Human Population Genetics

The history of the Albanian people has long been debated, as they first appear in historical records in the eleventh century CE and their language is not closely related to any surviving Indo-European branches. Here, to reconstruct their history, we analysed over 6,000 ancient West Eurasian genomes and 74 newly sequenced present-day ethnic Albanians. Using a range of population genetics methods, including an enhanced protocol to detect identity-by-descent segments between ancient and present-day individuals, we detect continuity of West Balkan Late Bronze and Iron Age ancestry in Early Medieval Albania, to a greater degree than in neighbouring Balkan regions. We find that present-day Albanians predominantly descend from this remnant palaeo-Balkan group, which by at least 800–900 CE already exhibited a genetic profile suggesting that they are ancestral to many modern Albanians. In addition, we observe geographically structured admixture with Medieval East European-related groups, averaging 10–20% across present-day Albanians. Our findings provide insight into the demographic processes shaping Albanian ancestry and help locate the origin area of the Albanian language.

A investigação do vínculo genético começou no início do século XX com as descobertas de Landesteiner sobre o sistema ABO. Até aos anos 50 as formas de produção de prova eram apenas os sistemas ABO, Rh e MN, do grupo de identificação eritrocitário. Estes Marcadores apenas permitiam uma exclusão de paternidade em cerca de 50%. Em 1952 Dausset descreveu um novo sistema de identificação ligado aos leucócitos humanos -o HLA ("Human Leucocyte Antigen"). Em 1985 Jeffreys descobre uma técnica para estudar regiões específicas do DNA. Com a implementação da investigação ao nível do DNA, os estudos de paternidade têm vindo a evoluir. Actualmente, a técnica que mais impera nos laboratórios responsáveis por estes estudos é a tipagem genética de STRs ("Short Tandem Repeats"). Com este trabalho pretendeu-se averiguar qual a relevância dos marcadores HLA na investigação da paternidade. O estudo descrito no Capítulo III demonstra como o HLA é altamente informativo, e como a utilização apenas de STRs pode, em casos que implicam mais de 2 gerações, induzir em erro. O estudo descrito no capítulo IV evidência a capacidade que o HLA, por si só, tem de excluir paternidades sem ser necessário recorrer à tipagem de STRs. Evidência ainda, a vulnerabilidade dos STRs, em induzirem falsos negativos, podendo levar a falsas exclusões de paternidade. Assim, a conjugação dos resultados de ambos os estudos, permite concluir que a genotipagem dos alelos HLA torna-se vantajosa, sempre que estejam em causa mais do que 2 gerações, e tendo em conta os custos de cada técnica, sugere-se começar os estudos pela genotipagem dos alelos HLA passando ao estudo de STRs apenas quando a primeira técnica não permite a resolução do caso. Exclusion of paternity of a deceased man with the contribution of MHC genes Exclusion of paternity of a deceased man with the contribution of MHC genes.

Literary and archaeological sources have preserved a rich history of Southern Europe and West Asia since the Bronze Age that can be complemented by genetics. Mycenaean period elites in Greece did not differ from the general population and included both people with some steppe ancestry and others, like the Griffin Warrior, without it. Similarly, people in the central area of the Urartian Kingdom around Lake Van lacked the steppe ancestry characteristic of the kingdom’s northern provinces. Anatolia exhibited extraordinary continuity down to the Roman and Byzantine periods, with its people serving as the demographic core of much of the Roman Empire, including the city of Rome itself. During medieval times, migrations associated with Slavic and Turkic speakers profoundly affected the region.

Data and Methodology
We use rotation curve data from the SPARC database (Lelli et al., 2016), which provides, for each galaxy:
• observed velocity ,
• gas, disk, and bulge contributions: ,
• observational uncertainties.
The baryonic velocity is computed as:
V_{bar}^2 = V_{gas}^2 + \Upsilon_{disk} V_{disk}^2 + \Upsilon_{bul} V_{bul}^2
with fixed global mass-to-light ratios:
\Upsilon_{disk} = 0.5,\quad \Upsilon_{bul} = 0.7
No galaxy-by-galaxy tuning is performed.


TGIU Acceleration Law (Final Thermodynamic Form)
The TGIU effective acceleration is derived from the requirement of maintaining a 21.7% invariant informational core. The transition between the baryonic 3D manifestation and the 2D invariant substrate is modeled as an entropic decoupling governed by an exponential decay:

g_{TGIU} = g_{bar} \left( 1 + K \cdot e^{-\frac{g_{bar}}{a_0}} \right)

where:
  a_0 = 1.2 \times 10^{-10} \, \text{m/s}^2 (fixed global scale).
  K = 3.61 (Invariant Tension Factor).

Predicted velocity:
V_{TGIU} = \sqrt{g_{TGIU} \cdot R}

Most studies focusing on human high-altitude adaptation in the Andean highlands have thus far been focused on Peruvian populations. We present high-coverage whole genomes from Indigenous people living in the Ecuadorian highlands and perform multi-method scans to detect positive natural selection. We identified regions of the genome that show signals of strong selection to both cardiovascular and hypoxia pathways, which are distinct from those uncovered in Peruvian populations. However, the strongest signals of selection were related to regions of the genome that are involved in immune function related to tuberculosis. Given our estimated timing of this selection event, the Indigenous people of Ecuador may have adapted to Mycobacterium tuberculosis thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans. Furthermore, we detect a population collapse that coincides with the arrival of Europeans, which is more severe than other regions of the Andes, suggesting differing effects of contact across high-altitude populations.

