Migrations (Archaeology)

This paper deals with an often overlooked topic, namely the presence of non-Roman Jews in 2nd–4th century Rome, through a thorough study of the epigraphical material from the Jewish catacombs of Rome still available to us. After identifying the main places of origin of those foreign Jews, I aim to determine their integration into the broad Jewish Roman community as well as the diverse ways they sought to preserve their
specific non-Roman identities, with a special focus on epigraphical practices peculiar to their local origin.

The article presents a 5th-century AD bronze fibula donated in 2020 by a local resident to the Sangerei Museum of History and Ethnography (Republic of Moldova), together with several archaeological heritage items discovered at various locations in the vicinity of the village of Radoaia (Sangerei district, Republic of Moldova). In all likelihood, the artefact originates from the archaeological site Radoaia II (Sangerei district), which preserves evidence of habitation dating to the Late Roman period. The fibula under discussion was cast in bronze and features a semi-circular arched bow in cross-section. It is fitted with two terminal plates, one triangular and the other lozengeshaped, both decorated in the Kerbschnitt (chip-carved) technique. It belongs to the Prša-Levice type, according to J. Werner’s typology, a type predominantly distributed in the Middle Danube region and in Crimea. This category of fibulae is dated to phases D2/D3 (AD 430–470) and is attributed to Germanic populations. The Radoaia specimen, which is typologically comparable to the find from Parcani (Soroca district), represents, together with the latter, the first discoveries of this type within the Prut-Dniester interfluve. The closest geographical analogies have been identified in the Migration Period cemetery at Botosani — Dealul Caramidariei, dated to the 5th century and attributed to the Ostrogoths.

The widely accepted link of Homer’s town with the land of Taruwisa and/or the land of Wilusa in Hittite sources is based on little other than name associations: firstly that of Alaksandu, king of Wilusa, with Alexandros or Paris, the Trojan prince (1911), then of Wilusa with Ilios, another name for Troy, and, independently, of Taruwisa with Troy itself (both 1924). Also ]appaliunas, in a list of Wilusian gods, was identified with Apollo (1931). None of these equations is cogent, and if a Wilusian king and a Wilusian god really had Greek names, it would not strengthen the localization of Wilusa in the Troad. Homer’s town was indeed localized there, but the efforts to prove the existence of a town around the stronghold on the hill of Hisarlık have failed. This stronghold was neither Troy nor the capital of Wilusa, and there is no connection with Hittite history or culture. Monuments and inscriptions in Hittite style exist in West Anatolia, but farther to the south, and until now none of the western kingdoms attested primarily in Hittite sources has been confirmed by excavation. The equation of Ephesos with Abāsa, the town of Uhhazidi, the last king of Arzawa, is phonetically even worse, and Ephesos is probably a genuine
Greek name.

It is very improbable that Ahhiyawā, a kingdom only attested in Hittite sources, is an adaptation of a Greek *Akhaiwā postulated by Forrer and that it was designating a great Mycenaean power not manifest otherwise. There is no ground to identify the earlier attested Āhhiyā with Ahhiyawā, and it is also not possible to localize it. The much later attested Hiyawa in and for Plain Cilicia will not be derived from Ahhiyawā, and not be imported by imagined Greeks. It may be first attested by Hiya[, the name of a town in the 14 th c. BC, which was probably located in Plain Cilicia too.

Gli anelli portastrigili sono solitamente lisci, ma un gruppo non irrilevante presenta terminazioni a testa di animale; compaiono: lince, uccelli acquatici, cane, serpente. L'articolo è edito negli Atti del Convegno di Aosta (2024) "L'animal et l'homme dans les Alpes. Écologies, économies, idéologies"

EDITORIAL The Newsletter recently received a manuscript from Ryan Brown, who is a PhD student at the University of Exeter. His paper deals with the manufacture, morphology, and use of Native American gunflints and as such it covers another facet of our mutual interest: Gunflints beyond the British and American empires. Very little is known about these gunflints (see bibliography in Brown's paper), for which reason his contribution is gratefully received. Interestingly, he concludes that the Native American gunflints were superior to the European (English) ones, particularly the lenticular bifacial ones. As the Ottoman gunflints are of a similar bifacial lenticular shape, this may possibly mean that those pieces were also superior to the well-known gunflints from western Europe? As mentioned in the previous issue of the Newsletter, there are still non-British/non-French gunflint industries which have not been dealt with in the literature (apart from in the form of solitary pictures and sentences here and there), such as Ottoman gunflints, and I recommend anyone with knowledge of those to offer papers for publication in this Newsletter. Detailed summaries or more lengthy contributions on Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and East European gunflints are also welcome. Ryan Brown's paper is presented below, and I am sure you will find it interesting and useful.

