Maritime Policy

This article examines the potential implications of President Prabowo Subianto’s foreign policy for Indonesia’s bargaining power in an international environment marked by global fragmentation and the growing prevalence of transactional diplomacy. As the era of liberal globalization increasingly gives way to strategic rivalry, major powers have begun to integrate trade, investment, technology transfer, security cooperation, energy access, mineral resources, and diplomatic support into broader negotiating frameworks. For Indonesia, this changing landscape presents significant opportunities, given its large domestic market, abundant natural resources, strategic maritime location, and established identity as part of the Global South. At the same time, it also generates important risks, including strategic ambiguity, weak inter-agency coordination, investor uncertainty, and domestic as well as international criticism concerning sovereignty, the continuity of Indonesia’s free and active foreign policy tradition, and its diplomatic position on Palestine. The paper argues that President Prabowo Subianto’s foreign policy embodies two competing tendencies. It seeks to position Indonesia as a more assertive Global South power, yet simultaneous engagement across multiple diplomatic and economic arenas may generate policy inconsistency. BRICS membership may reinforce Indonesia’s Global South identity, while OECD accession requires alignment with advanced-economy standards. Cooperation with China supports investment, but South China Sea tensions demand firm sovereignty-based positions. Relations with the West remain vital for technology and markets, while the Gaza issue tests Indonesia’s diplomatic consistency. The paper concludes that transactional diplomacy can enhance Indonesia’s bargaining power only when embedded within a coherent national strategy. Indonesia’s independent and active foreign policy remains relevant, but it requires institutional discipline, inter-agency coordination, clear sovereignty red lines, and consistent diplomatic communication. Without these, flexibility may become ambiguity, pragmatism may appear opportunistic, and global ambition may produce policy inconsistency.

The archaeological study of excavated ships can contribute to knowledge and understanding of past seafaring and maritime activities. Such study includes the assessment of the hull structure and construction methods. This paper highlights technological innovations evidenced by the remnants of ships in China, Korea, and Japan. Based on data of the excavated ships from the tenth century onwards, this paper addresses the significance of the bulkhead in oceangoing ships in the light of technological innovations, diffusion, and hybridization. This contributes to further understanding of the relationship between the "Yellow Sea shipbuilding tradition," the "East China Sea shipbuilding tradition," and the "South China Sea shipbuilding tradition." The "South China Sea shipbuilding tradition" has been presented by earlier researchers as a hybrid ship building technology. This paper highlights the integration of the technologies from the Yellow Sea and E...

This research is analytical descriptive research. The purpose of this study is to explain and analyze Indonesia's national defense public policy from time to time. Formulating national defense public policies with appropriate and adaptive strategies in the implementation of national defense is an absolute requirement for realizing the independence of national defense and security. Public policy on national defense can guide and provide the nation in the future in facing various threats, disturbances, obstacles, and challenges that come and go, both military and non-military threats. Therefore, it is necessary to study the evolution of national defense public policy based on Indonesia's leadership so that it can be a reference in improving national defense in the future. The results of the study indicate that the more renewable National Defense Public Policy is following technological developments and the types of threats that are increasingly unpredictable, namely the Nation...

This study examined how emerging technologies improve business processes within Anambra State's blue economy sectors, with emphasis on aquaculture, fisheries, and inland water transport. It aimed to identify relevant technologies, assess their level of application, evaluate their operational effects, and determine the barriers limiting wider uptake. The study adopted a systematic review design grounded in thematic analysis and guided by Saunders' Research Onion and PRISMA procedures. Literature was drawn from Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, using studies published from 2014 to 2024. The findings show that artificial intelligence, blockchain, big data analytics, and the Internet of Things improve process visibility, monitoring, traceability, coordination, and decision quality across blue economy activities. In fisheries and aquaculture, digital tools support water quality monitoring, production oversight, and market linkage. In inland transport and logistics, they improve cargo tracking, documentation flow, communication, and operational control. These gains remain uneven because adoption is constrained by unstable power supply, weak internet access, high technology cost, limited finance, skill deficits, maintenance difficulty, cybersecurity concerns, and policy uncertainty. Sector comparison shows that fisheries and aquaculture remain at an early adoption stage, while inland water transport is in a transitional stage with partial digital reform. The study concludes that technology integration in Anambra State's blue economy depends on stronger infrastructure, targeted financing, workforce training, clear regulatory standards, and phased pilot implementation. It recommends coordinated action among government, industry, academia, and technology providers to improve adoption, strengthen sustainability, and support long-term process improvement.

Digital Twin Maritime Law merupakan suatu konsep yang menghubungkan teknologi pemodelan virtual real-time dengan sektor maritim, yang mencakup terkait kapal, pelabuhan, jalur pelayaran, dan ekosistem laut. Sehingga objek fisik dan aktivitas laut memiliki “Digital Twin” yang dapat digunakan sebagai dasar analisis hukum, meningkatkan efisiensi, keselamatan, dan prediksi operasional.