Literary and archaeological sources have preserved a rich history of Southern Europe and West Asia since the Bronze Age that can be complemented by genetics. Mycenaean period elites in Greece did not differ from the general population and included both people with some steppe ancestry and others, like the Griffin Warrior, without it. Similarly, people in the central area of the Urartian Kingdom around Lake Van lacked the steppe ancestry characteristic of the kingdom’s northern provinces. Anatolia exhibited extraordinary continuity down to the Roman and Byzantine periods, with its people serving as the demographic core of much of the Roman Empire, including the city of Rome itself. During medieval times, migrations associated with Slavic and Turkic speakers profoundly affected the region.

É autorizada a reprodução integral desta dissertação apenas para efeitos de investigação mediante declaração escrita do interessado, que a tal se compromete. iii O presente trabalho não seria possível sem a ajuda e o apoio de determinadas pessoas que demonstraram o seu apoio e carinho incondicional. Tentando não esquecer ninguém, quero agradecer: Em primeiro lugar, à Fundação Astrazeneca, que financiou este projecto. À Professora Doutora Maria Beatriz Prior Pinto Oliveira, coordenadora do Mestrado em Controlo de Qualidade, pela sua preocupação, atenção e apoio prestados, pela rápida resposta e bons conselhos sempre que solicitada, aproveitando para felicitá-la pela excelente coordenação deste mestrado. Ao Professor Doutor Rui Medeiros, meu orientador neste trabalho, pela simpatia e prontidão com que me recebeu, pelo apoio, pela ginástica temporal para me incluir na sua agenda, por si só cheia, pela paciência e entendimento, e principalmente pela orientação neste projecto inesperado. À Professora Doutora Maria de São José Nascimento, minha co-orientadora que prontamente aceitou co-orientar este projecto, pelas palavras reconfortantes de força e disponibilidade, que sempre me foi transmitindo nos últimos anos e pelo seu optimismo contagiante, que se revelou muito útil nos últimos meses. À Doutora Albina Marinho, do laboratório de Virologia do IPO-Porto, pela simpatia e atenção prestada e pela partilha de conhecimentos que em muito enriqueceram este trabalho. A todos os meus colegas e recentes amigos do laboratório de Oncologia Molecular do IPO--Porto, pela simpatia com que me receberam e se deixaram observar nas suas rotinas diárias. A todos os meus antigos colegas e amigos do departamento de Química Orgânica da Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, especialmente à Professora Doutora Maria José Gonzalez e ao Carlos, pela grande amizade, alegria e apoio que sempre me demonstraram. A todos os meus familiares e amigos, pela presença e apoio constante. À Cátia, amiga e antiga companheira de laboratório e mestrado, pela amizade incondicional. Aos meus pais, pelo enorme carinho e apoio com que acompanharam as diversas fases deste mestrado, desculpando todos os pequenos momentos de má disposição e falta de disponibilidade. Ao Hélder, meu irmão, a pessoa que mais acredita em mim, por todas as horas infindáveis de conversa e carinho. Ao Pedro, que me acompanhou desde sempre neste mestrado, pela confiança, incentivo e carinho nas horas certas. Esta dissertação pretende apresentar uma proposta de avaliação interna da qualidade das técnicas de PCR-RFLP e Real-Time PCR, utilizadas diariamente no laboratório de Oncologia Molecular do IPO-Porto, com fins de diagnóstico e investigação epidemiológica e farmacogenómica. Este trabalho baseou-se apenas na sua utilização qualitativa em projectos de investigação. O controlo e a garantia de qualidade têm um papel vital hoje em dia, ajudando a garantir a fiabilidade de resultados e produtos. Os critérios de qualidade tornaram-se essenciais para assegurar a correcta utilização de tecnologias genéticas que se desenvolveram nas últimas décadas, como é o caso da amplificação dos ácidos nucleicos. Desde a sua descoberta, a amplificação dos ácidos nucleicos in vitro, através da técnica de PCR, tornou-se uma ferramenta muito poderosa em laboratórios de diagnóstico. No entanto, uma das desvantagens apontadas tem sido a falta de requisitos e regulamentos padronizados para esta técnica, assim como a dificuldade de controlar todas as variáveis intervenientes, podendo comprometer a qualidade dos resultados. Sendo assim, e face à nova tendência universal de garantia de qualidade, é necessário implementar protocolos de controlo e sistemas de gestão de qualidade. O HACCP é uma metodologia preventiva que assenta numa abordagem científica e sistemática de identificação e avaliação de perigos específicos em todas as etapas da produção. Apesar do uso do HACCP não se ter ainda expandido ao laboratório de técnicas genéticas, a base deste sistema pode ser adaptada a diferentes sectores, com alta probabilidade de sucesso. Através de uma cuidada observação do laboratório de Oncologia Molecular e seus colaboradores e utilizando as bases do sistema de gestão de qualidade HACCP, foram elaborados os fluxogramas das técnicas de PCR-RFLP e Real-Time PCR, e preenchidas tabelas de identificação de perigos, pontos críticos de controlo, medidas de controlo e correctivas, reunindo todos os cuidados e acções a realizar durante a técnica e na resolução de problemas. A partir daqui, foram adaptados critérios de avaliação dos vários sectores do laboratório, utilizados na observação diária e que poderão ser implementados futuramente como medidas de avaliação interna do local, sua organização e colaboradores. Com a utilização dos fundamentos do HACCP, os critérios e a observação, concluiu-se que os principais requisitos de trabalho eram, em geral, cumpridos, mas que faltava um protocolo que avaliasse internamente a qualidade dos vários passos, para além dos resultados. Tendo em conta os pontos críticos identificados e a necessária adaptação ao local, elaborou-se um plano de controlo de qualidade interno, a experimentar, melhorar e implementar num futuro próximo.

