Information Ethics

67 adhered to it meticulously; something that was highlighted by the chair, Neil Spurway, in his closing comments. In this paper I shall provide a summary of his arguments as they relate to natural theology, along with some critical comments. Because Donald MacKay is not as well known today as he was during his lifetime I shall start with a brief biographical sketch of his life.

本論文は、スキルズ・フィルター・フレームワーク（第 1〜4 巻）を統括・拡張し、「多層的ナラティブ動的写像フレームワーク（Phase 5）」を提案する。

Phase 1〜2 が確立した静的プレレンダリング・ガード（RULE-07〜11）は、LLM 生成 C4 図の Type-L 崩壊をレンダリング成功率（RSR）95.6%まで抑制した。
Phase 4 が実証した MDP（マルコフ決定過程）ベース動的修復エンジンは、正岡子規「柿くへば鐘が鳴るなり法隆寺」の螺旋構造（有向巡回グラフ：Directed Cyclic Graph、以下 DCG）を意味を一滴も損なわずに DAG へ変換し、RSR 97.8%・平均 2.87ms・成功率 100%（N=30）を達成した。

Phase 5 が取り組む未解決問題は二つである。
第一に、多層 C4 モデル（Context → Container → Component）間でナラティブを同時維持する「マルチレイヤー・コラプス」の防止。
第二に、絵画・文学に代表される非線形な「感性データ」を C4 構造へ安全にマッピングする数理的手法の不在である。本論文はこれらを解決するための「垂直的意味保存アルゴリズム」と「感性トポロジー変換マトリクス」の設計方針を示す。

言語非依存性・多言語普遍性の統計的検証（Fisher 検定等）は Phase 5 の新規実験課題として位置づけ、定量ゴールを RSR ≥ 99.0%・層間意味論保全率 100%（3 層以上同時生成）と設定する。

キーワード：多層的ナラティブ動的写像、垂直的意味保存、感性トポロジー変換、マルコフ決定過程（MDP）、有向巡回グラフ（DCG）、DAG 変換、C4 モデル、論文道場、認知共生インフラ

La intrincada interacción entre "Querer" (Deseo) y "Poder" (Capacidad) en la cognición humana, explorada por Héctor Manuel Hernández Soria, es análoga a un ecosistema dinámico dentro de un terrario cerrado. En esta analogía, el terrario representa el marco del conocimiento, donde cada planta simboliza una faceta diferente de la indagación y la comprensión humanas. Paso 1: Configuración -El ecosistema comienza con la colocación de múltiples especies de plantas dentro del terrario, cada una requiriendo condiciones específicas para prosperar. Esto refleja las indagaciones filosóficas y científicas que forman la base del conocimiento humano, cada una con metodologías y necesidades epistemológicas únicas. Paso 2: Acción -El ecosistema evoluciona a través de la interacción de las plantas, que compiten por la luz, el agua y el espacio, de forma análoga a la búsqueda humana por equilibrar el deseo de conocimiento (Querer) con la capacidad de adquirirlo (Poder). Así como las plantas crecen encontrando nichos y ajustando sus estrategias, la cognición humana se adapta negociando las limitaciones de la adquisición de conocimiento. Paso 3: Resultado -Con el tiempo, emerge un ecosistema equilibrado que armoniza las diversas necesidades y patrones de crecimiento de las plantas. Esto refleja cómo se construye la comprensión humana, donde las reflexiones filosóficas dan forma a los paradigmas científicos, al igual que el microclima del terrario que sustenta una vida vegetal diversa. Al visualizar la cognición humana como un sistema interdependiente y en evolución, similar a un terrario, podemos predecir que los cambios en un área del conocimiento inevitablemente afectan a otras, lo que sugiere que el crecimiento intelectual requiere tanto deseo (Querer) como capacidad (Poder) en una coexistencia armoniosa. Producido por Centro de Impacto -Academia.edu Analogía A I

Much of philosophy has been shaped by dualism, not only as a position to be defended, but as a problem to be solved. Mind and body, subject and object, fact and value, theory and practice, individual and collective, appearance and reality, and being and becoming have provided some of philosophy's most enduring organizing tensions. Yet the dominance of dualism is not limited to frameworks that explicitly affirm binary separation. Many anti-dualistic traditions remain historically or conceptually organized around the dualisms they seek to overcome. They synthesize, dissolve, mediate, transcend, reverse, or collapse dualisms into identity, but the dualism still functions as the generative problem. This article distinguishes between three modes of philosophical architecture: dualistic frameworks, anti-dualistic frameworks, and architecturally non-binary frameworks. The anti-dualistic category is internally diverse, encompassing moves ranging from Hegelian Aufhebung — the most systematic synthesis-based response to binary opposition in the Western tradition — to dissolution of inherent existence (svabhava), dynamic polarity reframing, and reversal of the privileged term. All begin from a binary pair as their originating problem. By contrast, architecturally non-binary frameworks do not take A versus B as their starting grammar. Critical realism (Bhaskar, 1975, 1979), Peircean triadicity (Peirce, 1931–1958), and five-dimensional metatheory (Raei, 2026a) suggest ways of beginning inquiry from architectures other than A versus B. The article concludes that philosophy need not be organized around the repair of inherited splits. It can also begin from depth, triadic relation, or multidimensional differentiation.

