield's Dirac–Hartree–Slater and Dirac–Hartree–Fock calculations, presenting good agreement with the later. Radiative transition intensity ratios involving the strongest lines are compared with theoretical, experimental, and empirical‐fit values. Most ratios are in close agreement with the empirical‐fit values from NIST's Fundamental Parameters database. Calculated radiationless transition rates and ratios are compared with Chen et al.'s Dirac–Fock values and Safronova et al.'s Dirac–Fock values. The K‐LL transition rates are overall lower than Chen et al.'s values, whereas the K‐LX and K‐XY transition rates are overall higher. Calculated K‐LX/K‐LL and K‐XY/K‐LL ratios are relatively close ...

We construct a minimal effective framework in which spacetime, gravity, and matter emerge from a conserved informational field with dissipative dynamics. The theory is defined by four axioms: covariance, conservation of informational current, non-decreasing entropy via irreversible coarse-graining, and the absence of independent propagating informational degrees of freedom. From these axioms, we derive an effective stress-energy tensor corresponding to an imperfect relativistic fluid with bulk viscosity. The viscosity coefficient is assumed to scale as γ ∝ ρ 2 I in the ultraviolet regime, motivated by dimensional consistency and stability constraints of the Israel-Stewart sector. Gravitational dynamics emerge from horizon thermodynamics and reproduce the Einstein field equations, with the cosmological constant appearing as an integration constant. At cosmological scales, the model predicts a dynamical transition from pressureless behavior at high redshift to an effective dark-energy-like phase at late times, potentially addressing the H0 and S8 tensions. The framework also replaces classical singularities with regular viscous cores and predicts possible gravitational-wave signatures such as echoes or frequency-dependent damping. The model is fully falsifiable with current and near-future observational data (LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA, LISA, DESI, Euclid).

We present a full information-geometric time engine built directly on CMS D 0 photoproduction data from ultra-peripheral Pb-Pb collisions-a system where the world offers only a thin thread of measurements, and the geometry beneath must be carved from what little it gives. Using the Observer-Dependent Information Metric (ODIM) framework, we lift the raw cross-section tables into a six-dimensional manifold of physical observables, where curvature, projection capacity, and collapse metrics reveal the hidden structure of the data itself. Within this manifold, three observer-specific Fisher-type metrics define three distinct geometries-three ways of "being in the data." Each observer ages differently along the same trajectory, producing time flows that diverge by orders of magnitude. Time, in this framework, is not a universal backdrop but a negotiated quantity, shaped by the observer's sensitivity to the underlying information field. To anchor these divergent times, we construct two physical clocks: a yield-based ODIM chronometer and an experimental integrated-σ clock. Both remain stable even as observer times shear apart, demonstrating that physical clocks can remain coherent while informational time fractures. We compute local trajectory curvature, discrete and continuous geodesics, and embed the manifold in both two and three dimensions using multidimensional scaling. These embeddings reveal a structured, navigable geometry-not noise, not artifact, but a genuine informationsurface shaped by the physics of the collision. We introduce observer-dependent horizon detection, identifying regions where observers lose causal agreement, and define a time-curvature tensor capturing the second-order bending of informational time. Finally, we subject the entire engine to a Phase-2 stress suite: Monte-Carlo noise storms up to 10%, random metric sweeps spanning an order of magnitude, and datasetmerge stability tests. Across all trials, ODIM time, curvature, geodesics, and horizons remain stable, demonstrating a remarkable rigidity of the underlying geometry. The result is a coherent picture: observer-dependent time dilation, stable physical clocks, structured manifold geometry, and horizon-like regions where informational perspectives diverge

A comprehensive and updated Periodic Table of Elements, providing detailed physico-chemical data for each element. This document includes atomic masses (IUPAC), electron configurations, oxidation states, Pauling electronegativity, terrestrial abundance, and thermal/electrical properties. It also features atomic, covalent, ionic, and van der Waals radii based on key scientific literature (Alvarez, 2013; Cordero, 2008). An essential resource for Chemistry and Physics students and researchers.