Изучен эффект масляного экстракта куркумы при алкогольном повреждении печени и миелосупрессии, индуцированной циклофосфаном у мышей. Установлено миело- и гепатопротекторное действие экстракта куркумы. Показано, что экстракт куркумы способствует сохранности лейкоцитов и спленоцитов после введения цитостатика. При алкогольном повреждении печени экстракт куркумы уменьшает повреждение тканей печени, что проявляется более низким уровнем в сыворотке крови и гомогенате печени трансаминаз, щелочной фосфатазы, билирубина и оксида азота.

Literary and archaeological sources have preserved a rich history of Southern Europe and West Asia since the Bronze Age that can be complemented by genetics. Mycenaean period elites in Greece did not differ from the general population and included both people with some steppe ancestry and others, like the Griffin Warrior, without it. Similarly, people in the central area of the Urartian Kingdom around Lake Van lacked the steppe ancestry characteristic of the kingdom’s northern provinces. Anatolia exhibited extraordinary continuity down to the Roman and Byzantine periods, with its people serving as the demographic core of much of the Roman Empire, including the city of Rome itself. During medieval times, migrations associated with Slavic and Turkic speakers profoundly affected the region.

Modern craniometry has undergone a profound transformation driven by advances in three-dimensional (3D) analytical methods, population genetics, and critical reassessments of the biological concept of race. Historically, craniometric research relied on linear measurements and typological frameworks that sought to classify human populations into discrete racial categories. Accumulating genetic evidence has demonstrated that human biological variation is predominantly continuous, with greater diversity occurring within populations than between them, undermining the biological validity of racial typologies. In parallel, the development of geometric morphometrics and high-resolution 3D imaging technologies has enabled comprehensive analysis of cranial shape as a complex, multivariate phenotype, independent of predefined categories. These methods reveal extensive overlap in cranial morphology across populations and align closely with clinal patterns of genetic variation shaped by migration, admixture, and local adaptation. The integration of non-racial craniometric models into clinical and biomedical contexts further highlights their relevance, improving individualized assessment while reducing the risk of biological essentialism. By synthesizing anthropological, genetic, and biomedical evidence, this review argues that modern craniometry provides both the empirical tools and conceptual framework necessary for abandoning racial classification. The adoption of a post-racial approach not only enhances scientific accuracy but also addresses longstanding ethical concerns associated with the misuse of cranial data, positioning craniometry as a model discipline for the responsible study of human biological diversity.

A persistent claim in Afrocentric discourse positions modern West African populations as the ancestral baseline for all humanity, arguing that they represent an unchanged or "pure" form of early Homo sapiens from which all other populations derived. This paper systematically dismantles this narrative by demonstrating that modern West Africans are as evolutionarily derived and adapted as any other contemporary human population. Through examination of ancient DNA evidence, archaic hominin admixture patterns, phenotypic adaptations, and the temporal sequence of human migration and differentiation, we show that the West African phenotype emerged through Holocene-era adaptations long after humans had already dispersed across the globe. Upper Paleolithic populations such as those represented by Sunghir (circa 34,000 years ago) and the Beringian ancestors of Native Americans (circa 20,000+ years ago) predate the formation of the modern hyperpigmented, gracile West African morphology. Furthermore, West Africans harbor significant admixture from unknown archaic hominins (the "ghost hominin"), representing mixing that occurred after Out of Africa populations had already interbred with Neanderthals and Denisovans. The claim that West Africans represent "the mother of all people" conflates the accurate observation that Homo sapiens originated in Africa with the false assertion that any particular modern African population maintains an ancestral or unchanged state. This fallacy relies on fundamental misunderstandings of how evolution works, what genetic diversity indicates, and how modern populations relate to ancestral ones. All modern human populations, including West Africans, represent approximately 200,000 years of evolutionary divergence, adaptation, and admixture from the ancestral Homo sapiens population.

Since colonial times, attempts at racial classification and naming the diversity and potpourri of India’s population have remained controversial. However, the postgenomic era has created an impetus within the life sciences to study human biological diversity. The ongoing GenomeIndia project (GIP) is a significant development in this direction. The GIP aims to create a catalog of genetic variations in Indians and construct a reference haplotype structure for Indians. But what epistemological assumptions and concepts inform the GIP? And how do such epistemic conceptualizations influence the discourse on identity politics? By focusing on empirical research practices, I highlight here how the GIP relies on taken for granted epistemologies for characterizing human differences. I posit that while population genetics and medical genomics continue to be guided by the normative logic of genetic nationalism, in the case of India, the logic remains closely tied to the diffuse politics of identity and caste. As such, the GIP’s notions of a reference haplotype or catalog of genetic diversity
cannot fully dissociate science epistemologies from politics.