The Newsletter recently received a manuscript from Ryan Brown, who is a PhD student at the University of Exeter. His paper deals with the manufacture, morphology, and use of Native American gunflints and as such it covers another facet of our mutual interest: Gunflints beyond the British and American empires. Very little is known about these gunflints (see bibliography in Brown's paper), for which reason his contribution is gratefully received. Interestingly, he concludes that the Native American gunflints were superior to the European (English) ones, particularly the lenticular bifacial ones. As the Ottoman gunflints are of a similar bifacial lenticular shape, this may possibly mean that those pieces were also superior to the well-known gunflints from western Europe? As mentioned in the previous issue of the Newsletter, there are still non-British/non-French gunflint industries which have not been dealt with in the literature (apart from in the form of solitary pictures and sentences here and there), such as Ottoman gunflints, and I recommend anyone with knowledge of those to offer papers for publication in this Newsletter. Detailed summaries or more lengthy contributions on Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and East European gunflints are also welcome. Ryan Brown's paper is presented below, and I am sure you will find it interesting and useful. I look forward to hearing from you.

Представлены находки средневековых древностей, сделанные в поселке Видлица в ХХI веке. Это раскопки
двух средневековых погребений на берегу реки — Тришула в 2005 г. и обнаружение селища Река Видлица I
в 2018 г. В неглубоких погребениях найдены два горшка и железная мотыга, что позволило датировать
могилы X–XII вв. Селище датируется по керамике XV–XIX вв.

The genetic origins of Mediterranean and Middle Eastern livestock guarding dogs (Maremmano, Kangal, Fonni, etc.) do not derive from a single "ancient master breed," but from a network of admixtures along late Neolithic/medieval pastoral routes. Summary of recent studies (Coutinho-Lima & Parker 2024; Talenti 2022; Dreger 2016), which debunk the myth of a Tibetan Mastiff as their ancestor and reveal distinct regional clusters with flows from Eastern Europe and the Middle East. Implications for conservation and the history of pastoralism.

Le origini genetiche dei cani da guardiania mediterranei e mediorientali (Maremmano, Kangal, Fonni, ecc.) non derivano da un'unica "razza madre antica", ma da un reticolo di commistioni lungo rotte pastorali tardo-neolitiche/medievali. Sintesi di studi recenti (Coutinho-Lima & Parker 2024; Talenti 2022; Dreger 2016), che smentiscono il mito del molosso tibetano progenitore e rivelano cluster regionali distinti con flussi da Est Europa e Medio Oriente. Implicazioni per la conservazione e la storia della pastorizia.

The paper discusses a specific settling aspect of the bearers of the Late Eneolithic Coţofeni–Kostolac group in the territory of Serbia: the utilisation of caves and cavelets. Compared to other periods of later prehistory, bearers of the Coţofeni–Kostolac group seemingly display a higher preference for settling in caves or in their immediate surroundings. Such a trend has been interpreted in tight relation to their presumed subsistence strategies, based primarily on mobile stockbreeding. The paper will aim to provide further chronological and cultural insight into such interpretations, with a small overview of the existing data.

Bogaard, A./Arbogast, R.-M./Ebersbach, R./Fraser, R.A./Knipper, C./Krahn, C./Schäfer, M./Styring, A./Krause, R. (2016), The Bandkeramik settlement of Vaihingen an der Enz, Kreis Ludwigsburg (Baden-Württemberg): an integrated perspective on land use, economy and diet. Germania 94, 2016, 1-60. https://doi.org/10.11588/ger.2016.39068

The Cave of Han, in Han-sur-Lesse (province of Namur), is the result of the River Lesse crossing -underground-
the limestone massif of Boine. The Lesse disappears completely at the Belvaux abyss, and emerges at the Trou de Han. The vast majority of archaeological finds made in the cave come from the dives systematically carried out in the Lesse by
the Centre des Recherches Archéologiques Fluviales, led by Marc Jasinski.
The underwater deposit of the cave are unique in Western Europe, revealing since the 1960s thousands of artifacts from different periods. The oldest could date back to the Late Upper Palaeolithic, but they only became frequent as from the end of the Neolithic. The Late Bronze Age, however, seems to be the best represented period, both in quantity and quality of material. The cave is also visited at different times during the 2nd Iron Age, as well as during the Gallo-Roman period. The most recent occupations of the network, finally, date back to Modern Times, when the population of the surrounding villages found shelter there from the Sun King’s soldiers.
The topography of the site calls for a specific interpretation. There are enough arguments to suggest that it could be interpreted as the entrance to the Underworld, or, possibly, a passage to the Other World. The underwater deposits of the Cave of Han could therefore be funerary deposits. This interpretation seems similar to Walter Torbrügge’s of the deposits of metal objects in rivers, mainly weapons, although the site does not provide the same kind of objects, as weapons are in a minority compared to ornaments. It should be noted that most of the gold ornaments found at the Cave of Han are found elsewhere only in funerary contexts.
It seems clear that both at the end of the Neolithic period and in the Metal ages, the vocation of the Cave of Han was not domestic. It could be a site where the funeral rites were celebrated, probably already at the end of the Neolithic, probably at the end of the Bronze Age, certainly during the Iron Age. But what was deliberately thrown into the river?