This study aims to analyze the maritime dominance of the Majapahit Kingdom in the Indonesian Archipelago using a critical historical approach. The background of this research is based on a historiographical tendency that often portrays Majapahit as an absolute maritime hegemonic power, without considering the complexity of the power relations that existed. The research method employed is qualitative with a historical approach, involving the stages of heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography, utilizing primary sources in the form of classical texts as well as secondary sources from scholarly journal articles. Research findings indicate that Majapahit's maritime dominance was not solely based on military strength or territorial expansion, but rather on its ability to manage trade networks, build maritime power, and develop flexible political strategies. The strategic geographical conditions of the Indonesian archipelago served as a supporting factor, though they were not determinative. Majapahit's dominance is more accurately understood as a network-based hegemony that relied on control over shipping routes and trade hubs. Furthermore, the glory of Majapahit was underpinned by political stability, maritime economic strength, and effective diplomacy, while its decline was influenced by internal conflicts and shifting regional dynamics. Thus, this study confirms that Majapahit's maritime dominance was a dynamic and adaptive power structure, rather than a static territorial hegemony. Nusantara as active agents in regional and global trade networks.

The concept of Maritime Security assumes different meanings according to the context and actors involved. The objective of this monograph is to determine the positive contributions to maritime security of the South Atlantic that can be incorporated by Brazil from the study of the evolution of the concept of maritime security, based on the academic production of the scholars of this theme and the international experience expressed in the most recent maritime security strategies from other countries and international organizations. The methodology used comprised a bibliographic and documentary research, having been based, fundamentally, on the studies on the concept of maritime security and on maritime security strategies of countries and international organizations taken as reference. The study addresses the maritime security structure of Brazil and compares it with the strategies of other countries or state organizations, in view of the evolution of the concept proposed by expert authors on the subject. The conclusion indicates that there are lessons that can be observed by Brazil to outline its maritime security strategy for the South Atlantic, at national level, complementing or organizing differently the actions that are already being developed by the Brazilian Navy and others participants linked to the subject. The suggested actions demonstrate the need to invest in the legal framework, observing the best practices performed by the countries studied in the study. It is hoped that such a contribution could add value to Brazilian National Security, Defense and Development.

Purpose: This paper investigates the participation of women in the maritime sector through a comparative analysis of international strategies and institutional frameworks. It aims to identify the main barriers and drivers influencing women's engagement in seafaring and shore-based professions and to propose concrete policy directions tailored to the Greek context. Methodology: The study applies a qualitative, deskbased comparative policy analysis. Primary data were drawn from international and national policy documents, gender equality strategies, and institutional reports (IMO, ILO, EU, WISTA). Secondary academic sources complemented the analysis. Thematic synthesis was used to categorize measures and outcomes across 17 countries, focusing on education, mentoring, safety, and accountability frameworks.

Perkembangan teknologi militer modern menunjukkan pergeseran signifikan menuju penggunaan sistem tanpa awak yang lebih efektif, presisi, dan ekonomis. Salah satu inovasi yang berkembang pesat adalah drone First Person View (FPV) kamikaze yang mampu melakukan serangan presisi tinggi dengan risiko minimal bagi operator. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang dan mengoptimalkan drone FPV kamikaze dengan integrasi payload munisi mortar kaliber 81 mm sebagai solusi strategis dalam meningkatkan kapabilitas pertahanan modern dan mendukung kemandirian industri pertahanan nasional. Metode yang digunakan meliputi pendekatan desain rekayasa (engineering design), analisis numerik, serta simulasi berbasis Finite Element Analysis (FEA) untuk mengevaluasi kekuatan struktur, stabilitas, dan performa penerbangan drone. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa integrasi munisi mortar dengan platform drone FPV memberikan keunggulan dalam hal mobilitas, akurasi serangan, serta fleksibilitas operasional, khususnya dalam skenario peperangan asimetris dan lingkungan kompleks. Namun demikian, terdapat tantangan teknis seperti stabilitas beban, sistem pelepasan munisi, serta kebutuhan daya angkut yang optimal. Secara strategis, pengembangan teknologi ini berpotensi memperkuat efektivitas operasi militer sekaligus mendorong kemandirian industri pertahanan melalui pemanfaatan teknologi dalam negeri. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi referensi dalam pengembangan sistem persenjataan berbasis drone yang adaptif, efisien, dan berdaya saing tinggi di masa depan. [How to Cited; Putra, I. N.,Siahaan, T., Deksino, G. R., Jupriyanto & Erlangga, N. (2025). Desain dan Optimalisasi Drone FPV Kamikaze dengan Payload Mortar: Langkah Strategis Menuju Pertahanan Modern. Indonesia Emas Group]