Ethical considerations in research are crucial for maintaining the integrity, reliability, and social responsibility of academic and scientific undertakings. Responsible conduct of research (RCR) and data privacy and ethics in the digital age are two significant sub-themes that are highlighted in this paper, which examines the vast array of ethical concerns that researchers face. There are now significant concerns around participant confidentiality, privacy protection, and the ethical use of digital technologies as a result of the manner that data is collected and evaluated changing due to the growth of digital technology. As online platforms, big data, and artificial intelligence (AI) grow in popularity, researchers must resolve difficult moral conundrums while maintaining participant confidentiality and data integrity. This study explores the ethical dilemmas surrounding the management of personal data in digital environments, the effects of data breaches, and informed consent. Additionally, it talks about RCR, which encompasses principles like accountability, transparency, impartiality, and integrity at all stages of the research process. There is special focus on plagiarism, conflicts of interest, and the necessity of proper data management to prevent research misconduct. The article ends with suggestions for creating robust ethical standards, highlighting the importance of institutions’ support of moral research practices and the need to modify them for the evolving digital environment. The report seeks to offer a comprehensive understanding of how researchers could overcome these challenges in order to uphold ethical standards and foster confidence in their research by highlighting the interconnectedness between digital ethics and RCR. Keywords: Ethical Research, Data Privacy, Digital Ethics, Responsible Conduct, Research Integrity.

Ethics, an essential dimension of human research, is considered both as discipline and practice. For clinical research, ethically justified criteria for the design, conduct, and review of clinical investigation can be identified by obligations to both the researcher and human subject. Informed consent, confidentiality, privacy, privileged communication, and respect and responsibility are key elements of ethics in research. A systematic literature search of English-language articles on Medline, ISI web of knowledge, Sciencedirect, Google scholar, the Cochrane database of evidence-based reviews, and the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects was performed by connecting the Mesh terms ("ethics", "medical research", research ethics", "medical education", "research ethics principles". The abstracts of 461 articles were reviewed for the relevancy of topic and analyzed in terms of application and validity. Out of these, 21 studies were found relevant as they concentrated principles of ethics in medical research, their practical applications, and suggested guidelines for future research. Research ethics committees must promote greater understanding of ethical issues on biomedical research. These committees function for submission, consideration, evaluation, and communication of findings. Application, research protocol, patient information leaflet and informed consent form, and any other supporting documentation are thoroughly reviewed by research ethics committees for legal and moral safety, integrity, and welfare of the research subjects.

مفهوم «عقل سلیم»؛ به معنی مجموعۀ باورهای بدیهی و مشترکی که انسان‌ها بی‌نیاز از استدلال بر اساس آنها زندگی می‌کنند، در قرن بیست‌ویکم وارد بحرانی تازه شده است. این مقاله استدلال می‌کند که برخلاف سنت فلسفی، پرسش امروز دیگر این نیست که عقل سلیم چیست یا تا کی باقی می‌ماند، بلکه این است که چه کسی آن را می‌سازد، در چه مقیاسی توزیع می‌کند، و آیا ماهیتش انسانی می‌ماند یا خیر.
چارچوب نظری مقاله این است که عقل سلیم همواره نه یک ویژگی ذاتی ذهن فردی انسان، بلکه یک فناوری اجتماعی بوده است. ابزاری که جوامع برای کاهش هزینه‌های شناختی و هماهنگی جمعی ساخته‌اند؛ و مثل هر فناوری دیگری، می‌توان آن را طراحی، تخریب یا بازسازی کرد.
در این مقاله نخست، چهار جریان فکری مرتبط با مفهوم عقل سلیم در ربع‌ قرن اخیر بررسی می‌شود:
دفاع معرفت‌شناختی تحلیلی از باورهای پایه؛
تلاش برای مدل‌سازی و بازتولید مصنوعی عقل سلیم؛
تشخیص فروپاشی زیرساخت اجتماعیِ واقعیت مشترک؛
و کوشش‌های نوپا برای بازسازی آن از مسیر اخلاق اطلاعات و حکمرانی دیجیتال.
سپس نشان داده می‌شود که این جریان‌ها عملاً در سه میدان درگیرند:
نبرد بر سر «مالکیت» (انتقال عقل سلیم از ذهن انسان به شرکت‌ها، دولت‌ها و ماشین‌ها)؛
نبرد بر سر «قلمرو» (تنش میان یکسان‌سازی الگوریتم جهانی و نیاز به تفکر سیاره‌ای)؛
و نبرد بر سر «هویت» (انسانی‌ماندن یا ماشینی‌شدن عقل سلیم).
استدلال محوری مقاله این است که در برابر «ماشین‌های فکر» که می‌توانند هر ادعایی را با استدلالی ظاهراً منطقی توجیه کنند، عقل سلیم انسانی، به‌سبب اتکا بر تجربۀ مشترک و اصلاح‎پذیری‌اش در برابر شرایط جدید و شواهد عینی، همچنان آخرین خط دفاع در برابر باورهای نادرست و ناموجه است؛ سنگری که نگاهبانی‌اش نه مسئله‌ای صرفاً معرفتی، بلکه مسئله‌ای اخلاقی است؛ آنجا که تعهد به حقیقت همچون روش باید سرلوحه کار انسان قرار گیرد.