A measurement of the inclusive cross section for the deep-inelastic scattering of positrons o protons at HERA is presented at momentum transfers 8:5 Q 2 35 GeV 2 and large inelasticity y = 0:7, i.e. for the Bjorken-x range 0:00013 x 0:00055. Using a next-to-leading order QCD t to the structure function F 2 at lower y values, the contribution of F 2 to the measured cross section at high y is calculated and, by subtraction, the longitudinal structure function F L is determined for the rst time with an average value of F L = 0:52 0:03 (stat)

In classical non-relativistic theories, there is an exact local conservation equation for the energy, having the form of the continuity equation for mass conservation, and this equation occurs from the power equation. We illustrate this by the example of Newtonian gravity for self-gravitating elastic bodies. In classical special-relativistic theories, there is also an exact local conservation equation for the energy, though it comes from the definition of the energy-momentum tensor. We then study that definition in a general spacetime: Hilbert&#39;s variational definition is briefly reviewed, with emphasis on the boundary conditions. We recall the difference between the local equation verified by Hilbert&#39;s tensor T in a curved spacetime and the true local conservation equations discussed before. We check by a direct calculation that the addition of a total divergence does not change T and show a mistake that can be done and that leads to state the contrary. We end with a result ...

Intense green emission is reported from nanocrystalline CdS thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition. The effect of ion beam induced dense electronic excitation on luminescence property of CdS films is explored under irradiation using 70 MeV 58 Ni 6 þ ions. It is found that swift heavy ion beam irradiation enhances the emission intensity by an order of 1 and broadens the emission range. This feature is extremely useful to enhance the performance of different photonic devices like light emitting diodes and lasers, as well as luminescence based sensors. To examine the role of energy relaxation process of swift heavy ions in creation/annihilation of different defect levels, multi-peaks are fitted in photoluminescence spectra using a Gaussian function. The variation of contribution of different emissions in green emission with ion fluence is studied. Origin of enhancement in green emission is supported by various characterization techniques like UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, glancing angle X-ray diffraction, micro-Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. A possible mechanism of enhanced GE due to ion beam irradiation is proposed on the basis of existing models.

This report presents the capabilities of the CMS experiment to explore the rich heavy-ion physics programme offered by the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The collisions of lead nuclei at energies √ s N N = 5.5 TeV, will probe quark and gluon matter at unprecedented values of energy density. The prime goal of this research is to study the fundamental theory of the strong interaction -Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) -in extreme conditions of temperature, density and parton momentum fraction (low-x). This report covers in detail the potential of CMS to carry out a series of representative Pb-Pb measurements. These include "bulk" observables, (charged hadron multiplicity, low p T inclusive hadron identified spectra and elliptic flow) which provide information on the collective properties of the system, as well as perturbative probes such as quarkonia, heavy-quarks, jets and high p T hadrons which yield "tomographic" information of the hottest and densest phases of the reaction.

The deuteron stripping reactions are presented as a method of determining particle distribution within possible halo nuclei. Distributions of the last proton in 17 F and the last neutron in 17 O are extracted from a comparison of experimental and theoretical reaction cross sections. It is found that the first excited state of 17 F is a proton halo state and that the halo behavior can be explained purely in terms of binding-energy effects. ͓S0556-2813͑99͒04802-5͔

We report the first experimental observation of the pionic fusion of two heavy ions. The 12 C( 12 C, 24 Mg)π 0 and 12 C( 12 C, 24 Na)π + cross sections have been measured to be 208 ± 38 and 182 ± 84 picobarns, respectively, at E cm = 137 MeV. This cross section for heavy-ion pion production, at an energy just 6 MeV above the absolute energy-conservation limit, constrains possible production mechanisms to incorporate the kinetic energy of the entire projectiletarget system as well as the binding energy gained in fusion.