Il nous semble évident aussi qu’il est autrement « simple », dans l’étude de la Protohistoire, de cerner le déplacement, ou même la ou les migration(s) d’un individu, qui relèvent, parfois, de l’archéologie, que le ou les déplacement(s), ou encore la ou les migrations d’un groupe, qui relèvent, toujours, de l’Histoire.
Nous nous intéresserons à quelques périodes-clé pour ce qui sera la Gallia Belgica et dans le cadre des âges des Métaux.

През османския период се появява огнестрелното оръжие по земите населени с българско население. Още при превземането на Константинопол 1453 г. са ползвани огромни оръдия (пушки), които са бутали големите крепостни стени и са всявали паника сред бранителите. Оръжейното производство достига своя връх по територията на османците в края на XVIII и началото на XIX век. Тук влияние оказват различни фактори. Преминава се през кремъчно-ударните механизми при шишанетата и пищовите, през капсулно и накрая заднопълнещо зареждане. Особено силно въздействие, за развитието на оръжията, оказват войните на Наполеон (1796-1815), както и пристигането на американците в началото на XIX век в Османската империя. От кръста, протестанството; през търговията с Китай, в случая опиума; до оръжията, които са продавани и на султана, и на руския император. 1 Самоков, като един от уредените градове в рамките на империята също е имал място или места, където са поправяни, а и правени различни оръжия. Генерал Тодор Кантарджиев (861-1945) в своето изложение-разказ за Чакър войвода пише, че след като не станал послушник на калугер: "майка му го дала да помага на дядо Мито Шатарята... Той, въ Крайискърската махала, близо до "Иокушо"(стръмнина) имал работилница за поправяне на пушки и пищови". 2 Дори и силно легендарно написаното от ген. Кантарджиев доказва едно,-работилница е имало, авторът е водил разговори с живи свидетели. Може да се каже, че поне едно място

The article is dedicated to one of the most striking
and representative categories of grave goods from
the Ostriv burial ground — multi-coiled or spiral
neck rings. It examines the circumstances of the discovery
of burials containing these artefacts, the funerary
practice, and the associated inventory set, as well
as establishing the chronology of such complexes. The
morphological features of the multi-coiled neck rings
are characterised, and a range of the closest analogies
is outlined. An attempt is made to provide a semantic
interpretation of these remarkable finds.

In the contemporary world, relocations, invasions, ideological divides, and social conflicts are once again emerging as pressing global concerns. Archaeology can provide a deep-time perspective on such phenomena, revealing the diverse ways in which human communities have responded to episodes of mobility, displacement, and contact. By examining the material traces of these past encounters, archaeology enables us to explore how people negotiated change -from conflict, inequality, and domination to diplomacy, risk-sharing, and the creation of new communities. In this session we want to specifically focus on phenomena of sudden migrations, particularly those that have tended to be classified as 'invasions'. Our aim is twofold: on the one hand, to analyse case studies for which there is evidence for the substantial movement of people within a relatively short period of time; and on the other hand, to critically discuss previous archaeological interpretations phrased around 'invasionist' narratives, including the biases and stereotypes that this type of rhetoric can often entail. We seek to move beyond traditional narratives and instead invite contributions that highlight the complexity and varied outcomes of these processes. We welcome papers from all periods and regions that adopt diverse methodological and theoretical perspectives. Topics may include, but are not limited to: Archaeological signatures of conflict, invasion, and resistance. Material expressions of negotiation, cohabitation, and hybridisation. Mobility, identity, and power dynamics in contact zones. Environmental, social, and economic impacts of sudden mobility. Comparative or interdisciplinary approaches to migration and conflict. The session aims to foster a cross-regional and diachronic dialogue on how archaeology can illuminate the human experience of invasion, encounter, and adaptation.