The original manuscript of this work was authored in Farsi (Persian) by the researcher. The English version was produced through AI-assisted translation and linguistic refinement, utilizing Google Translate and Large Language Models. The author has meticulously reviewed, edited, and verified the final English text to ensure that all theoretical nuances, philosophical arguments, and conceptual frameworks accurately reflect the original Persian content. The author remains fully responsible for the integrity and accuracy of the translation. The original Persian manuscript is available from the author upon reasonable request.

The rapid digitalization of Pakistan’s financial sector has significantly increased exposure to sophisticated cyber threats, including phishing attacks, ransomware, malware, insider threats, financial fraud, and identity theft. Traditional cybersecurity systems based on rule-based and signature-driven approaches are increasingly ineffective against evolving and intelligent cyberattacks. Consequently, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning technologies have emerged as advanced solutions for automated cyber threat detection and predictive cybersecurity analytics. However, the “black-box” nature of many AI models creates major challenges related to transparency, interpretability, accountability,
and institutional trust, particularly in highly sensitive financial environments. This study critically examined the role of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) in enhancing cyber threat detection within Pakistan’s financial sector. Using a qualitative analytical research design and systematic literature review approach, the study analyzed recent scholarly research, cybersecurity reports, and AI governance frameworks related to explainable cybersecurity systems. The findings revealed that machine learning and deep learning models significantly improve intrusion detection, fraud prevention, and anomaly detection capabilities, while
XAI techniques such as SHAP, LIME, decision trees, and interpretable neural networks enhance transparency, reduce false positives, and strengthen analyst confidence in AI-generated decisions. The study further identified major implementation barriers in Pakistan, including weak cybersecurity infrastructure, shortage of skilled AI professionals, inadequate regulatory frameworks, and limited institutional readiness for explainable AI adoption. The study concluded that integrating explainable AI into financial cybersecurity systems can improve cyber resilience, support regulatory compliance, enhance institutional trust, and strengthen secure digital financial transformation in Pakistan. Strategic investment in AI governance, cybersecurity infrastructure, and explainable AI research is essential for sustainable implementation.

Goal setting in organizations is a foundational management process that determines strategic direction, resource allocation, and performance standards. This paper examines the dual nature of organizational goal setting, interrogating whether such processes are fundamentally rational-driven by objective analysis, systematic planning, and logic-based negotiation-or inherently political, shaped by power dynamics, coalitional interests, and institutional bargaining. Drawing on classical and contemporary organizational theory, including Cyert and March's Behavioral Theory of the Firm, Locke and Latham's Goal Setting Theory, stakeholder theory, and institutional perspectives, this paper argues that organizational goal setting cannot be adequately understood through either lens alone. Instead, it proposes an integrative framework that acknowledges rationality and politics as co-constitutive forces. Empirical evidence from diverse organizational contexts is synthesized to demonstrate how the interplay of rational analysis and political behaviour shape goal formation, legitimation, and implementation. The paper concludes with theoretical and practical implications for managers, policymakers, and organizational scholars.

É necessário conceber ambientes, instituições e organismos dialógicos, como arquivos, bibliotecas e museus que, como dispositivos de mediação, contribuem para que a informação impulsione horizontes possíveis para a criação ou ressignificação dos conhecimentos, reflexões, teorias e práticas, servindo como uma base (re)articuladora do mundo social da vida.

A importância da racionalidade comunicativa dos sujeitos em atividades de mediação da informação para renovar, fortalecer e disseminar interações no mundo da vida diante do contexto contemporâneo marcado por uma significativa disseminação de modus de desinformação. O papel da mediação da informação torna-se particularmente relevante quando consideramos as observações de Demo (2000), que identifica a desinformação como um fenômeno intrínseco à comunicação humana, ainda mais evidente no processo de globalização, que, embora aparentemente reduza distâncias entre nações e povos, simultaneamente exacerba as disparidades sociais. Assim, refletir sobre a mediação da informação nesse contexto sugere um caminho promissor em direção à inclusão social, à emancipação dos sujeitos e ao fortalecimento do mundo da vida.