Agradeço ao Orientador, Prof. Doutor Luís Tomé, por ter aceitado orientar esta dissertação. Expresso igualmente a minha gratidão pelo valioso apoio prestado, tanto na estruturação e análise crítica ao seu conteúdo, como no rigor dos comentários e contributos às diferentes versões deste trabalho. Gostaria de endereçar o meu profundo agradecimento ao Contra-almirante António Silva Ribeiro pela total disponibilidade e abertura que devotou a este estudo. Ao Comandante António Gonçalves, agradeço a amizade e a profunda entrega que infundiu à revisão deste trabalho, assim como as valiosas contribuições para o processo de investigação. Agradeço à Mestre Filipa Teles a disponibilidade para a revisão deste estudo académico, apesar da distância física que nos separa, em virtude de se encontrar ao serviço da lusofonia em Xangai. Ao Comandante Ferreira da Silva, os meus agradecimentos pela revisão crítica do texto e profícuos comentários. Uma palavra também de gratidão ao Comandante Ferreira Teles, responsável pela secção da cooperação militar da Divisão de Relações Externas, do Estado-Maior da Armada, pelos contributos e comentários. Uma palavra de apreço à Dr.ª Rita Duarte, Secretária do Departamento de Relações Internacionais da Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa, pelo empenho demonstrado no esclarecimento das dúvidas administrativas. À Divisão de Recursos do Estado-Maior da Armada, agradeço pelo constante incentivo para a concretização deste estudo, assim como pelo apoio prestado ao longo de toda a investigação, designadamente na nomeação para seminários que foram essenciais para a compreensão do Estado da Arte nesta temática. Os meus agradecimentos aos Oficiais do Estado-Maior da Armada pela camaradagem e pelos profícuos debates à volta da problemática definida nesta dissertação. À minha família, agradeço o apoio incondicional e constante encorajamento na procura do conhecimento. O presente trabalho de investigação é o culminar de um longo processo de reflexão e de discussão promovida pelo Orientador, Camaradas, Amigos e Família, que me obsequiaram com a partilha dos seus conhecimentos, sensibilidades e experiências. A todos os que de alguma forma contribuíram para este projeto, o meu muito obrigado.

Dengan latar belakang sebagai seorang mantan prajurit militer sekaligus sebagai menteri pertahanan, naiknya Prabowo Subianto sebagai Presiden Republik Indonesia pada 20 Oktober 2024 lalu dianggap banyak pihak sebagai momentum kebangkitan Indonesia dari sisi pertahanan dan keamanan. Komitmen Prabowo pada saat menjabat sebagai menteri pertahanan untuk menjadikan TNI sebagai militer yang profesional dan tangguh, serta didukung oleh anggaran pertahanan yang memadai,  seakan menjadi lebih mudah direalisasikan ketika menduduki jabatan sebagai presiden atau Panglima Tertinggi TNI. Kini, setelah satu tahun Prabowo menjabat, visi tersebut belum sepenuhnya terwujud.

This reflection explores the importance and function of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the specialized United Nations agency responsible for regulating international shipping. It discusses how IMO ensures safety, security, and environmental protection in global maritime operations. Through this reflection, I have gained a stronger understanding of the organization's global impact and its role in shaping a safer and more sustainable maritime industry.

This dissertation examines cruise shipping from the maritime perspective, the trends and developments witnessed in the sector, the industry dynamics, the distinctive features of major cruise destinations and markets, the principal cruise lines and the emerging issues of key concern to the cruise industry. Based on this, an assessment of their likely implications and policy imperatives for Indian ports has been made. Irrespective of the type and class of vessel and the cargo that it carries onboard, a port has to remain in a constant state of readiness and preparedness to make available adequate facilities to the vessels by providing appropriate infrastructure support and services. Every technical innovation taking place in the shipping industry has a direct bearing on the standing of ports and although static, the ports have to show dynamism in proactively attuning with the demands that these innovations bring about. The economic considerations coupled with the geo-political and geo...

Litbanghan bukan sekadar pelengkap, tapi fondasi kesiapan TNI AD di era ancaman multidimensi.
Dari kolaborasi dengan BRIN hingga inovasi lokal anti-drone, inilah saatnya membangun ekosistem pertahanan yang tangguh dan mandiri, karena kesiapan tidak bisa ditunda.
The time to act was yesterday.

Wilayah pesisir dan kepulauan memiliki arti strategis bagi Indonesia, baik dari segi ekonomi, sosial, budaya, maupun geopolitik. Namun, kawasan ini juga menghadapi berbagai permasalahan, mulai dari ketimpangan pembangunan, kerentanan terhadap perubahan iklim, hingga konflik pemanfaatan sumber daya. Buku ini hadir untuk membahas secara mendalam bagaimana pendekatan manajemen dapat diterapkan dalam mengelola pembangunan wilayah pesisir secara efektif dan berkelanjutan.

Melalui 12 bab pembahasan, buku ini menyajikan konsep dasar pembangunan wilayah, potensi ekonomi maritim, strategi perencanaan, tata kelola, manajemen sumber daya, hingga inovasi digitalisasi dan kewirausahaan pesisir. Setiap bab diperkaya dengan studi kasus dan praktik lapangan yang relevan, sehingga memberikan perspektif aplikatif bagi pembaca.

Buku ini tidak hanya ditujukan untuk kalangan akademisi, tetapi juga praktisi, pembuat kebijakan, serta masyarakat luas yang peduli terhadap masa depan wilayah pesisir dan kepulauan. Dengan membaca buku ini, diharapkan pembaca dapat memahami pentingnya sinergi antara pemerintah, akademisi, swasta, dan komunitas lokal dalam mewujudkan pembangunan pesisir yang inklusif, berdaya saing, dan berkelanjutan.