30 HAUNSTETTEN, BAVARIA, GERMANY. 2465-2300 calBC. BELL BEAKER CULTURE. UNTERER TALWEG 85, GRAB I/ 2, / FEMALE INDIVIDUAL MtDNA H2a1 "The microregion under study is an approximately 10 x 30 km stretch of land along the Lech Valley, ca. 6 km south of the center of the modern city of Augsburg, Bavaria. The fertile Loess soil made it an attractive area for agricultural settlement in the 3rd and 2nd millennium BC (Bartelheim 2010) and the amount of excavated burials suggests it was one of the most densely populated regions in Southern Germany during the EBA (Massy 2018). The archaeological record indicates the presence of a series of small unfortified hamlets, large enough to be operated by and sustain a small community of people. They were located like »pearls on a chain« along the border of the Loess terrace and often within less than 1 km distance from each other. These hamlets are often accompanied by a cemetery to the east, containing up to a few dozen graves, presumably including several generations of individuals who operated and lived at the farmstead (Massy 2018). Thus, these individuals represent what we define as a »household« -a group of people living in a closed architectural space (such as a hamlet), who are connected through shared traditions and daily practices, and may include both biologically related and unrelated individuals (Louise et al. 2010). The Lech Valley, exhibits the richest burials with respect to quantity and quality of metal grave goods and the high proportion of burials that received grave goods. These burials attest to an increase in trans-regional connectivity based on trade of raw materials and knowledge that accompanied the novel technology of metallurgy, and a resulting negotiation of power hierarchies that led to an emphasis on warriorhood and weapons." Excerpt from Mittnik et al. ( ) "In Haunstetten, the large-scale excavation of the site called Unterer Talweg 85 (UNTA85), a lower valley path, took place in 1999 approximately 400 metres south of the site "UNTA121". Hereby remains of Early and Late Bronze Age settlement were uncovered as well as burials with inhumations from the Bell Beaker Period and Early Bronze Age. The Bell Beaker graves have been found in two concentrations, ca. 170 metres apart from each other. The northern Group contained five single burials oriented N-S from which three individuals could be analysed (UNTA85_1334, UNTA85_1336 and UNTA85_1343). One of the burials was equipped with V-shaped and perforated buttons made of bone or antler as well as two ceramic cups and a typical Bell Beaker. The radiocarbon dates range from 2465-2143 calBCE. The two single graves of the southern group (UNTA85_110 and UNTA85_113) were also oriented N-S, but did not contain any grave goods. The radiocarbon dates point to the Bell Beaker period as well and could be established contemporaneously to the burials of the northern group (2456-2141 cal BCE). Both individuals were sampled and analysed for DNA. Almost in the middle of both Bell Beaker burial groups, but ca. 70 metres to the east, a small part of a presumably larger Early Bronze Age cemetery was unearthed. All three graves were oriented along the N-S-axis. Grave 1 (UNTA85_1163; 2021-1885 calBCE) was robbed in ancient times, but still contained the remains of the male individual in typical N-S orientation and a large copper dagger as well as fragments of metal sheet garments. Grave 2 (feat. 1410) only contained the lower parts of the legs, for that is was not possible to sample the individual. Grave 3 (UNTA85_1412; 2025-1895 cal BCE), a single burial of a male child, did not contain any grave goods." Excerpt from Alissa

Auch im Jahr 2024 fand eine epigraphische Kampagne in Milet statt, die der Aufnahme von Neufunden ebenso gewidmet war wie der Dokumentation von Altfunden aus dem Depot und dem Museum. Diese knüpfte an die Arbeiten von 2023 an und konnte den aktuellen Überblick über die Archivierung und den Bestand der Inschriften im Grabungsdepot und dem Museumsgarten fertig stellen. Dabei standen vor allem die Steine im Vordergrund, die an der Nordwand des Museums gelagert werden. Wiederum danken wir der Grabungsleitung, Christof Berns (Hamburg) und Christine Özgan (Istanbul) ebenso wie dem Direktor des Museums von Balat, Baran Aydın, und dem Kommissar Fatih Kirazoğlu (2024) für die Publikationserlaubnis und die Unterstützung. 1 Öffentliche und städtische Inschriften 1) Architravfragment Inv. 24/22. Architravfragment aus Marmor, bis auf den rechten Rand vollständig erhalten, oberer Rand und linke untere Ecke leicht gebrochen. Gefunden an der Nordostecke des Südmarktes, südlich der Überreste des westlichen Podiums des Markttores.