Este trabalho busca relacionar a ação comunicativa de Habermas à mediação da informação, enquanto via de inclusão do outro, como sustentado por Habermas. Trata-se de um recorte de um estudo em desenvolvimento no âmbito do doutorado em Ciência da Informação, que visualiza na teoria da ação comunicativa de Habermas um horizonte possível para discutir e reflexionar o lugar e papel da mediação da informação na atual conjuntura, de modo a potencializar sua função emancipatória. A pesquisa pode ser classificada como exploratória, qualitativa, de método bibliográfico, procurando captar não só a aparência do fenômeno, como também suas essências, procurando explicar sua origem e relações. Entende-se que a Ciência da Informação contribui, através de suas investigações teóricas e empíricas envolvendo esferas que podem ser consideradas aqueles espaços em estado de vulnerabilidade, apontados por Habermas, a partir dos estudos acerca da mediação da informação na direção da inclusão do outro. Palavras-chave: ciência da informação; mediação da informação; ação comunicativa.

In business information systems, many of the questions of both ethics and business benefit can be usefully considered in terms of levels and type of openness to be applied. In this paper, I examine both the ethical implications of such choices, but also the business benefits to be gained, from choosing a more open path. software licensing issues, communication protocols, data formats and customer relations are all considered through this lens.

An innovative model for analyzing and describing the role of ethics and the manner in which it is applied in the general field of information technology is presented. Current practices and existing behavior rules that are related to economical and social issues are discussed with specific reference to computing technologies such as the internet. A theoretical model for computing and controlling drifts in ethical practices is then delivered to account for continuously changing socioeconomical factors. The circle-ellipse model used proved to be a new and innovative yet simple way for predicting and analyzing ethics in an ever developing environment.

Recent public discussions about technologies and social values have called for greater consideration of ethics during technology development and deployment, leading many organizations to create and promote compliance-or checklist-oriented toolkits and frameworks to address values and ethical issues. However, surfacing discussion and consideration of ethics in broader, more open-ended ways during the design process may help surface unique needs, social corner cases, or new or different understandings of values and ethics. This one-day workshop will convene CSCW researchers and practitioners to propose and consider new interventions and approaches to ethics in design that go beyond formal checklist-and compliance-oriented approaches. CSCW's rich set of methods when investigating values and ethics provides a starting point for developing new approaches and interventions. These may potentially include design activities, games and roleplaying, critical making, changes to work practice and organizational structure, or conducting empirical research. Our goal is to explore multiple and alternative forms of values and ethics interventions, rather than coming to a particular "best" approach. This workshop aims to map out a space of interventions for values and ethics, propose new approaches and interventions, and craft an agenda for experimenting with and evaluating new interventions.

Abstract
This article analyses the traditional Japanese house as a semiotic space that reflects social codes. It examines how architectural features such as the
genkan vestibule, the engawa, zashiki, shoji and fusuma sliding panels – mediate relationships between private and public zones. The study introduces
key Japanese concepts (honne/tatemae, uchi/soto, omote/ura, hare/ke, and kafuchō-sei) to explain how dichotomies of inner/outer, public/private,
and gender roles shape domestic spaces. Transitional, flexible elements allow inhabitants to negotiate boundaries, maintain social harmony, and ad-
apt space to ritual or everyday occasions. Ultimately, the Japanese house is argued to embody not merely climate adaptation or practical rationalism
but to perpetuate codified cultural values and social codes through its spatial organization.

The ethics assessment industry is currently dominated by the second version of the Defining Issues Test (DIT2). In this article, we describe an alternative assessment instrument called the Sphere-Specific Moral Reasoning and Theory Survey (SMARTS), which measures the respondent’s level of moral development in several respects. We describe eight difficulties that an instrument must overcome in order to assess ethics classes successfully. We argue that the DIT2 fails to solve these problems, and that the SMARTS succeeds. The SMARTS was administered as pre-test and post-test during several semesters to ethics and non-ethics classes. Ethics students improved significantly more than non-ethics students in both moral theory choice and moral reasoning. Thus, ethics classes do indeed teach ethics.