Trilateral Maritime Security Workshop antara India, Indonesia, dan Australia pada Mei 2024 menegaskan pentingnya kerja sama maritim di Indo-Pasifik untuk menghadapi ancaman lintas batas seperti narkoba, pencurian ikan, dan kejahatan maritim lainnya. Bagi Indonesia, keterlibatan ini memperkuat posisi strategis sekaligus sejalan dengan politik luar negeri bebas aktif. Dari perspektif siyasah dauliyah, kerja sama ini mencerminkan prinsip al-ta’awun atau saling membantu, sehingga keamanan kawasan dapat terjaga secara adil, stabil, dan berkelanjutan.

Buku Intelijen 5.0 dan Tantangan Keamanan merupakan merupakan proses tersusun untuk mendukung pengambilan keputusan di berbagai sektor, seperti pemerintahan, keamanan, ekonomi, politik, dan lain-lain. Siklus intelijen yang dikemukakan oleh Prunckun (2010), yaitu perencanaan dan pengarahan, pengumpulan, pemrosesan, analisis dan produksi, serta diseminasi dan umpan balik, yang semuanya saling terkait. Pengumpulan intelijen sendiri terdiri dari berbagai sumber dan teknik, baik melalui Human Intelligence (HUMINT) yang melibatkan interaksi langsung dengan individu, maupun Non-Human Intelligence (Non-HUMINT) yang mengandalkan teknologi dan perangkat nonmanusia, yang dalam perspektif jaringan aktor Bruno Latour berperan sebagai aktor yang setara dengan manusia. Dalam praktiknya, perbedaan utama antara HUMINT dan TECHINT terletak pada sumber data, metode pengumpulan, tingkat subjektivitas, keterlibatan manusia, serta kecepatan analisis, yang menjadikan teknologi bukan hanya sebagai alat bantu tetapi juga aktor dalam intelijen modern. Kegiatan kontra intelijen berfungsi melindungi informasi dari ancaman pengumpulan dan sabotase oleh pihak lain, sementara pengamanan personel bertujuan menciptakan lingkungan kerja yang aman bagi petugas dari ancaman intelijen lawan. Selain itu, pengamanan informasi persandian menjadi krusial untuk menjaga kerahasiaan dan integritas data, sejalan dengan prinsip etika intelijen yang menekankan akuntabilitas dan tanggung jawab moral dalam pelaksanaan tugas intelijen. Perlindungan data rahasia menjadi prioritas utama, bahwa organisasi intelijen harus mengimplementasikan strategi keamanan yang ketat dan adaptif di era digital. Fusi intelijen menjadi pendekatan strategis dengan menggabungkan berbagai disiplin dan sumber informasi sekaligus adanya kompartementasi untuk membatasi diseminasi sesuai alamat.

Wartownik Bałtyku" -odpowiedź NATO na działania sabotażowe Rosji na Bałtyku Rosyjska "flota cieni" w 2024 r. znacząco zintensyfikowała swoją działalność na Morzu Bałtyckim, umożliwiając Rosji omijanie międzynarodowych sankcji. Oprócz tego, że stwarza to duże ryzyko wypadków morskich i szkód dla środowiska, statki tej floty są też podejrzewane o sabotaże, m.in. uszkodzenia podmorskiej infrastruktury krytycznej na Morzu Bałtyckim. W odpowiedzi państwa regionu należące do NATO zainicjowały operację "Wartownik Bałtyku", wzmacniając nadzór nad infrastrukturą podwodną i zwiększając jej bezpieczeństwo. Operacja ta wpisuje się w strategię przeciwdziałania zagrożeniom hybrydowym i ma na celu detekcję działań sabotażowych oraz zapobieganie im w rejonie Bałtyku. Kontekst międzynarodowy. "Flota cieni" to umowne określenie grupy ok. 1000 statków należących do różnych właścicieli i pływających pod różnymi banderami, wykorzystywanych m.in. przez Federację Rosyjską do transportu np. ropy naftowej, paliw, broni i zbóż z ominięciem międzynarodowych sankcji nałożonych na ten kraj w związku z pełnoskalową inwazją na Ukrainę ("Komentarze IEŚ", nr 1042). Według danych Kyiv School of Economics (KSE) rosyjska "flota cieni" transportowała ostatnio o 70% więcej ropy naftowej. Zgodnie z ocenami KSE stare i zużyte tankowce, którymi posługuje się Rosja, przewoziły w czerwcu 2023 r. 2,4 mln baryłek surowca dziennie, a w czerwcu 2024 r. już 4,1 mln baryłek 1 . Statki te często zmieniają nazwy, ich struktura własnościowa jest niejasna, nie mają ubezpieczenia lub nie są ubezpieczone w firmach uznanych dostawców oraz nie są poddawane regularnej konserwacji. Z tych powodów ryzyko wypadku na morzu i związane z tym zagrożenie dla środowiska są większe niż w przypadku innych statków.