The concept of ethnicity has been largely omitted from recent interpretational models in European prehistoric archaeology. However, eagerness to avoid the problems associated with its past uses has left us with difficulties in talking about important aspects of collective identities in the past. This has become particularly clear as increasing attention has turned to understanding processes of migration and their underlying social dynamics. Here, we argue that a concept of ethnicity cast along the lines of Rogers Brubaker's 'ethnicity without groups' provides us with a possibility to avoid the conceptual baggage of essentialist and static views of ethnic identities. Instead, it stresses the dynamic nature of collective identities and the social and political use of ethnicity. This is especially useful, we argue, for the study of prehistory and in periods of profound change, such as situations of migration. We use the historical Migration Period as a foil to discuss the Early Neolithic Linearbandkeramik and the third millennium B.C. Corded Ware and Bell Beaker phenomena to demonstrate how group-making and ethnicity formed and were transformed during migration processes.

According to Herodotos (5.117-121), in 497/6 BCE in the beginning of the Ionian Revolt, the freedom-loving Karians fought the invading Persian army three times. After two devastating defeats in open battles in the northern Marsyas/Çine Çayı valley, a third nighttime ambush was victorious and resulted in the total annihilation of the Persians, leading to a stalemate which lasted until 494 BCE. The place of this battle is contested to date. As argued here, it is neither on the road at Lelegian Pedasa/Gökçeler near Halikarnassos, nor at her colony Pidasa-on-Grion near today's Danişment, but at Karian Pedasos/Pedason on the 'Karian Highway' north of Atriya-Idrias-Stratonikeia. The site is once mentioned by Strabo (13.1.59 [C611]) as a 'very little city' (polychnion). It is likely to be identified with today's Börükçü, where rescue excavations in an open lignite mining area have revealed a small settlement dating from Geometric until the early Byzantine Period (8th century BCE-7th century CE). In the course of this article, the historical topography of central Karia since the Late Bronze Age is critically reviewed by reconstructing the main north-south running 'Karian Highway' with the help of Hittite and later ancient Greek texts and the archaeological evidence.

Pueblo Grande was a prehistoric urban center that had ties throughout the American Southwest and northern Mexico, as evidenced by shell, minerals, obsidian, and non-local ceramics (Foster 1994a; Gregory 2020; Harbottle et al. 1994; Mitchell and Shackley 1995; Montero and Bostwick 2019). Occasional complete or almost complete examples of non-local ceramic vessels were also found at Pueblo Grande. This paper highlights a particularly uncommon vessel type—the tri-lobed vessel—found with two burials. One of the vessels was probably locally made, but the other vessel is Holbrook Black-on-white, a Little Colorado White Ware. The nature of pottery production in the Hopi Buttes, prehistoric exchange networks, the chronological and regional distribution of lobed vessels in the Southwest, and limited data on the archaeological contexts of lobed vessels all contribute to an understanding of the history of the Holbrook Black-on-white tri-lobed pitcher from Pueblo Grande and the identity of the person with whom it was buried.

The article presents a new perspective on the differentiation and chronology of Pomeranian culture in allochthonous zones, i.e. outside Pomerania. The first part focuses on the variation in the spread of the Pomeranian cultural model, resulting from different rhythms of acculturation in territories formerly belonging to various Lusatian Urnfield zones and exposed to influences from diverse European directions. The second part proposes a new, and at the same time first for allochthonous areas, system of relative chronology of the Pomeranian culture, consistent with the latest schemes for the Hallstatt-La Tène zone. For regions outside Pomerania, two phases are distinguished: the Karczemki phase and the Pierzwin/Ulesie phase, further divided into six subphases, corresponding to Hallstatt and La Tène sub-periods. In the discussion of artefact sets assigned to specific intervals, attention is given to migration-related population movements, as well as to external relations that shaped the development and character of the Pomeranian culture in the Polish Lowland.

Modern genetics demonstrates extensive and repeated population movements and admixture in Central Europe over the last eight thousand years. How are these changes related to the changes of archaeological cultures? What forms, causes, and consequences did migrations have during the agricultural prehistoric period?

Moderní genetika dokládá pro oblast střední
Evropy rozsáhlé a opakované pohyby a míšení
populací v průběhu posledních osmi tisíc let. Jak
tyto změny souvisely se střídáním archeologických
kultur? Jakou podobu, příčiny a důsledky měly
migrace v období zemědělského pravěku?