The development of identity in children and adolescents represents a complex and progressive process shaped by the interaction between intrapsychic, relational and environmental factors (Erikson, 1968; Rogers, 1951). Over the past two decades, the widespread diffusion of social media has introduced an evolutionary context characterized by continuous exposure, immediate feedback and amplified dynamics of social comparison, significantly altering the conditions under which these processes unfold (Valkenburg & Peter, 2011; Nesi, 2020). The present theoretical paper examines the impact of digital environments on self-construction in minors proposing an integrated interpretative framework that combines developmental psychology, self-theory and structural characteristics of digital contexts. In particular, it is hypothesized that early and intensive interaction with social media platforms may promote identity configurations oriented toward performance and external validation, with potential implications for emotional regulation, selfesteem and internal coherence of the self (Festinger, 1954; Twenge & Campbell, 2018). The analysis also incorporates the author's professional experience as a clinical and rehabilitation psychologist, educator within public institutions and technical consultant in contexts involving minors. This perspective allows for the integration of theoretical models with practice-based observations across educational, clinical and evaluative settings. Such integration highlights emerging critical issues which, although consistent with the scientific literature, appear to remain partially underestimated in their medium-and long-term implications.

This article analyses the traditional Japanese house as a semiotic space that reflects social codes. It examines how architectural features such as the
genkan vestibule, the engawa, zashiki, shoji and fusuma sliding panels – mediate relationships between private and public zones. The study introduces key Japanese concepts (honne/tatemae, uchi/soto, omote/ura, hare/ke, and kafuchō-sei) to explain how dichotomies of inner/outer, public/private, and gender roles shape domestic spaces. Transitional, flexible elements allow inhabitants to negotiate boundaries, maintain social harmony, and adapt space to ritual or everyday occasions. Ultimately, the Japanese house is argued to embody not merely climate adaptation or practical rationalism but to perpetuate codified cultural values and social codes through its spatial organization.
/  artykuł analizuje tradycyjny japoński dom jako przestrzeń semiotyczną odzwierciedlającą kody społeczne. Badanie koncentruje się na tym, w jaki sposób elementy architektoniczne, takie jak przedsionek genkan, engawa, zashiki, przesuwne panele shoji oraz fusuma, mediują relacje pomiędzy strefami prywatnymi a publicznymi. Wprowadza kluczowe pojęcia japońskie (honne/tatemae, uchi/soto, omote/ura, hare/ ke oraz kafuchō-sei), wyjaśniając, jak powyższe dychotomie-prawdziwe intencje/społeczne oczekiwania, wewnętrzne/zewnętrzne, front/tył, świąteczne/codzienne oraz role płci-kształtują przestrzenie domu. Zmienność i elastyczność aranżacji elementów przestrzeni architektonicznej pozwala mieszkańcom negocjować granice, utrzymywać harmonię społeczną oraz dostosowywać przestrzeń do okazji świątecznych lub codziennych. Artykuł potwierdza tezę, iż dom japoński ucieleśnia nie tylko funkcjonalny racjonalizm i dostosowanie do warunków klimatu, lecz poprzez swoją organizację przestrzenną odzwierciedla i utrwala skodyfikowane wartości kulturowe i społeczne.

Introduction: The Algorithmic Shaping of Reality Before you form an opinion, an algorithm has already shaped it. Your news feed is not a neutral window onto the world. It is a curated environment, continuously optimized to hold your attention. The stories you see, the arguments you encounter, even the tone of what reaches younone of it arrives by accident. It has been selected, tested, and refined to work on someone like you. Not necessarily to inform you, but to engage you, persuade you, or mobilize you. This is not entirely new. Media has always framed reality. Politics has always involved persuasion. But artificial intelligence has changed the speed, scale, and precision of that process. What once unfolded over weeks or months now happens in real time, across billions of interactions. The result is not the disappearance of truth. It is something subtler-and more consequential.

In the same way that useful theory in knowledge management systems leads us to rethink the nature of knowledge a theory of ethics that would be informed by current research in moral psychology will lead us to rethink the nature of ethical action. This chapter introduces a research program that has tracked ethical action among computer professionals and uses the insights from that research to make suggestions about how purposive moral action is undertaken and how it might be supported by knowledge management systems.

Research suggests that certain practices of the construction industry have left the construction profession with an unethical stigma. In order to curb such behavior, construction programs should provide students with an awareness of unethical practices of the profession as the first step towards ethical decision-making. The intent of this study is to suggest a topic-based meta-framework for teaching ethics to construction students, highlighting what non-educational construction research considers ethical topics. This study uses qualitative textual analysis to extract ethical topics from noneducational research from 65 research papers that closely relates themes of construction and ethical issues of the profession. Emergent themes (modules) based on topic extraction groups into two categories of ethical issues in construction practice i.e., professional issues and societal issues. It is the authors' hopes that the list of ethical topics and modules developed are a source of inspiration for those educators honored with the duty to instruct.

This article examines the non-consensual recording and online dissemination of intimate sexual material through the conceptual lens of Registration Regime Theory (RRT). It argues that such acts should not be understood merely as privacy violations, reputational harms, or isolated forms of digital abuse, but as a deeper form of coercive registration: the forced transformation of a person’s intimate life into a persistent, searchable, reproducible, and socially operative digital record.