Panduan Kewirausahaan Maritim (Konsep, Strategi, dan Pengembangan Bisnis Berkelanjutan di Sektor Laut)" adalah buku yang memberikan wawasan komprehensif tentang kewirausahaan maritim, khususnya bagi mereka yang tertarik mengembangkan bisnis di sektor kelautan. Buku ini menjelaskan konsep dasar kewirausahaan maritim, peranannya dalam perekonomian laut, serta pentingnya kewirausahaan yang berkelanjutan dalam menjalankan bisnis yang ramah lingkungan dan bertanggung jawab sosial.

Buku ini mengulas peluang usaha yang ada di sektor maritim, mulai dari pelayaran, logistik laut, pengelolaan pelabuhan, hingga distribusi barang melalui laut. Pembaca juga diperkenalkan dengan pemanfaatan teknologi digital terbaru seperti IoT, big data, dan blockchain untuk meningkatkan efisiensi dan daya saing di sektor ini. Fokus pada keberlanjutan menjadi tema utama, dengan menekankan pentingnya keberlanjutan dalam setiap aspek pengelolaan bisnis maritim.

Dengan panduan praktis mengenai Business Model Canvas (BMC), penilaian SWOT, serta strategi pemasaran dan operasional yang efektif, buku ini membantu pembaca memahami langkah-langkah penting untuk memulai atau mengembangkan bisnis maritim yang sukses. Buku ini cocok untuk pengusaha yang ingin memanfaatkan potensi sektor maritim dan menghadapinya dengan pendekatan yang inovatif dan berkelanjutan.

The Revised African Maritime Transport Charter (RAMTC) which was adopted by the African union in 2010, seeks to harmonize maritime policies Across the continent, thus promoting indigenous African shipping and regional integration. Ghana’s shipping (Cabotage) Regulations, 2021 (LI 2438) which’s sole purpose is to reserve domestic maritime trade for indigenous people, aligns with the charter’s objective but shall require adaptations to incorporate trans-African cabotage provisions. The paper examines the Charters effect on Ghana’s regime, including strengthened national protections, opportunities for regional trade and challenges such as policy harmonisation and competition.
Following Uganda’s ratification as the 15th member state in July, the revised charter has come into force and Ghana has signed the charter but is yet to ratify it, thus, putting it in a position to benefit from enhanced cooperation in the region. The thesis proposes that the charter could bolster Ghana’s cabotage framework while fostering broader economic integration. However there multiple facts to consider, including policy direction.

Pressure is mounting on the global shipping sector to cut greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and conform to global climate goals like the Paris Agreement and the International Maritime Organization's (IMO) decarbonization targets. Ghana is a key player in this international endeavor as a coastal country with a thriving maritime economy. The contribution of Ghanaian legislation and policy to the shipping industry's shift to net zero emissions is examined in this article. It starts by defining net zero in the context of the maritime industry and laying out global regulatory frameworks. After that, the study evaluates Ghana's current legal and policy environment, looking at pertinent maritime and environmental laws as well as the nation's adherence to international agreements like MARPOL. Important issues are examined, including inadequate infrastructure, the high expense of green technology, and gaps in policy enforcement. The article also suggests strategic interventions like international cooperation, port infrastructure development, investment incentives, and legislative reform. The paper ends with policy recommendations specific to Ghana's situation, highlighting the necessity of a strong and progressive regulatory framework to achieve a sustainable maritime future. These recommendations are based on international best practices.

Penelitian ini bertujuan menjelaskan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perubahan kebijakan luar negeri maritim Indonesia pada masa pemerintahan Presiden Jokowi, dari periode pertama yang berfokus pada kepentingan nasional, hingga periode kedua yang menekankan pentingnya kepemimpinan multilateral. Penulis berargumen bahwa kebijakan luar negeri maritim Indonesia mengalami perubahan karena dorongan pemimpin, advokasi birokrasi, restrukturisasi domestik, dan guncangan eksternal. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksplanatif kualitatif, dengan sumber data melalui dokumentasi, dan menggunakan konsep perubahan kebijakan luar negeri Hermann untuk menganalisis studi kasus. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa terdapat empat faktor yang menyebabkan perubahan kebijakan luar negeri maritim Indonesia, yaitu visi Jokowi dari Poros Maritim Dunia menuju Pandangan ASEAN terhadap Indo-Pasifik, advokasi Kementerian Luar Negeri terhadap diplomasi maritim, restrukturisasi Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan, serta pandemi Covid-19 dan persaingan Amerika Serikat dan Tiongkok sebagai guncangan eksternal. Empat faktor tersebut menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan program kebijakan luar negeri maritim Indonesia dari pembangunan ekonomi menjadi tatanan internasional, perubahan masalah atau tujuan dari isu keamanan dalam negeri menjadi isu stabilitas kawasan, serta perubahan orientasi dari kepentingan nasional menuju kepemimpinan multilateral.