2.1A and 3.7A GeV -Particles from Dubna Synchrophasetron are used to understand and address some effects in hadron therapy and shielding programming. The NIKFI-BR2 nuclear emulsion is the present target nuclei, like-some human and shield materials. The interaction mean free path with HCNO nuclei is determined. The inelastic interaction cross section is approximated by a power law, which is independent on the energy and expressed in terms of the target mass number. The different characteristics of the present projectile and target fragmentations are investigated experimentally in comparison with the SRIM simulations

I derive the conformal compactification used in Penrose diagrams from an intrinsic hydrodynamic description of time formulated entirely within four dimensional spacetime. A unit timelike congruence is taken to represent the local temporal flow, whose expansion, shear, vorticity, and acceleration define invariant measures of temporal deformation. Preservation of finite comoving volume under the continuity invariant fixes the expansion contribution to the conformal factor exactly, while the orthogonal inertial load determines the minimal local suppression required for finite compactification. The resulting conformal factor is constructed as a scalar function of the flow invariants and generates the conformal geometry without introducing additional dimensions. The construction depends on the chosen temporal congruence and therefore defines compactification on the triple (M, g µν , U µ). Explicit evaluation for FRW cosmology reproduces the standard conformal time, while in Schwarzschild geometry the compactification is controlled by the inertial load of the static congruence. The conformal boundary then carries a conserved charge associated with the temporal current under conformal rescaling.

The Small Isochronous Ring (SIR) has been operational at Michigan State University since December 2003. It has been used for experimental studies of the beam dynamics in high-intensity isochronous cyclotrons and synchrotrons at the transition energy. Operational experience with SIR has demonstrated that the ring can be successfully used to study space charge effects in accelerators. The low velocity of beam particles in the ring allowed longitudinal profile measurements with an accuracy that would be difficult to achieve in full-size accelerators. The experimental data obtained in the ring was used for validation of the multiparticle, space-charge codes CYCO and WARP3D. Encouraged by the success of SIR in the isochronous regime, we consider options for expanding the scope of the beam physics studied in the ring. In this paper, we outline possible future experiments and discuss required modifications of the ring optics and hardware.

In order to examine problems and phenomena associated with space charge in a beam bending system, the beam dynamics code HICURB has been written. Its principal features include momentum variations, vertical and horizontal envelope dynamics coupled to the off-axis centroid, curvature effect on fields, and images. Preliminary results for an achromatic lattice configuration are presented. './

Abstract：Heavy ions induced single event upset (SEU) sensitivity of three-dimensional (3D) integrated SRAMs are evaluated by using Monte Carlo simulation methods based on Geant4. The cross sections of SEUs and Multi Cell Upsets (MCUs) for 3D SRAM are simulated by using heavy ions with different energies and LETs. The results show that the sensitivity of different die of 3D SRAM has obvious discrepancies at low LET. Average percentage of MCUs of 3D SRAMs rises from 17.2% to 32.95% when LET increases from 42.19 MeV•cm 2 /mg to 58.57 MeV•cm 2 /mg. As for a certain LET, the percentage of MCUs shows a notable distinction between face-to-face structure and back-to-face structure. For back-to-face structure, the percentage of MCUs increases with the deeper die. However, the face-to-face die presents the relatively low percentage of MCUs. The comparison of SEU cross sections for planar SRAMs and experiment data are conducted to indicate the effectiveness of our simulation method. Finally, we compare the upset cross sections of planar process and 3D integrated SRAMs. Results demonstrate that the sensitivity of 3D SRAMs is not more than that of planar SRAMs and the 3D structure can become a great potential application for aerospace and military domain.

We apply a novel relativistic Lagrangian formulation of a compressible, viscous, open-system superfluid (the Dynamical Grand State Equation) to model blood flow in the ascending aorta of a healthy adult male subject ("Tony"). In the weak-field, non-relativistic limit, the model recovers the classical Navier-Stokes equations augmented by a turbulent viscosity η t tied to vorticity and an osmotic Bulk term κ(P Bulk-P (σ)). Using real 4D flow MRI parameters, we compute the stabilizing acceleration a 0 = η t Φ c /σ across multiple physiological states. The model naturally damps vorticity spikes that threaten mathematical singularities in pure Navier-Stokes, providing superior stability predictions for real physiological conditions.