The article develops the concept of coercive registration and proposes the right to exit coercive registration as a normative extension of the right to be forgotten. It further outlines a multi-layered digital erasure mechanism based on rapid response, digital fingerprinting, cross-platform coordination, and legal accountability. By foregrounding temporality, the article shows that the central harm of non-consensual intimate recording lies not only in exposure, but in the forced extension of a violated past into the victim’s future.

This work is part of Ali Arı’s broader theoretical framework, Registration Regime Theory, which examines how records, classifications, archives, and digital infrastructures shape social reality over time.

The library and information profession in Africa is not well recognized. It does not carry an identifiable set of core activities that share a common understanding across societies in Africa. The number of libraries in Africa is limited for a variety of reasons including lack of resources, populations that are not based in print literacy, and having its roots in the British model of librarianship. HIV/AIDS continues to pose severe problems for Sub-Saharan Africa. Some countries in the region have successfully reduced the number of HIV/AIDS cases, citing information as the main source of prevention, presenting library and information professionals a unique opportunity to collectively organize and establish their role in the fight against the disease. This paper will discuss the opportunity for how LIS professionals engaged in HIV/AIDS information activities can develop and strengthen a positive status for the library and information discipline in Sub-Saharan Africa.

This paper reviewed literature reported on computer ethics. This paper is divided into four sections, first section deals with understanding of what is computer ethics, second section deals with history of computer ethics third section discusses the Ethics code of conduct of conduct adopted by many organisations and fourth section discusses about future perspective of computer ethics.The author of this review ask questions with regards to what constitutes computer ethics and works systematically from filling "conceptual vacuum" to understanding of metaethical discourse of computer ethics. This paper discusses historical milestones achieved by trial blazing work of researchers from Norbert Wiener to Luciano Floridi and identifies research questions that have not been addressed sufficiently in the literature and suggest specific research areas for further investigation.

This paper reviewed literature reported on computer ethics. This paper is divided into four sections, first section deals with understanding of what is computer ethics, second section deals with history of computer ethics third section discusses the Ethics code of conduct of conduct adopted by many organisations and fourth section discusses about future perspective of computer ethics.The author of this review ask questions with regards to what constitutes computer ethics and works systematically from filling “conceptual vacuum” to understanding of meta-ethical discourse of computer ethics. This paper discusses historical milestones achieved by trial blazing work of researchers from Norbert Wiener to Luciano Floridi and identifies research questions that have not been addressed sufficiently in the literature and suggest specific research areas for further investigation. Keywords: Computer ethics; code of ethics; information ethics; flourishing ethics; uniqueness debate

This article considers the problem of how employees and observers of business ethics behaviors often do not know how to safely and effectively engage with business ethics issues and cases. The ameliorative method of social situational business ethics framing was analyzed. Key parts of the related literature from philosophy, sociology, organizational studies, and business ethics are reviewed. A literature gap between general framing theory and business ethics was identified with respect to the need for social situational framing in business ethics at the micro individual, meso organizational, and macro institutional levels. Theoretical propositions for bridging the literature gap and a wide variety of business ethics engagement case examples are developed as illustrations of and support for the propositions. Practical social situational business ethics framing implications for safe and effective business ethics engagement are considered.

This article considers the problem of how employees and observers of business ethics behaviors often do not know how to safely and effectively engage with business ethics issues and cases. The ameliorative method of social situational business ethics framing was analyzed. Key parts of the related literature from philosophy, sociology, organizational studies, and business ethics are reviewed. A literature gap between general framing theory and business ethics was identified with respect to the need for social situational framing in business ethics at the micro individual, meso organizational, and macro institutional levels. Theoretical propositions for bridging the literature gap and a wide variety of business ethics engagement case examples are developed as illustrations of and support for the propositions. Practical social situational business ethics framing implications for safe and effective business ethics engagement are considered.

Modern medical technology should be protected and encouraged to develop as it is a product of free research of the human spirit and will eventually bring a considerable medical and economic benefit and ultimately promote the welfare of the mankind. However, on the other hand, negative aspects of the science and technology should be regulated since its abuse or misuse may cause irrecoverable harms to our society. The Modern medical technology is accused of being intricate, prohibitively expensive and potentially dangerous. Due to the potential risk of the Modern technology in a way or another, there is a tendency to expand the scope of the "negligence liability” in the fields of the environment, mass-transportation, malpractice and the like. With the development of biotechnology, the scope of liability in medical care is increasing. With the development in biotechnology, there has been a tendency to overemphasize the genetic features in medical care. Medical science was original...