This study empirically investigated the long-run performance of share prices post-initial public offerings and its determinants in the Nigerian Exchange (NGX). A sample of 36 Initial Public Offerings (IPO) issuing observations over the period 2004 to 2014 was used. Employing the standard event market adjusted buy-and-hold-abnormal-returns (BHARs) estimation approach to find out the long-run performance of IPOs, and descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, pooled OLS and multivariate panel regression technique to investigate the determinants of IPOs' long-run performance, the results revealed a positive and significant long-run share price performance of IPOs during the period, thus, outperforming the market benchmark, the Nigerian Exchange All Share Index. This implies that investors who bought shares on the IPO listing day, who nevertheless may be earning negative returns in the short-run, up to 12 months (1 year) from the listing date, earned positive market-adjusted return thereafter. The multivariate panel regression results for the determinants of long-run performance of IPOs reveal, that initial return, IPO volatility, firm's size, firm's age, IPO size and market capitalization are significant determinants of IPOs' long-run performance. The impact of market volatility is however found to be negative and weak. Against the backdrop of these findings, we recommend sound financial and investment management policies that will enhance the long-run performance of IPOs in the Nigerian stock market. In particular, policies to enhance market capitalization, firm's size, initial return of IPOs and IPO size should be put in place, while those that will reduce the volatility of the market and IPO volatility in order to create market stability are imperative. These should be supported with optimal regulatory framework and institutional mechanisms to enhance the operations of the stock market as well as a stable macroeconomic and political environment.

Pretende-se com este artigo apresentar um contributo para a definição de uma rede de corredores verdes para a zona costeira e lagunar da Ria de Aveiro, como resultado de um exercício de planeamento e ordenamento realizado ao longo dos últimos dois anos e para o qual contribuiram diversos trabalhos realizados pela equipa de Planeamento e Gestão da Zona Costeira, do

παραγωγής -εμπορευμάτων, εργαζομένων/αυτοαπασχολούμενων, υπηρεσιών και κεφαλαίων -μεταξύ των κρατών μελών. Παράλληλα, στο χώρο αυτό προστατεύεται ο ελεύθερος ανταγωνισμός, και απαγορεύονται τόσο οι συμπεριφορές των επιχειρήσεων (συμφωνίες, εναρμονισμένες πρακτικές, κατάχρηση δεσπόζουσας θέσης) που περιορίζουν τον ανταγωνισμό (άρθρα 101-102 ΣΛΕΕ) όσο και οι κρατικές ενισχύσεις που δίνουν προβάδισμα σε ορισμένες επιχειρήσεις έναντι των ανταγωνιστών τους (άρθρο 107 ΣΛΕΕ). Η ίδια φιλοσοφία διέπει και τον Χώρο Ελευθερίας, Ασφάλειας και Δικαιοσύνης (εφεξής: ΧΕΑΔ): στο Χώρο αυτό εξασφαλίζεται η ελεύθερη κυκλοφορία των προσώπων με την απουσία ελέγχων στα εσωτερικά σύνορα, ενώ ως αντιστάθμισμα προωθείται η ασφάλεια με τη διενέργεια ελέγχων στα εξωτερικά σύνορα (άρθρο 67 παρ. 1 και 2 ΣΛΕ-Ε) 2 . Οι όροι διενέργειας των ελέγχων στα εξωτερικά σύνορα εξειδικεύονται στον Κώδικα Συνόρων Σένγκεν 3 , που έχει τη μορφή Κανονισμού, και συνεπώς εφαρμόζεται άμεσα και ταυτόχρονα σε όλο το έδαφος της Ένωσης, χωρίς να παρέχεται στα κράτη μέλη προθεσμία μεταφοράς των διατάξεών του στην εσωτερική έννομη τάξη 4 . Θα πρέπει, τέλος, να επισημανθεί ότι ελεύθερη κυκλοφορία των πολιτών των κρατών μελών -οι οποίοι είναι ταυτόχρονα πολίτες της Ένωσης -είναι θεμελιώδες δικαίωμα που διακηρύσσεται στο άρθρο 21 ΣΛΕΕ καθώς και στο άρθρο 45 του Χάρτη Θεμελιωδών Δικαιωμάτων της Ένωσης.

Located on Alentejo coast, the town of Sines has a strong connection with the sea, both from an economic and a landscape point of view. However, it is a dysfunctional city, not only for its habitants, but also for its visitors. The city's historical center is segregated and the new expanding zones does not promote socio-cultural dynamics in a qualified way. In addition, the economic aspect, generated mainly by the Port of Sines, is insensitive to the problems that this city has been passing and has taken possession of its territory, contributing increasingly to an image of the industrial city. Of all the possibilities of revitalization of Sines, the strategy Pólo M.A.R. (Museological and Academic Pole of Revelim), rehears the creation of a dialogue between culture and the economy of the sea, combining tourism, the creative economy and the opportunities of the cultural and creative industries, with an urban marketing strategy based on the visions of the European Commission on the Politics of the Sea. This strategy finds to valorize the asleep existing cultural heritage by proposing the creation of a maritime Cluster that integrates multiple functional aspects, such as a Maritime Museum, a Sea Technological Observatory, a Faculty of Marine Sciences and a Center for Maritime Studies, incorporated in an innovative network of research entities of the sea culture and economy of the sea. In addition to these nuclei, the strategy articulates the revitalization of the surrounding with Revelim, in order to (re) connect with the older urban nucleus and, consequently, with the other city seeking to reinforce urban cohesion. This dissertation emerges during Atelier de Projecto II D course and also during the essay of a strategy to the challenge Universities Contest of the Lisbon Triennial 2016, entitled "The Center in Sines", by