The photo-production of J/ψ mesons at low transverse momentum is studied in peripheral lead-lead collisions collected by the LHCb collaboration at a centre-ofmass energy per nucleon pair of 5 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 210 µb -1 . The J/ψ candidates are reconstructed through the prompt decay into two muons of opposite charge in the rapidity region of 2.0 < y < 4.5. The results significantly improve previous measurements and are compared to the latest theoretical prediction.

We present results on dielectron production in 40 Ar+KCl collisions at 1.76A GeV. For the first time ω mesons could be reconstructed in a heavy-ion reaction at a bombarding energy which is well below the production threshold in free nucleon-nucleon collisions. The ω multiplicity has been extracted and compared to the yields of other particles, in particular of the φ meson. At intermediate e + e -invariant masses, we find a strong enhancement of the pair yield over a reference spectrum from elementary nucleon-nucleon reactions suggesting the onset of non-trivial effects of the nuclear medium. Transverse-mass spectra and angular distributions have been reconstructed in three invariant mass bins. In the former unexpectedly large slopes are found for high-mass pairs. The latter, in particular the helicity-angle distributions, are largely consistent with expectations for a pair cocktail dominated at intermediate masses by ∆ Dalitz decays.

The emission of e + e -pairs from C+C collisions at an incident energy of 1 GeV per nucleon has been investigated. The measured production probabilities, spanning from the π 0 -Dalitz to the ρ/ω invariant-mass region, display a strong excess above the cocktail of standard hadronic sources. The bombarding-energy dependence of this excess is found to scale like pion production, rather than like eta production. The data are in good agreement with results obtained in the former DLS experiment.

The origin and dynamical evolution of isoscaling was studied using classical molecular dynamics simulations of 40 Ca + 40 Ca, 48 Ca + 48 Ca, and 52 Ca + 52 Ca, at beam energies ranging from 20 M eV /A to 85 M eV /A. The analysis included a study of the time evolution of this effect. Isoscaling was observed to exist in these reactions from the very early primary isotope distributions (produced by highly non-equilibrated systems) all the way to asymptotic times. This indicates that isoscaling is independent of quantum effects and thermodynamical equilibrium. In summary, collision-produced isoscaling appears to be due more to the mere partitioning of the proton-neutron content of the participant nuclei, than to specific details of the reaction dynamics.

Compact linacs, consisted of a Radio-Frequency-Quadrupole (RFQ) linac and Interdigital H-mode Drift-Tube-Linac (IH-DTL) having the same operating frequency of 200 MHz, were designed for an injector of heavy-ion medical accelerators. For beam focusing of IH-DTL, the method of Alternating-Phase-Focusing (APF) was applied. The total length of the RFQ linac and APF IH-DTL is approximately 6 m. With the two linacs, carbon ions produced by an ECR Ion-Source (ECRIS) could be accelerated up to 4.0 MeV/u. The compact linacs were constructed and installed in NIRS. We have succeeded to accelerate carbon ions with the APF linac for the first time. The present status of the compact linacs as well as results of acceleration tests was presented.

Compact linacs, consisted of a Radio-Frequency-Quadrupole (RFQ) linac and Interdigital H-mode Drift-Tube-Linac (IH-DTL) having the same operating frequency of 200 MHz, were designed for an injector of heavy-ion medical accelerators. For beam focusing of IH-DTL, the method of Alternating-Phase-Focusing (APF) was applied. The total length of the RFQ linac and APF IH-DTL is approximately 6 m. With the two linacs, carbon ions produced by an ECR Ion-Source (ECRIS) could be accelerated up to 4.0 MeV/u. The compact linacs were constructed and installed in NIRS. We have succeeded to accelerate carbon ions with the APF linac for the first time. The present status of the compact linacs as well as results of acceleration tests was presented.