Literary and archaeological sources have preserved a rich history of Southern Europe and West Asia since the Bronze Age that can be complemented by genetics. Mycenaean period elites in Greece did not differ from the general population and included both people with some steppe ancestry and others, like the Griffin Warrior, without it. Similarly, people in the central area of the Urartian Kingdom around Lake Van lacked the steppe ancestry characteristic of the kingdom’s northern provinces. Anatolia exhibited extraordinary continuity down to the Roman and Byzantine periods, with its people serving as the demographic core of much of the Roman Empire, including the city of Rome itself. During medieval times, migrations associated with Slavic and Turkic speakers profoundly affected the region.

High mutation rate in mammalian mitochondrial DNA generates a highly divergent pool of alleles even within species that have dispersed and expanded in size recently. Phylogenetic analysis of 277 human mitochondrial genomes revealed a significant (P < 0.01) excess of rRNA and nonsynonymous base substitutions among hotspots of recurrent mutation. Most hotspots involved transitions from guanine to adenine that, with thymine-to-cytosine transitions, illustrate the asymmetric bias in codon usage at synonymous sites on the heavy-strand DNA. The mitochondrion-encoded tRNAThr varied significantly more than any other tRNA gene. Threonine and valine codons were involved in 259 of the 414 amino acid replacements observed. The ratio of nonsynonymous changes from and to threonine and valine differed significantly (P = 0.003) between populations with neutral (22/58) and populations with significantly negative Tajima's D values (70/76), independent of their geographic location. In contrast ...

Literary and archaeological sources have preserved a rich history of Southern Europe and West Asia since the Bronze Age that can be complemented by genetics. Mycenaean period elites in Greece did not differ from the general population and included both people with some steppe ancestry and others, like the Griffin Warrior, without it. Similarly, people in the central area of the Urartian Kingdom around Lake Van lacked the steppe ancestry characteristic of the kingdom’s northern provinces. Anatolia exhibited extraordinary continuity down to the Roman and Byzantine periods, with its people serving as the demographic core of much of the Roman Empire, including the city of Rome itself. During medieval times, migrations associated with Slavic and Turkic speakers profoundly affected the region.

As humanity advances toward long-term space habitation, maintaining crew cohesion, resilience, and utility in confined, high-stakes environments presents a critical challenge. Building on the growing evidence that behavior is deeply rooted in genetic and physiological phenomenon, this study proposes a framework which is a biologically guided system designed to integrate genetic, behavioral, and physiological data to predict psychosocial compatibility, optimize role assignments, and support reproductive planning among interplanetary crews. The framework is grounded in principles of pleiotropy and geneenvironment interaction, employing polygenic risk scores (PRS), multi-omics datasets, and machine learning algorithms to model crew dynamics and inform adaptive health interventions. The proposal proceeds in seven integrated stages: first, surveying the growing literature demonstrating genetic and physiological underpinnings of social, behavioral, and occupational traits; second, outlining the Shepherd of Sorting theoretical framework and its objectives; third, presenting a methodology for system validation in analog space environments; fourth, exploring biodata applications for crew composition, role matching, and mental health differentiation; fifth, introducing a data-driven human breeding and pairing framework designed for population viability in confined, resource-limited settings; sixth, describing the Shepherd platform-developed by the biotechnology company Laminomics-that operationalizes the model through real-time data integration, social modeling, and ethical decision support; and finally, reflecting on broader implications, limitations, and ethical considerations of genetically guided human systems for space and Earth. Preliminary simulations suggest the framework can enhance crew performance by enabling data-driven selection and role specialization, while ensuring offspring fitness and compatibility. By reframing behavioral traits as biologically emergent and context-sensitive, this approach offers transformative potential for space health governance and holds significant implications for psychiatry, workforce development, and public policy on Earth. Future research will focus on empirical validation of predictive models and ethical frameworks for implementation.

Background: Viral hepatitis disease is a major public health problem affecting hundreds to millions of individuals worldwide. The most widely recognized types of viral hepatitis are six distinct types of hepatitis virus, referred to as A, B, C, D, E, and G which may appear in an acute or chronic form. The aim of current study was to to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis A, B and C virus infections over the last five years ago from 2014 to 2018 and to determine the prevalence associated with age and gender of patients in Babylon province, Iraq, through analyzing data by descriptive statistics approaches. Methods: Current study involved 2110 positive cases who were diagnosed as having hepatitis A, Band C virus infections of age groups ranging from (< 1 to ≥ 20) years of both genders (1184 males and 926 females). Patients' information was gathered retrospectively from the medical records at The Central Public Health Laboratory of Babylon province for the period between 2014 and 2018. Results and Conclusion: The study results showed that 1868 cases (88.5%) out of 2110 cases had Hepatitis A Virus while 205 cases (9.7%) had Hepatitis B Virus and 37 cases (1.8%) had Hepatitis C Virus. Also, the highest number of cases ( ) of viral hepatitis infections was recorded in 2015 and the lowest number (307) was recorded in 2014. On the other hand, it has been discovered that the highest total number of cases was for Hepatitis A Virus cases (576) cases, followed by Hepatitis B Virus (60) cases and then Hepatitis C Virus (17) cases for year 2015. The analysis of results depicted the relationship between types of viral hepatitis infections and years of prevalence and revealed a highly significant association at Pvalue <0.01. Besides, the results showed that both genders were influenced with viral hepatitis, but males were more influenced gender (56.1%) than females (43.9%). The analysis depicted the relationship between types of viral hepatitis infections and gender of patients and revealed that they affected both genders significantly at Pvalue <0.01.