Indonesia in 2024 witnessed significant political, economic, and social developments. February's elections resulted in the controversial victory of Prabowo Subianto and Gibran Rakabuming Raka as president and vice president, raising concerns about democratic backsliding and dynastic politics. Other political developments included ongoing judicial manipulation, weakened democratic institutions, and the further politicization of anti-corruption measures. Economically, Indonesia's growth remained steady but unimpressive, amid promises of ambitious social programs and governance uncertainties under the new administration. Major structural challenges, including regulatory burdens and politically driven economic policies, exacerbated investor concerns. Internationally, Indonesia maintained its strategic balancing act between China, the US, and other global powers, while expanding defense and trade agreements. These dynamics, coupled with rising centralization and elite alignments, underscored the continuing erosion of Indonesia's democratic and governance norms.

Nos 50 anos do 25 de Abril, cujas comemorações foram vibrantes e muito participadas em todo o país, o tema do mar e das políticas públicas do Oceano foi uma presença ausente. Em si mesmo, a problemática do "mar" é uma noção-recipiente, onde tudo cabe e o nada também. Talvez esse vazio explique por que razão o discurso político trata este tema de forma tão volátil e inconsistente. Não por acaso, há uma disputa semântica e conceptual em torno das designações a adotar quando este ou aquele governo pretende fazer prova do seu empenho nas políticas do mar e de revalorização da atividade económica que assenta na exploração (sustentável) de recursos marinhos.

Die vorliegende Fallauflösung beschäftigt sich mit der Wirkung des Völkerrechts in der EG-Rechtsordnung und mit ihren Parallelen zum Verhältnis von Völkerrecht und innerstaatlichem Recht. Zunächst soll ein Überblick über Sachverhalt gegeben werden, damit wir die anschließenden rechtlichen Fragen besser verstehen und beantworten können. Die Klägerin 1 des deutschen Ausgangsverfahrens führte in den Jahren 1990 bis 1992 Weine aus (Rest-) Jugoslawien in die Europäische Gemeinschaft ein und meldete die in den freien Verkehr entnommenen Parteien am 07. Mai 1992 unter Berechnung des Zolls zum Präferenzzollsatz an. Das beklagte Hauptzollamt 2 berechnete für die Ġmporte nicht den Präferenzzollsatz, wie er im Kooperationsabkommen zwischen der EG und der (ehemaligen) Sozialistischen Föderativen Republik Jugoslawien 3 vom 02. 04. 1980 4

Pemindahan IKN berimplikasi pada perubahan geografi militer dan karakter
ancaman dan perlunya penyesuaian strategi pertahanan nasional. Pertahanan maritim dalamupaya pemindahan ibu kota ke Kalimantan merupakan sebuah upaya komprehensif dan berkelanjutan pada pengaturan dan pengelolaan ruang wilayah yurisdiksi NKRI. Tantangan yang muncul adalah bagaimana TNI AL menjalankan fungsi pertahanan, menegakan hukum dan menjaga keamanan laut yurisdiksi nasional. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis Peran TNI Angkatan Laut khususnya dalam Pengamanan IKN dari ancaman di ALKI II. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif. Data dikumpulkan menggunakan Wawancara, Pengamatan/Observasi, Dokumentasi dan studi Kepustakaan. Analisis data menggunakan Grouping the data according to key constructs,
identifying bases for interpretation. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan TNI Angkatan Laut
memiliki tiga peran yaitu peran militer, peran polisionil, peran diplomasi dan peran dukungan. Peran militer dilakukan melalui pengamanan dan penegakan hokum khususnya pada langsung dengan Alur Laut Kepulauan Indonesia (ALKI) II. Peran Polisionil dilakukan melalui antisipasi ancaman-ancaman tradisional dan non-tradisional untuk mampu memberikan jaminan keamanan bagi kapal-kapal asing yang melintas di wilayah ALKI II. Peran Diplomasi TNI AL dilakukan melalui diplomasi kooperatif, diplomasi maritim dan diplomasi maritim koersif . Peran Dukungan TNI AL dilakukan melalui dukungan pangkalan yang terdiri Rebase, Replenishment, Repair, Rest and Recreation.

I also wish to draw your attention on the Nutrients website to our Editorial Board and also to the guest editors of our expanding list of special issues who have devoted their time and expertise to achieving rapid growth in the quantity and quality of published manuscripts. My special thanks also to Associate Editor, Jon Buckley, and members of the editorial office for their dedication to the journal.