Bislang wurde der frühkeltische Goldschatz von Erstfeld des 4. Jh. v. Chr. als
Weihefund in Zusammenhang mit der Begehung des Gotthardpasses gedeutet. Weil diese Annahme einem neuen Faktencheck nicht standhält, wird ein anderer Ansatz vorgeschlagen: Die Opferung fand deshalb an jener Stelle statt, weil dort der Bergbach Reuss durch die Klus von Erstfeld die wilde Bergwelt verlässt und von dort an als Fluss breit in den flachen, vom Vierwaldstättersee her zugänglichen flachen Talgrund mäandert. Die Reuss ist das Gewässer, das einen guten Teil des Schweizer Mittellandes durchfliesst und fruchtbar macht. Damit wird ein direkter Bezug des Hortfundes zu den Kelten des Mittellandes hergestellt, die nach den Forschungen Martin Guggisbergs für die Herstellung und Opferung
der wertvollen Goldringe verantwortlich waren. Im Rahmen dieses neuen Ansatzes wird der Goldfund von Erstfeld als eine Art Quell- oder Gewässerhort im weiteren Sinne verstanden, eine alte Tradition
früher Kelten. Im Rahmen der neuen Deutung stellt sich die Anschlussfrage nach Bezügen zu den Themen Fluss und Fruchtbarkeit. Diese vereinigte der Fluss- und Wassergott Acheloos (Ἀχελῷος) in sich, eine heute weniger bekannte antike, aber besonders während des 5. und 4. Jh. v. Chr. im mediterran-griechischen und im etruskischen Kulturraum vielfach verehrte Gottheit. Das belegen zahlreiche Funde aus Grabanlagen. Neuerdings gibt es sogar Beispiele von Acheloos-Darstellungen aus dem frühkeltischen Raum. Acheloos’ Attribute waren ein menschliches Gesicht mit langem Bart als Symbol des Wassers, kleine Ohren und Hörner sowie ein Stierkörper, der sich zur Schlange wandeln konnte. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden die auf dem Erstfelder Petschaftshalsring sichtbaren, stierähnlichen Masken als Masken des Acheloos vorgeschlagen.

Zum Schluss werden die drei Erstfelder Halsringe mit Bildfriesen mit Neufunden von goldenen Halsringen verglichen. Resultat: Die Figurenfriese
gipfeln in den zentralen Kolben, sie sind die relevanten Symbole. Frage im Sinne einer Hypothese: Zeigen die ineinander verschlungenen Gestalten Stationen eines damals bekannten Epos über einen Helden oder eine Gottheit?

In The Formation of Latin American Nations, Thomas Ward embarks on a necessary journey to the pre-Hispanic origins of Latin America nations. With a masterfully employed decolonial approach, Ward studies in detail the fundamental ingredients of Mesoamerican and Andean cultures from late antiquity until early modernity (approximately from the tenth to the sixteenth century). The author argues that these cultures and their sociopolitical organizations reveal a pre-Enlightenment concept of nation that was as complex as its contemporary counterpart across the Atlantic.

Die vorliegende Monographie hat die Griechen zum Gegenstand, welche es im 6. und 5. Jh. v. Chr. nach Ägypten verschlagen hat, als die Perser das Land zum ersten Mal besetzt hielten. Der Fokus liegt hierbei auf den Söldnern und Händlern, welche sich über einen mehr oder minder längeren Zeitraum in Ägypten aufgehalten haben. Hierbei werden nicht nur die jeweiligen Tätigkeiten dieser Personengruppen, sondern auch ihre Auseinandersetzung mit den Gegebenheiten des Gastlandes beleuchtet.

Recently discovered traces of Roman gold mines in Lower Austria suggest that there were more mining activities in Pannonia than shown by Roman sources. Interestingly, all Pannonian mines are located in border areas between Roman provinces. This certainly influenced the research of Pannonian mining districts since their administrative organization was not researched separately. Therefore, modern literature mostly associates the Pannonian silver mines and their administration with the Dalmatian silver mines, whose center was in the vicinity of Srebrenica. However, until AD 161, they were mentioned separately in inscriptions argentariae Pannonicae and argentariae Delmaticae. The inscriptions mentioning the Pannonian silver mine procurators were discovered in modern Algeria, Türkiye, and Serbia. Argentariae Pannonicae encompassed a quite large territory from the lower course of the Drina River (to the north of Srebrenica in Bosnia and Herzegovina) and a part of northwest Serbia (modern Zajača, Valjevo, and Loznica). It is assumed that the local mining administration for Pannonian silver mines was located in Gensis (Tab. Peut.) vicus in the modern Mačva District in Serbia. Inscriptions on epigraphic monuments suggest that the top-level mining administration was stationed in Sirmium until AD 161, after which it was relocated to Domavia. During Marcus Aurelius, all Pannonian and Dalmatian mines were consolidated under procurator metallorum Pannonicorum et Dalmaticorum. During Commodus, Pannonian iron mines were exempted from this consolidated administration, whereas silver mines remained under the authority of a procurator from Domavia titled procurator argentariarum metallorum Pannonicorum et Dalmaticorum. A 3rd-century inscription mentions procurator Augusti and procurator argentariarum, opening the question of local administration of Pannonian mines. Certain administrative changes can be traced back to the Late Antiquity when comes metallorum per Illyricum was mentioned in Notitia Dignitatum.