The cultural and political implications of modern AI research are not some far off concern, they are things that affect the world in the here and now. From advanced control systems with advanced visualizations and image processing techniques that drive the machines of the modern military to the slow creep of a mechanized workforce, ethical questions surround us. Part of dealing with these ethical questions is not just speculating on what could be but teaching our students how to engage with these ethical questions. We explore the use of science fiction as an appropriate tool to enable AI researchers to help engage students and the public on the current state and potential impacts of AI.

La presente relazione analizza la crisi dell'uomo contemporaneo nel contesto iper-tecnologico del 2026, proponendo una "mappatura" filosofica per navigare tra automazione e ricerca di senso. Attraverso un approccio interdisciplinare che coniuga l'etica dell'informazione di Floridi, la biopolitica di Foucault e la resilienza stoica, il lavoro esplora come l'individuo possa riappropriarsi della propria dimensione spirituale e critica (l'Anima) di fronte all'egemonia del dato (l'Algoritmo). L'obiettivo è dimostrare che la filosofia, lungi dall'essere una disciplina astratta, costituisce oggi la tecnologia di resistenza più avanzata per preservare l'essenza dell'umano.

In the world of intellectual creativity, the rights of the owners of copyright have taken a long time to be understood. The concept of copyright that it is the outcome of the hard labor of a creative person has been difficult for people to understand. Not long ago, people thought that they could use and enjoy the writings of an author, the music of a composer and the paintings of an artist freely without realizing that the creator had to be compensated. In the modern world, where everything has to be acquired by paying some amount of compensation to the owner, the fact that a creative work has also to be paid for is much less understood in developing countries than in advanced countries.

History has normative force. There was no history of colonialism, gender, fashion or crime until there were contemporary demands to explain and justify certain values. During much of the twentieth century, 'copyright' history (the history of legal, particularly proprietary, mechanisms for the regulation of the reproduction and distribution of cultural products -as opposed to the history of art, literature, music, or the history of publishers and art-sellers) was not thought of as a coherent, or even necessary field of inquiry. It was a pursuit of individual often rather isolated scholars, not an urgent contribution to knowledge. 1 This was not always so. Copyright history had been the subject of intense and sustained study during several periods in the past, in the sense that there was a common set of questions, a community of scholars who read and responded to each other's concerns, and an audience to which this history mattered. Between around 1740 and 1790 copyright history was elevated to an academic sub-discipline under this (sociological) definition in at least Britain, France and the German-speaking countries. William Blackstone (1723-1780), Denis Diderot (1712-1784) and Johann Stephan Pütter (1725-1807) all searched in different ways for the historical sources of a law prescribing norms of copying. Copyright history is also present in virtually every nineteenth-century jurisprudential treatment of literary property, author's rights, publisher's rights or copyright law. Following the adoption of an international framework of treaties, most prominently with the Berne Convention of 1886, interest in copyright history appeared to wane. As Martti Koskenniemi remarks in the context of international law: 'For a functionally oriented generation, the past offered mainly problems, and few solutions.' 2 Lawyers for most of the twentieth century were functionalists, oriented towards the future. Several fields of legal scholarship experienced a new historical turn towards the end of the twentieth century. Why did the need to understand how we got to where we are arise? For international law, the changing world order after the fall of the Berlin Wall has been suggested as an obvious stimulus. For copyright law, the renewed interest in history may be traced to the translation of Michel Foucault's 1969 essay Qu'est-ce qu'un auteur? which first appeared in English in the mid-seventies. 3 Poststructuralist author theory influenced literary scholars profoundly, just at a time when digitization began to pose questions of authorship and ownership. In the Anglo-American context, the landmark texts of recent copyright history are perhaps Martha Woodmansee's 'The Genius and the Copyright' (1984), turning her gaze on the aesthetic, economic and legal conditions which made enlightenment thinkers frame copyright law in the first place, and Mark Rose's 1988 article 'The Author as Proprietor', developing an argument from the case of Donaldson v. Becket (1774) that, historically, there was no necessary connection between author and text. Many of the questions raised by Rose and Woodmansee still pervade this volume. 4 Given the burgeoning interest in copyright history over the last 25 years, of which the digital archive motivating this edited collection is one of several indicators, 5 this is a timely opportunity for a more fundamental historiographical challenge. 6 Historiography is meta-history, the philosophy of science of historical scholarship. As the field is maturing, how do copyright historians identify their objects of inquiry, the primary sources that matter? How do scholars offer explanations, conceptual explications, and narratives of causes and effects in the evolution of the norms of copying? Which justificatory goals are served by historical investigation? In the funding application for the digital archive project, 7 we confidently claimed that we knew which jurisdictions, and what kind of materials mattered: 'The focus is on five countries that have shaped the modern concepts of copyright law: Italy (20 documents), France (50), the UK (50), Germany (50), and the US (20). The documents will