Most individuals throughout the Americas are admixed descendants of Native American, European, and African ancestors. Complex historical factors have resulted in varying proportions of ancestral contributions between individuals within and among ethnic groups. We developed a panel of 446 ancestry informative markers (AIMs) optimized to estimate ancestral proportions in individuals and populations throughout Latin America. We used genome-wide data from 953 individuals from diverse African, European, and Native American populations to select AIMs optimized for each of the three main continental populations that form the basis of modern Latin American populations. We selected markers on the basis of locus-specific branch length to be informative, well distributed throughout the genome, capable of being genotyped on widely available commercial platforms, and applicable throughout the Americas by minimizing within-continent heterogeneity. We then validated the panel in samples from four ...

Background Genetic admixture is a common caveat for genetic association analysis. Therefore, it is important to characterize the genetic structure of the population under study to control for this kind of potential bias. Results In this study we have sampled over 800 unrelated individuals from the population of Spain, and have genotyped them with a genome-wide coverage. We have carried out linkage disequilibrium, haplotype, population structure and copy-number variation (CNV) analyses, and have compared these estimates of the Spanish population with existing data from similar efforts. Conclusions In general, the Spanish population is similar to the Western and Northern Europeans, but has a more diverse haplotypic structure. Moreover, the Spanish population is also largely homogeneous within itself, although patterns of micro-structure may be able to predict locations of origin from distant regions. Finally, we also present the first characterization of a CNV map of the Spanish popul...

The Genographic Project is an international effort aimed at charting human migratory history. The project is nonprofit and nonmedical, and, through its Legacy Fund, supports locally led efforts to preserve indigenous and traditional cultures. Although the first phase of the project was focused on uniparentally inherited markers on the Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), the current phase focuses on markers from across the entire genome to obtain a more complete understanding of human genetic variation. Although many commercial arrays exist for genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping, they were designed for medical genetic studies and contain medically related markers that are inappropriate for global population genetic studies. GenoChip, the Genographic Project's new genotyping array, was designed to resolve these issues and enable higher resolution research into outstanding questions in genetic anthropology. The GenoChip includes ancestry informative markers obtained for over 450 human populations, an ancient human (Saqqaq), and two archaic hominins (Neanderthal and Denisovan) and was designed to identify all known Y-chromosome and mtDNA haplogroups. The chip was carefully vetted to avoid inclusion of medically relevant markers. To demonstrate its capabilities, we compared the F ST distributions of GenoChip SNPs to those of two commercial arrays. Although all arrays yielded similarly shaped (inverse J) F ST distributions, the GenoChip autosomal and X-chromosomal distributions had the highest mean F ST , attesting to its ability to discern subpopulations. The chip performances are illustrated in a principal component analysis for 14 worldwide populations. In summary, the GenoChip is a dedicated genotyping platform for genetic anthropology. With an unprecedented number of approximately 12,000 Y-chromosomal and approximately 3,300 mtDNA SNPs and over 130,000 autosomal and X-chromosomal SNPs without any known health, medical, or phenotypic relevance, the GenoChip is a useful tool for genetic anthropology and population genetics.

Radioactive waste, an inevitable byproduct of nuclear technologies, presents a profound and persistent environmental threat. Its improper management can lead to severe soil pollution, initiating a cascade of detrimental effects throughout terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. This report provides a systematic and extended review of the impacts of radioactive contamination on the environment. It begins by defining the primary sources and types of radioactive waste and details the physicochemical interactions between radionuclides and soil matrices. A significant portion of the report is dedicated to a thorough analysis of the ecological consequences, examining the effects on soil microbial communities, the physiological and genetic damage to flora, and the acute and chronic impacts on fauna. The mechanisms of trophic transfer, including bioaccumulation and biomagnification within food chains, are detailed to illustrate how risks escalate through the ecosystem. Drawing on critical and indepth case studies from the Chernobyl and Fukushima disasters, as well as legacy Cold War sites, the report explores both the long-term ecological damage and the development of remediation technologies. A comprehensive overview of remediation strategies is provided, covering physical, chemical, and biological approaches, with a special focus on phytoremediation. The discussion extends to human health implications, the global policy frameworks governing radioactive waste, and the socioeconomic challenges of long-term stewardship. The report concludes by outlining key future research directions, emphasizing the urgent need for robust, scientifically-informed strategies for waste management, site remediation, and international cooperation to mitigate the long-lasting risks posed by radioactive soil pollution.

This study explores the structural and electronic properties of copper(II) and cobalt(II) complexes with toluidine dithiocarbamate ligands using X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) and Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS). The synthesized complexes-Cu(p-Toluidine dithiocarbamate)₂, Cu(o-Toluidine dithiocarbamate)₂, and Co(o-Toluidine dithiocarbamate)₂ were analyzed to assess variations in oxidation state, coordination geometry, and local atomic environments. XANES spectra revealed significant K-edge shifts in the copper complexes relative to metallic copper, confirming the +2 oxidation state of Cu(II). Slightly higher edge energies and edgewidths observed for the ortho-substituted Cu(o-TD)₂ complex indicate greater ligand-induced electronic perturbation, likely due to steric hindrance. Co(o-TD)₂ also exhibited a moderate edge shift, consistent with a Co(II) oxidation state. EXAFS analysis provided quantitative estimates of bond lengths and coordination environments using four methods LSS, Fourier Transform, Lytle, and Levy. Bond lengths for Cu-S and Cu-N interactions were consistent with known coordination modes but showed more variation in Cu(o-TD)₂, suggesting a distorted geometry compared to the more symmetric Cu(p-TD)₂ complex. The Co(o-TD)₂ complex exhibited similar trends with slightly less distortion. Overall, the results demonstrate that positional isomerism of the ligand significantly affects both the electronic and structural features of the metal center. This work highlights the power of XANES and EXAFS as complementary tools for characterizing coordination complexes.