This work applies generational mapping to the Ancestral Pueblo, using 15-year intervals. Distinct phases, found in other cultures, will be tested as to their applicability. They include: 1) "Invisible" Beginnings; 2) Establishment; 3) Novel Consolidation and Opening Up;  4) Crisis & Creativity;  5) Universalization and Inclusion; and  6) Renewal or Rigidification? These findings will help the reader grasp the temporal flow of the Indigenous Southwest, which might otherwise be piecemeal and lack clarity. In addition to a useful mapping of time, the author brings an archetypal awareness to the patterns used in imagery and shows how it resonates with historical phases. We invite you to take a temporal journey into Pueblo times, to follow the evolution of their culture and cosmology, and to gain a sense of our solidarity with Indigenous peoples.

Understanding how the dispersal of cultural innovations intersects with the spread of genes remains a central challenge in prehistoric archaeology. Here, we examine how the third millennium BCE Corded Ware (CW) and Bell Beaker (BB) burial traditions disseminated across Europe and their relation to the influx of steppe ancestry. To investigate these spatiotemporal dynamics during one of Europe's most transformative periods, we compiled a dataset of radiocarbon dates from 967 burials, applying kernel density estimation alongside optimal linear estimation. We show that the adoption of CW and BB funerary rites is not synchronized with, and often contradicts, the spread of steppe ancestry. Furthermore, we show that these burial traditions spread rapidly and polyfocally among dispersed communities before a brief yet continent-wide consolidation phase around 2600 BCE for CW and 2400 BCE for BB, suggesting broad, simultaneous societal changes among preliterate societies.

Understanding how the dispersal of cultural innovations intersects with the spread of genes remains a central challenge in prehistoric archaeology. Here, we examine how the third millennium BCE Corded Ware (CW) and Bell Beaker (BB) burial traditions disseminated across Europe and their relation to the influx of steppe ancestry. To investigate these spatiotemporal dynamics during one of Europe’s most transformative periods, we compiled a dataset of radiocarbon dates from 967 burials, applying kernel density estimation alongside optimal linear estimation. We show that the adoption of CW and BB funerary rites is not synchronized with, and often contradicts, the spread of steppe ancestry. Furthermore, we show that these burial traditions spread rapidly and polyfocally among dispersed communities before a brief yet continent-wide consolidation phase around 2600 BCE for CW and 2400 BCE for BB, suggesting broad, simultaneous societal changes among preliterate societies.

Understanding how the dispersal of cultural innovations intersects with the spread of genes remains a central challenge in prehistoric archaeology. Here, we examine how the third millennium BCE Corded Ware (CW) and Bell Beaker (BB) burial traditions disseminated across Europe and their relation to the influx of steppe ancestry. To investigate these spatiotemporal dynamics during one of Europe's most transformative periods, we compiled a dataset of radiocarbon dates from 967 burials, applying kernel density estimation alongside optimal linear estimation. We show that the adoption of CW and BB funerary rites is not synchronized with, and often contradicts, the spread of steppe ancestry. Furthermore, we show that these burial traditions spread rapidly and polyfocally among dispersed communities before a brief yet continent-wide consolidation phase around 2600 BCE for CW and 2400 BCE for BB, suggesting broad, simultaneous societal changes among preliterate societies.

Climate change is a global issue that has influenced and is still influencing diverse facets of human life-culture inclusive. Archaeology, with its wide audiences and histories of resilience, has the potential to be a veritable tool in climate change messaging. This research examines the impact of climate change on tangible heritage, therefore x-raying the nexus between environmental changes and cultural practices for certain groups on the Jos Plateau of central Nigeria. Climate scientist have predicted threats to archaeological resources in West Africa such as sea level rise, rise in temperatures, precipitation and extreme weather event all pose significant risk for the preservation of cultural heritage and cultural traditions. Adaptive strategies to these impending factors are closely highlighted in the paper. This study deploys the use of both primary and secondary data (available literatures) for particular areas of the Jos Plateau to shed light on historic climate change and adaptive behaviours, current strategies for responding to future climate change, identification of possible climate induced threats and projected near-future (next 50-100 years) change for the Jos Plateau. While there is awareness of likely climate change there has been minimal research on its impact on tangible heritage.