game. 2 But such reasons also apply to a less commonplace act-virtual child molestation. Virtual child molestation occurs when a player directs their adult character to molest a child NPC in a computer game. Again, no one is actually molested, it's just part of the game. So, if virtual murder is permissible for the reasons given above, is virtual child molestation also permissible? Although many gamers seem to have few qualms with virtual murder, we do seem to have qualms about virtual child molestation. 3 Yet it has proven difficult to find a relevant moral difference between these acts-which is puzzling. This puzzle that can be captured in the form of a paradox: P1-Virtual murder is permissible. P2-There is no relevant difference between virtual murder and virtual child molestation, in respect to being permissible. P3-Virtual child molestation is impermissible. This is the basic version of Gamer's Dilemma. More nuanced formulations of the dilemma provide further details; for example, they limit the types of cases that 2 For arguments against the "just a game" defence (also known as the Magic Circle Defence) see Malaby (2007); Consalvo (2009); Luck, 2009b); Ostritsch (2017). 3 See Formosa et al. (2023) who conducted a study that suggested that people found virtual child molestation to be more "morally unacceptable" than virtual murder.

The concept of ethics is often an object of misconception, misinterpretation and mismatching with other terms like morality, value and aesthetics in philosophy especially among undergraduate students of Arts and Humanities. It is evident that a good number of them are sometimes confused when it comes to the definition and meaning of ethics, its differences from the notion of morality and the relationship between the two in moral philosophy. There are those that do not know why there are various ethical theories and justification for them in the society that cherished such ethical theories. Again, there are young learners who desire to know the similarities, differences and relationship between normative and meta-ethics. Therefore, this paper is concerned with the definition and meaning of ethics, the differences between metaethics and normative ethics, the differences between ethics and morality, the significance each plays in the understanding of ethics and implications inherent in their relationship with one another. Besides, the paper also gives a general survey of special ethics to young and curious minds with reference to various professions that are growing up in leap and bound of our contemporary society.

The advent of the Information Age and global connectivity has placed ethics center stage in the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). As the drive towards the establishment of a so-called IT profession gains momentum, ethical conduct and codes of ethics have recently been formulated and introduced formally. Initiatives in this regard can be attributed to, among others, the ACM and the IEEE. Of particular significance is the ImpactCS Project commissioned by the joint taskforce of the ACM and IEEE, and funded by the USA’s National Science Foundation. The increased globalization and inherent nature of ICT transcend physical and cultural borders, making it increasingly difficult to enforce accepted laws, regulations, and codes of conduct. It is thus the responsibility of Computer Science and Information Systems instructors to teach and instill professional values and ethical analysis skills in each and every student. Therefore, we investigate some issues pertaining to...

IntroductionForgers Han van Meegeren (1889-1947) and Wolfgang Beltracchi (b 1951 as Wolfgang Fischer) created new compositions which were taken to be unknown works by the artists they were forging. The two men had much in common: skills, artistic ability, technical competence, and nerve. They identified the gaps that existed in the market. They knew what contemporary tastes dictated. Importantly, they were also able to anticipate the opinions of connoisseurs, and adapted their "work" to them. Van Meegeren painted religious works that would be lauded as newly discovered "Vermeers." Vermeer's work did not feature very prominently on collectors' agendas between early 1700 and 1860, with the exception of works that were thought to be by artists such as Rembrandt who were more famous than him (Keats, 2013, 75). With the upsurge in interest in Vermeer's work in the early '30s, van Meegeren saw an opportunity to supply the market with the type of "V...

Se analiza, en primer lugar, a la inteligencia artificial desde el enfoque científico y desde los supuestos epistemológicos y ontológicos que la sustentan. Se demuestra que si la semejanza humano-artefacto es tecnológicamente parcial, sin embargo, su interpretación ontológica
compensa esa deficiencia. En segundo lugar, se plantea un análisis semiótico, según la teoría de Lotman, que muestra que tal proyecto genera un discurso universalista, culturalmente hegemónico, pero semióticamente inviable. Esto último se pone de manifiesto al entender
a la inteligencia artificial como un tipo de muñeco autómata, cuyas condiciones lúdicas aseguran culturalmente la semejanza pretendida, a la vez que niegan el universalismo.

Ethics committee's are committees which reviews and evaluates ethics related situations and events, and consists of members specialized in the field. Nowadays, ethics committees hold an important place in ensuring scientists conduct accurate studies and help construct a better future, and ensuring universities are of high quality and efficiency in terms of scientific study. In this regard, analyzing ethics committees in universities will be both helpful scientifically and also in in giving a description of the current state of university ethics committees. Consequently, in this study, the number, variety and structure of ethics committees in 108 government and 71 foundation universities across Turkey were examined through their web sites. The result of such examination found that there was no set universal standard in ethics committees and that there were a huge variety of ethics committees. Starting from this point of view, university ethics committees need to be improved through both quantitative and qualitative research and a standard in regards to the scientific field they provide services to ought to be set.