The consequence of rapid Industrialization and fertilizers, Insecticide are uses around, the globe an unsafe water. Waste and pollutant content have become increasingly significant within effect of quality of Aquatic Ecosystem in river. Lilagar river water is one of the major sources for multipurpose domestic uses may part of Para ghat, Jayram Nagar, Kotmi Sonar village area. The present investigation deals with a study of chemical parameters, pollutant studies have in this river on different eight sites by a specially prepared. Aquatic assessment questionnaire chemicals & inorganic matter and content of BOD, COD and other biotic abiotic activities. Water quality and various physio-chemical Analysis of river surface water of Different eight (8) sites of Para ghat, Jayram Nagar, Kotmi Sonar village zone Bilaspur, C.G. has studies in Over a period of three months (Oct.-Dec.2024) after monsoon. Reading have observed to analysis different physio-chemical parameters-pH, Turbidity, Total Hardness, TDS, COD and BOD, the results are found in the range of 7.0-7.2 pH, 1.5-2.1 NTU, 185-210 mg/l, 235-257 mg/1, 9.6-10.5 mg/l and 2.5-3.1 BOD value. Respectively while Redox Potential, Zn, Fe, CI, Conductivity and Bacterial E. Coliform are in the range of 300-330 Mv, 1.1-2.0 mg/l, 0.05-0.12 mg/l, 140-190 mg/l, 300-425 𝜇s/cm and 0.0-0.02 MPN/100ml. The present study has it's almost importance for hygienic point of view in the Public Interest and its consequence with respect to health hazard. village zone was selected for the purpose of Investigation many illiterate villagers and use of surface river water for their aware of pollutant adverse consequence, drinking purpose & domestic activity.

The study reports the histopathological changes in the liver of the fresh water fish Channa punctatus exposed to sublethal safe concentration of watersoluble fraction (WSF) Diesel (8.7 ml/l) fuel for 30 days. Similar lesions were induced by WSF under diesel exposure. The most prominent lesions observed in the liver of the fish exposed to WSF of diesel fule were displacement of nuclei towards periphery,cytoplasmic vacuolation, focal necrosis, dilation and congestion of blood sinusoids,clumping of the necrosed nuclei and aggregation of macrophages. This study concludes that WSF of diesel fuel,even at safe dose, are quite potent to induced damage to fish liver leading to impairment of metabolic activities.

Childhood emergencies pose significant challenges globally, requiring effective and evidence-based management strategies. This meta-analysis evaluates current research on paediatricemergency care, identifying best practices, gaps, and recommendations for improvement. The study synthesizes data from multiple sources to provide a comprehensive overview of the effectiveness of various emergency management protocols, triage systems, and post-emergency care approaches. Introduction Child health emergencies encompass a broad spectrum of acute medical conditions, including respiratory distress, trauma, infections, and neurological emergencies. Efficient management is crucial to reducing morbidity and mortality rates among children. This meta-analysis aims to analyse existing literature on paediatric emergency management, highlighting key interventions and their outcomes. Objectives  To assess the effectiveness of different triage systems in paediatric emergencies.  To evaluate the impact of rapid assessment and early intervention on patient outcomes.  To identify best practices in post-emergency care and follow-up management.  To highlight challenges in child health emergency management and suggest improvements.  To explore the impact of healthcare policies on pediatric emergency outcomes.  To examine the role of technological advancements in pediatric emergency care.  To analyze the disparities in pediatric emergency care between developed and developing countries. Methodology Data Collection A systematic review was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. Studies published between 2010 and 2024 were considered, focusing on child emergency management strategies. Keywords used included "pediatric emergency care," "child triage systems," "rapid assessment in children," and "post-emergency care." Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria Inclusion:  Studies focusing on emergency care for children aged 0-18.

Dichlorvos, an organophosphate insecticide, is highly toxic to fish. It disrupts the nervous system by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme crucial for nerve function. Even at low concentrations, dichlorvos can cause behavioral changes, respiratory distress, and mortality in fish, making it a significant threat to aquatic ecosystems.

In India, e-waste is quickly turning into a health and environmental risk. E-waste is produced by computers and related products, as well as other electronic devices (television, refrigerators, washing machines, and so forth). Stories about India's extraordinary success in the information technology sector in the fiercely competitive global market frequently obscure the silent but potentially dangerous health crisis it may be causing. Computers and related goods account for 33.9% of India's e-waste production, followed by large household appliances (42.01%) and consumer electronics (13.7%).

Waste generation, accumulation and remediation is one of the biggest challenges for achievement of sustainable development. Industrial revolution has led to high waste generation and release of non-degradable toxic elements to environment which may include pseticides, fertilizers, dyes, heavy metals, plastics and other organic compounds. These chemicals have impacts of varying degree on the surroundings and habitant populations. Thus, it is necessary to remediate these pollutants. Various physical and chemical techniques are being implemented for long time but have their own flaws and challenges. This has led to the development of another technique in which various biological agents are used to treat waste products and is termed as Bioremediation. Bioremediation is an effective technique for pollutant removal and recently gained acceptance and recognition. In bioremediation various microorganisms are used to treat contaminations and toxic components to often generate lesser toxic forms. There are various approaches and processes which are being applied to treat different types of toxicants like bioventing, bio-stimulation, bio-attenuation, and others. This review article focuses on various types and mechanisms of bioremediation with recent developments in the field and factors affecting the techniques.