Article gives a review of phenomena from the European Bronze and Early Iron Ages, which have been explained by the migratory scenarios. It recaps also the current stage of discussion on migration asan explanatory concept in archaeology, indicating how do contributions gathered in the present volume refer to this issue. STRESZCZENIE: Artykuł podaję przeglądową charakterystykę zjawisk z europejskiej epoki brązu i wczesnej epoki żelaza, dla których wyjaśniania stosowano scenariusze migra cyjne. Podsumowuje także stan dyskusji nad zagadnieniem migracji w archeo logii, omawiając, w jaki sposób odnoszą się do tej dyskusji prace zgromadzone w niniejszym tomie. KEYWORDS: culture change, migration, local development, Bronze and Early Iron Ages, history of archaeological thought 1. MIGRATION IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISCOURSE The idea of migration as a factor influencing development of European prehistorie societies appeared anew in literaturę at the end of the 20th century, after a few decades of total rejection. As incentives for reconsidering migration as explanatory concept in European archaeology served undoubtedly some of the works of American scholars (e.g. Rouse 1986; Anthony 1990; but compare also: Ruiz Zapatero 1983). However, a tempestuous methodological discussion, which still continues in archaeology, has been employing only a selected rangę of examples. Among them, one can name the mobility of the Upper and Late Palaeolithic as well as Mesolithic hunter-gatherer societies (e.g. Pryor 2008), movements of people in the process of spreading agriculture in Europę (e.g.

Human sacrifice and cannibalism, the potential for institutionalized violence or warfare, witchcraft or sorcery, and ritual executions arc emotionally charged issues; but some anthropologists and other learned scholars now suggest that these activities and behaviors occurred in the American Southwest, a region usually depicted for peace, harmony, tranquility, and spirituality. Christy Turner, Regents' Professor in the Department of Anthropology at Arizona State University, and his late wife, Jacqueline , are the co-authors of Man Corn. The book's title derives from the Nahuatl word tlacatlaolli, a "sacred meal of sacrificed human meat, cooked with corn." The Nahuatl and Mesoamerican connections are more than coincidental. The idea for this volume was conceived in 1958, and Christy dedicates the volume to the memory of his wife. They comment (p. 8) that "re search on cannibalism has not been free of controversy or political and professional censuring" and they cite instances where their work has been disbelieved, dismissed, or admonished. The narrative is divided into five chapters, supplemented by one six-page appendix (a discussion about and reproduction of four data-collecting forms), a four-page acknowledgment, 348 black-and white figures (halftones and iUustrations), III tables, and 499 references cited. There is also a detailed index to sites (n = 141) and an elaborate nine-page general index of conflated proper nouns and topics. I shall summarize briefly the major contents of each chapter and offer some comments before turning to an overall critique of the volume.

In this article, we critically review recurrent tropes, implicit frameworks, and unexplained concepts in current research on the process of “Neolithisation” in the western part of southern Norway. Two models are on offer, as also seen elsewhere in the European research: either 1) the transition to agriculture is rapid and substantially carried by migrants, or 2) the Late Neolithic transition builds on a long history of local adaptation. After outlining these models, we scrutinise especially west Norwegian evidence, pointing out ambiguities and limitations in the material which mean that neither of the two models fit. In the final section, we consider which new questions could be asked to move beyond the current, somewhat polarised debate: Who are the actors of the transition, how are boundaries between groups created, and can the acknowledgement of the complexity of the process of ‘migration’ result in new narratives? Addressing these questions remains a fundamental challenge for ar...

Introduction: Internal migration has been one of the main factors of economic and social change in Mexico. Since 1940, continuous flow of migrants from the countryside to the city strengthened the national urban system, which currently accounts for close to 71% of the population. Indigenous population is actively involved in these migration movements, often in response to poor socioeconomic conditions in their places of origin. This research investigates the reasons for migration of indigenous groups living in the state of Guanajuato, Mexico. Methods: The research is based on qualitative in-depth face-to-face interviews to a non-random sample of a population. Fieldwork was conducted from June 2013 and June 2014 in the southeastern and northeastern of Guanajuato. Main results: The research shows that a poor living condition is the main reason why indigenous people migrate and settle in Guanajuato, many of them trying to escape from extreme poverty. Other issues highlighted in the res...