HADES is a secondary generation experiment operated at GSI Darmstadt with the main goal to study dielectron production in proton, pion and heavy ion induced reactions. The first part of the HADES mission is to reinvestigate the puzzling pair excess measured by the DLS collaboration in C + C and Ca + Ca collisions at 1 A GeV. For this purpose dedicated measurements with the C + C system at 1 and 2 A GeV were performed. The pair excess above a cocktail of free hadronic decays has been extracted and compared to the one measured by DLS. Furthermore, the excess is confronted with predictions of various model calculations.

We present results on dielectron production in 40 Ar+KCl collisions at 1.76A GeV. For the first time ω mesons could be reconstructed in a heavy-ion reaction at a bombarding energy which is well below the production threshold in free nucleon-nucleon collisions. The ω multiplicity has been extracted and compared to the yields of other particles, in particular of the φ meson. At intermediate e + e -invariant masses, we find a strong enhancement of the pair yield over a reference spectrum from elementary nucleon-nucleon reactions suggesting the onset of non-trivial effects of the nuclear medium. Transverse-mass spectra and angular distributions have been reconstructed in three invariant mass bins. In the former unexpectedly large slopes are found for high-mass pairs. The latter, in particular the helicity-angle distributions, are largely consistent with expectations for a pair cocktail dominated at intermediate masses by ∆ Dalitz decays.

The emission of e + e -pairs from C+C collisions at an incident energy of 1 GeV per nucleon has been investigated. The measured production probabilities, spanning from the π 0 -Dalitz to the ρ/ω invariant-mass region, display a strong excess above the cocktail of standard hadronic sources. The bombarding-energy dependence of this excess is found to scale like pion production, rather than like eta production. The data are in good agreement with results obtained in the former DLS experiment.

HADES is a versatile magnetic spectrometer aimed at studying dielectron production in pion, proton and heavy-ion induced collisions. Its main features include a ring imaging gas Cherenkov detector for electron-hadron discrimination, a tracking system consisting of a set of 6 superconducting coils producing a toroidal field and drift chambers and a multiplicity and electron trigger array for additional electron-hadron discrimination and event characterization. A two-stage trigger system enhances events containing electrons. The physics program is focused on the investigation of hadron properties in nuclei and in the hot and dense hadronic matter. The detector system is characterized by an 85 % azimuthal coverage over a polar angle interval from 18 • to 85 • , a single electron efficiency of 50 % and a vector meson mass resolution of 2.5 %. Identification of pions, kaons and protons is achieved combining time-of-flight and energy loss measurements over a large momentum range. This paper describes the main features and the performance of the detector system.

Differential cross sections have been measured near 0 ± for the dominant channels in the mirror reaction 13 C( 13 N, 13 C) 13 N at E͞A 57 and 105 MeV. The cross sections of the peaks in the excitation spectrum are discussed in terms of Gamow-Teller and Fermi transition strength. The cross section per unit Gamow-Teller strength is found to be enhanced relative to that for unit Fermi strength when compared with previous results from ͑p, n͒ reactions. The present work represents the first use of a mirror-symmetric projectile and target system in a charge-exchange reaction as well as the first application of the developing radioactive nuclear beam field to this area.

It is demonstrated that x-ray waveguide structures can be used for depth profiling of a marker layer inside the guiding layer with an accuracy of better than 0.2 nm. A combination of x-ray fluorescence and x-ray reflectivity measurements can provide detailed information about the structure of the guiding layer. The position and thickness of the marker layer affect different aspects of the angle-dependent x-ray fluorescence pattern, thus making it possible to determine the structure of the marker layer in an unambiguous manner. As an example, effects of swift heavy ion irradiation on a Si/ M / Si trilayer ͑M = Fe, W͒, forming the cavity of the waveguide structure, have been studied. It is found that in accordance with the prediction of thermal spike model, Fe is much more sensitive to swift heavy ion induced modifications as compared to W, even in thin film form. However, a clear evidence of movement of the Fe marker layer towards the surface is observed after irradiation, which cannot be understood in terms of the thermal spike model alone.