The purpose of the research is to investigate how Bharatiya music affects prenatal development and the environment during pregnancy. Through this research, we are seeking to shed light on the ways that music-specifically, traditional Indian music-influences the perinatal experience by examining its effects on fetal growth, cognitive development, and maternal health. With its complex rhythms and rich melodic structures, Bharatiya music provides a unique auditory experience that may improve the health of both mother and the fetus We evaluate the possible advantages and consequences of prenatal Bharatiya music exposure using a multimodal approach that includes examining mother feedback, measuring differences in fetal motor activity, evaluating changes in psychological well-being, and conducting auditory stimulation trials to investigate the effects of Bharatiya music exposure on fetal responses and developmental markers. Research aims to provide an in-depth understanding of how this type of music can contribute to a pleasant perinatal environment by integrating objective measures of fetal growth with subjective reports from pregnant moms. Our research should provide new light on the advantages of using music with cultural significance in prenatal care and possibly open the door to improved approaches that promote the health of both the mother and the fetus. KEYWORDS: Traditional Indian music, Bharatiya music, fetal development, prenatal stimulation, maternal wellbeing, and cognitive development. INTRODUCTION: This study seeks to examine on how the Bharatiya music affects the course of prenatal development with respect to fetal growth, cognitive development and maternal health. Usually, rhythmical and melodious music has its own different effects and as Bharatiya music has complex rhythmical beat and melodious music it may have a positive impact on developing fetus as well as the mother. Even whereas other research designs have explored the influence of different types of music on fetal development, few have looked precisely at the effects of Bharatiya music. This study intends to fill this void by adopting the use of a range of methods that involve analysing maternal feedback, quantifying the level of fetal motor movement, evaluating psychological health and performing auditory activation tests. In aiming for a broader and more extensive observation on the impact of Bharatiya music to prenatal health, this study has incorporated both a quantitative and qualitative nature to its design. PROCEDURE: The combine observational and experimental methodologies in the study. Bharatiya music was played for expectant participants at different phases of their pregnancy. Use of ultrasonography was made to track fetal reactions and surveys and interviews to gather input from mothers. To determine

Many chemicals are applied to control plant diseases to increase crop production.The Agricultural Chemicals are insecticides and herbicides.Hazardous chemicals escape to the environment by a number of natural and/or anthropogenic activities and may cause adverse effects on human health and the environment. Increased combustion of fossil fuels in the last century is responsible for the progressive change in the atmospheric composition. Air pollutants, such as carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO(2)), nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ozone (O(3)), heavy metals, and respirable particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), differ in their chemical composition, reaction properties, emission, time of disintegration and ability to diffuse in long or short distances. Air pollution has both acute and chronic effects on human health, affecting a number of different systems and organs. It ranges from minor upper respiratory irritation to chronic respiratory and heart disease, lung cancer, acute respiratory infections in children and chronic bronchitis in adults, aggravating pre-existing heart and lung disease, or asthmatic attacks. In addition, short-and long-term exposures have also been linked with premature mortality and reduced life expectancy. These effects of air pollutants on human health and their mechanism of action are briefly discussed.

Air pollution is one of the major environmental problems. It can cause serious health consequences such cancer. heart disease and high mortality rates. The people of Rajasthan contribute significantly to air pollution in urban and rural areas or areas. The first largest state in India, Rajasthan, the subject of this concept, is one of the most polluted areas in the country. Severe air pollution of concern particles and high hydrocarbons. The height of the Rajasthan industry is a major source of air pollution compared to the rest of India. This project provides an analysis of t the practice of fixed respiratory tract (PM) and fixed particle matter (PM2.5) throughout the city of Rajasthan, India. Filtering of air particles compares with national standards for air quality of last year's data. Prices for PM and PM₁s were lower during the rainy season compared to the summer winter. The ARIMA Season Model (SARIMA) time analysis is used for air analysis and pollution forecasting. The data collection for PM and PMis is well integrated. Cross-model validation was performed using residual analysis. The remainder of the difference between the observed value and the predicted number of PMa is not significant at that time in few years. In this project data collecti collection and data analysis should be done on the basis of the Indian standard.

The earth's part is blessed with extraordinarily different forms of resources which offer unnumbered product & services to humankind. Any portion of the nature's surroundings present, that can be used by man to market his welfare is taken into the account as a resource. The resources were abounding then relative to human population, no important depletion occurred. Mostly energy is used for the evolution of life forms on earth. we tend to get energy from completely different sources. The nature's resources that we tend to use nowadays are the prime supply of energy for everyday activities of humans, while not that we'd still be lurking around within the time period. During the last millennia human population has multiplied significantly inflicting serious injury or we can say that the destruction of natural resources done by us.

Literary and archaeological sources have preserved a rich history of Southern Europe and West Asia since the Bronze Age that can be complemented by genetics. Mycenaean period elites in Greece did not differ from the general population and included both people with some steppe ancestry and others, like the Griffin Warrior, without it. Similarly, people in the central area of the Urartian Kingdom around Lake Van lacked the steppe ancestry characteristic of the kingdom’s northern provinces. Anatolia exhibited extraordinary continuity down to the Roman and Byzantine periods, with its people serving as the demographic core of much of the Roman Empire, including the city of Rome itself. During medieval times, migrations associated with Slavic and Turkic speakers profoundly affected the region.