The complexity of the modern financial environment raises obstacles to non financial experts who wish to draw economic information from the reported financial statements of enterprises. The main objective of this paper is to implement a web-based application for financial statement analysis, appropriate not only for financial experts but also for non financial experts. The contribution of the application is that it is not confined to the calculation of financial ratios but also provides an evaluation – financial analysis report. The composition of the report is based on a normative approach of a decision tree analysis that proceeds to a comparison of particular basic financial ratios with the corresponding benchmark financial ratios of competitive enterprises for each sector. The web-based application was implemented and operates by using exclusively free software tools and open source software. The reliability of the results of the application is examined in a case study analysis o...

The President of the Republic of Indonesia, Joko Widodo or is popularly known as Jokowi, a political figure who utilizes political symbols in various situations. In many of his political maneuvers, he has been using implied
symbols. The study used literature study method applied to compare data from several global journals, which are summarized based on the author's experience, theories, and existing models. The results of this research concluded that first, the ability to utilize political networking cohesiveness. Second, the ability to influence as a leader to apply extraordinary political strategic. Third, the capability of employing symbolic politics as a way of
communicating and political allies. As a conclude, President Jokowi carries out internal consolidation and a lot of underground political communication with various community organizations and political parties.

Keywords: Political Networking, Political Strategic, Political Communication, Indonesia Political Symbol, Politic of Symbol,
Evi Aryati Arbay, Julian Aldrin Pasha.

Mais de 70% do planeta é coberto pelo oceano, fazendo dele um elemento central na economia mundial. Trata-se do maior ecossistema do mundo, porquanto a economia da exploração e uso sustentável dos recursos dos oceanos, se fosse considerada uma economia única, seria a sétima maior economia do mundo, integrando o G7. Com o presente artigo, sob o tema "Economia azul: a economia do futuro para Angola", pretende-se apresentar o quadro de exploração da economia azul para o desenvolvimento sustentável de Angola, através de uma abordagem dedutiva, mediante análise documental, visando apresentar uma visão sobre os principais desafios à exploração sustentável dos oceanos, bem como traçar as perspetivas de futuro para uma economia angolana consolidada na exploração sustentável dos oceanos.

In the various jurisdictions of the world, different maritime approaches are applied. Many maritime countries pursue either a deregulated or protectionist maritime cabotage framework. The justification for the choice of maritime cabotage approach in each country varies from issues of national security to the desire to promote national economic development. It is these varied rationales which divides opinions and creates the intellectual predicament among scholars as they seek to validate theoretical arguments on the best approach of maritime cabotage law and policy. View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk

The desire for a common transport policy within the European Union has witnessed a rollercoaster of challenges dating back to the original 1957 Treaty of Rome. 1 At that time, a compromised was reached to establish a framework that would facilitate the common transport policy agenda. The process appeared to have been frustrated until Council Regulation 4055/86 was adopted. 2 This legislation applied the principle of freedom to provide services to maritime transport between Member States and between Member States and third countries. 3 However, the scope of Regulation 4055/86 did not cover maritime cabotage (coastal shipping) services between Member States in the EU. 4 Rather, the freedom to transport passengers or goods (maritime cabotage) between Member States in the European Union was achieved finally, through Council Regulation 3577/92. 5 The objective of the regulation was to implement this freedom gradually, thus creating an internal market for the provision of maritime cabotage services. Nevertheless, even within the framework of Regulation 3577/92, several compromises were reached which detracts from the idea of total freedom to provide maritime services between Member States. An example of this restriction can be seen in the area of manning 1 See Article 9 of the Treaty of Rome 1957 where the idea and intention for a common transport policy is first indicated under the guise of a common custom tariff. Article 61(1) of the Treaty is also indicative of the divergent positions of the Member States on the common transport policy agenda. Since the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty in 2009, the Treaty of Rome has been renamed the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. The provisions of the above Articles are now contained in Articles 58 and 90 respectively of the TFEU. 2 Council Regulation (EEC) No 4055/86. Freedom to Supply Services, Competition, Unfair Pricing Practices and Free Access to Ocean Trade. OJ L 378. Adopted 22 December 1986. This legislation came into force on the 1 st of January 1987. 3 For a sneak preview of the kind of protectionist practices that were applied before Council Regulation (EEC) No 4055/86 came into force, see: Case C-49/89 Corsica Ferries France v Direction générale des douanes françaises. ECR I-14441. Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 13 December 1989. 4 A second specific regulation was proposed by the Commission in its 1989 second package of maritime measures. However, this move was aborted as it failed to secure the agreement of all Member States. 5 OJ L 364 -Council Regulation (EEC) No 3577/92 of 7 December 1992 applying the principle of freedom to provide services to maritime transport within Member States (maritime cabotage).

The complexity of the modern financial environment raises obstacles to non financial experts who wish to draw economic information from the reported financial statements of enterprises. The main objective of this paper is to implement a web-based application for financial statement analysis, appropriate not only for financial experts but also for non financial experts. The contribution of the application is that it is not confined to the calculation of financial ratios but also provides an evaluation – financial analysis report. The composition of the report is based on a normative approach of a decision tree analysis that proceeds to a comparison of particular basic financial ratios with the corresponding benchmark financial ratios of competitive enterprises for each sector. The web-based application was implemented and operates by using exclusively free software tools and open source software. The reliability of the results of the application is examined in a case study analysis o...