Literary and archaeological sources have preserved a rich history of Southern Europe and West Asia since the Bronze Age that can be complemented by genetics. Mycenaean period elites in Greece did not differ from the general population and included both people with some steppe ancestry and others, like the Griffin Warrior, without it. Similarly, people in the central area of the Urartian Kingdom around Lake Van lacked the steppe ancestry characteristic of the kingdom’s northern provinces. Anatolia exhibited extraordinary continuity down to the Roman and Byzantine periods, with its people serving as the demographic core of much of the Roman Empire, including the city of Rome itself. During medieval times, migrations associated with Slavic and Turkic speakers profoundly affected the region.

Background: It is well known that the pattern of linkage disequilibrium varies between human populations, with remarkable geographical stratification. Indirect association studies routinely exploit linkage disequilibrium around genes, particularly in isolated populations where it is assumed to be higher. Here, we explore both the amount and the decay of linkage disequilibrium with physical distance along 211 gene regions, most of them related to complex diseases, across 39 HGDP-CEPH population samples, focusing particularly on the populations defined as isolates. Within each gene region and population we use r 2 between all possible single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) pairs as a measure of linkage disequilibrium and focus on the proportion of SNP pairs with r 2 greater than 0.8. Although the average r 2 was found to be significantly different both between and within continental regions, a much higher proportion of r 2 variance could be attributed to differences between continental regions (2.8% vs. 0.5%, respectively). Similarly, while the proportion of SNP pairs with r 2 > 0.8 was significantly different across continents for all distance classes, it was generally much more homogenous within continents, except in the case of Africa and the Americas. The only isolated populations with consistently higher LD in all distance classes with respect to their continent are the Kalash (Central South Asia) and the Surui (America). Moreover, isolated populations showed only slightly higher proportions of SNP pairs with r 2 > 0.8 per gene region than non-isolated populations in the same continent. Thus, the number of SNPs in isolated populations that need to be genotyped may be only slightly less than in non-isolates. The "isolated population" label by itself does not guarantee a greater genotyping efficiency in association studies, and properties other than increased linkage disequilibrium may make these populations interesting in genetic epidemiology.

Our study applies a systematic computational genomic approach to investigate the complex population dynamics of Southern Slavs in the Hungarian Plain and Avar Khaganate, and their subsequent role in forming the medieval Croatian population. Using a quality-controlled dataset of 1,800 ancient DNA samples, we implemented a comprehensive analytical framework centered on systematic screening of marginal Principal Components to detect cryptic Slavic genetic signatures. This strategic methodological approach addresses the welldocumented analytical challenge that Germanic and Slavic populations remain indistinguishable using conventional PC1-2 analysis due to shared Baltic Bronze Age ancestry. Through systematic evaluation of all principal components (PC1-20), we identified PC9 as a reliable indicator of Slavic ancestry within European ancient DNA samples when combined with PC4 and PC3. This approach revealed substantial Baltic genetic components in early Slavic populations (57% in Slovakia/ Slovenia) decreasing to 39%-51% in medieval Croatian samples. Statistical modeling demonstrates that contemporary Croatian populations formed through three distinct migration waves, with 50%-60% total Slavic ancestry and 20%-25% pre-Slavic Balkan continuity. Significantly, we identified individuals with Slavic genetic profiles in prestigious Avar burial contexts, questioning established understanding of social hierarchies within the Khaganate. The genomic evidence indicates that key aspects of South Slavic genetic structure emerged through interactions within the Carpathian Basin rather than after Balkan arrival. Our findings demonstrate that Croatian ethnogenesis involved gradual integration rather than population replacement, with the Avar Khaganate serving as a crucial demographic interface where South Slavic genetic structure emerged. Our approach addresses longstanding historical questions regarding Croatian ethnogenesis by identifying specific genetic signatures and quantifying their population-level contributions, demonstrating how application of computational genomics provides

Literary and archaeological sources have preserved a rich history of Southern Europe and West Asia since the Bronze Age that can be complemented by genetics. Mycenaean period elites in Greece did not differ from the general population and included both people with some steppe ancestry and others, like the Griffin Warrior, without it. Similarly, people in the central area of the Urartian Kingdom around Lake Van lacked the steppe ancestry characteristic of the kingdom’s northern provinces. Anatolia exhibited extraordinary continuity down to the Roman and Byzantine periods, with its people serving as the demographic core of much of the Roman Empire, including the city of Rome itself. During medieval times, migrations associated with Slavic and Turkic speakers profoundly affected the region.

Literary and archaeological sources have preserved a rich history of Southern Europe and West Asia since the Bronze Age that can be complemented by genetics. Mycenaean period elites in Greece did not differ from the general population and included both people with some steppe ancestry and others, like the Griffin Warrior, without it. Similarly, people in the central area of the Urartian Kingdom around Lake Van lacked the steppe ancestry characteristic of the kingdom’s northern provinces. Anatolia exhibited extraordinary continuity down to the Roman and Byzantine periods, with its people serving as the demographic core of much of the Roman Empire, including the city of Rome itself. During medieval times, migrations associated with Slavic and Turkic speakers profoundly affected the region.